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高中語法重難點(diǎn)精析6

 許愿真 2014-05-29
(3)有些動(dòng)詞后使用動(dòng)名詞和動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語的差別
1)forget to do 忘記要去做某事(此事未做)
  forget doing忘記做過某事(此事已做過或已發(fā)生)
2)stop to do 停止、中斷(某件事),目的是去做另一件事
  stop doing 停止正在或經(jīng)常做的事
3)remember to do 記住去做某事(未做)
  remember doing記得做過某事(已做)
4) regret to do對(duì)要做的事遺憾
  regret doing對(duì)做過的事遺憾、后悔
5)try to do努力、企圖做某事
  try doing試驗(yàn)、試一試某種辦法
6) mean to do打算,有意要…
  mean doing意味著
7)go on to do 繼而(去做另外一件事情)
  go on doing 繼續(xù)(原先沒有做完的事情)
8)propose to do 打算(要做某事)
  proposing doing建議(做某事)
9) like /love/hate/ prefer +to do 表示具體行為;+doing sth 表示抽象、傾向概念  
(注)如果這些動(dòng)詞前有should一詞,其后賓語只跟不定式,不能跟動(dòng)名詞。例如:
    I should like to see him tomorrow.
10) need, want, deserve +動(dòng)名詞表被動(dòng)意義;+不定式被動(dòng)態(tài)表示“要(修、清理等)”意思。
    Don’t you remember seeing the man before?你不記得以前見過那個(gè)人嗎?
    You must remember to leave tomorrow.你可要記著是明天動(dòng)身。
    I don’t regret telling her what I thought.我不后悔給她講過我的想法。(已講過)
    I regret to have to do this,but I have no choice.我很遺憾必須這樣去做,我實(shí)在沒辦法。(未做但要做)  
    You must try to be more careful.你可要多加小心。
    Let’s try doing the work some other way.讓我們?cè)囈辉囉昧硗庖环N辦法來做這工作。
    I didn’t mean to hurt your feeling.我沒想要傷害你的感情。
This illness will mean(your)going to hospital.得了這種病(你)就要進(jìn)醫(yī)院。
4.不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞作定語的區(qū)別
(1)不定式作定語
  1)不定式與其所修飾的名詞可能是主謂關(guān)系
    He was the last one to leave school yesterday.昨天他是最后一個(gè)離開教室的。
    The train to arrive was from London.將要到站的火車是從倫敦開來的。
  2)不定式與其所修飾的名詞可能是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系
    Get him something to eat.給他拿點(diǎn)兒東西吃。
    She has a lot of work to do in the morning.早上他有很多工作要做。
  3)不及物動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成的不定式做定語,要加上適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~和被修飾的名詞形成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,這里的介詞不能省去。
    I need a pen to write with.我需要一支筆寫字。    
    There is nothing to worry about.沒有什么值得發(fā)愁的。
    4)不定式修飾一些表示方向、原因、時(shí)間、機(jī)會(huì)、權(quán)利等抽象名詞如:
    ability能力,本領(lǐng)   drive趕,駕駛           movement運(yùn)動(dòng),活動(dòng)
    ambition抱負(fù),野心   effort努力,嘗試         need需要,需求
    campaign戰(zhàn)役,運(yùn)動(dòng)   failure失敗,不及格     opportunity機(jī)會(huì)
    chance機(jī)會(huì)           force力,壓力,要點(diǎn)     promise許諾,希望
    courage勇氣         intention意向,意圖     reason理由,原因
    decision決定         method方法,方式         light光,光線,亮光    
    determination決心,決定   motive動(dòng)機(jī),目的   struggle奮斗,努力,
    tendency傾向,趨勢(shì)       wish希望,愿望,祝愿
    5)被修飾的名詞前有序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)或next, second, last, only和not a,the等限定詞時(shí)候,只能用不定式。
6)不定代詞something, nothing, little, much, a lot 等習(xí)慣上用不定式做定語。
  John will do anything but work on a farm.除了農(nóng)活,約翰什么都愿意干。    
7)如果其動(dòng)詞要求用不定式做賓語,或者其形容詞要器接不定式做補(bǔ)語,則相應(yīng)的名詞一般用不定式做定語。如: tend to do---tendency to do;decide to do = decision to do;be curious to do = curiosity to do
    His wish to buy a car came true.他要買輛車的愿望實(shí)現(xiàn)了。
    Their decision to give up the experiment surprised us.
    他們放棄這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)的決定使我們大吃一驚。
    He is always the first to come and the last to leave.
    他總是第一個(gè)到來,最后一個(gè)離去。
(2)分詞作定語
    分詞作定語時(shí)有下面幾個(gè)特點(diǎn):
    1)現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)意義,過去分詞一般表示被動(dòng)含意。
    2)現(xiàn)在分詞表示正在進(jìn)行,過去分詞表示狀態(tài)或做完(完成)的事。
    He rushed into the burning house.他沖進(jìn)了正在燃燒著的房子。
    The child standing over there is my brother.站在那兒的男孩子是我弟弟。
    The room facing south is our classroom.朝南的房間是我們的教室。
    Have you got your watch repaired? 你拿到那個(gè)修好的表了嗎?
    He is an advanced teacher.他是個(gè)先進(jìn)教師。
3)下列不及物動(dòng)詞也以過去分詞形式做定語或表語,但不具有被動(dòng)意義,這點(diǎn)要注意:
departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, frown-up, retired, returned, risen, set, vanished, much-traveled, newly-arrived, recently-come
(3)不定式和分詞作定語時(shí)的時(shí)間關(guān)系
一般來說,不定式所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之后;現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生;過去分詞表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前。例如:
Do you want to see the doctor to be sent for from Beijing?
你要見那位將從北京請(qǐng)來的醫(yī)生嗎?
Do you want to see the doctor working on the case report in the office?
你要見那位正在辦公室里寫病歷的醫(yī)生嗎?
5.不定式和分詞作狀語的區(qū)別
(1)現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞作狀語的區(qū)別。
    現(xiàn)在分詞做狀語與過去分詞做狀語的最主要區(qū)別在于兩者與所修飾的主語的主動(dòng)與被動(dòng)關(guān)系的區(qū)別。
1)現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語時(shí),現(xiàn)在分詞的動(dòng)作就是句子主語的動(dòng)作,它們之間的關(guān)系是主動(dòng)關(guān)系。
He went out shutting the door behind him.
他出去后將門隨手關(guān)上。
Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help.
由于不知如何辦是好,他去找父母幫忙。
2)過去分詞作狀語時(shí),過去分詞表示的動(dòng)作是句子主語承受的動(dòng)作,它們之間的關(guān)系是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。
Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.
如果對(duì)這些樹多關(guān)心一些,它們本來會(huì)長(zhǎng)得更好。
Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them.
在遇到困難的時(shí)候,我們必須設(shè)法克服。
(2)動(dòng)詞不定式和分詞作狀語的區(qū)別  
1)分詞作狀語一般表示伴隨,而不定式常常表示目的。
    They stood by the roadside talking about the plan.他們站在路邊談?wù)撝@個(gè)計(jì)劃。(伴隨)
    They stood by the roadside to talk about the plan.他們站在路邊為的是談?wù)撨@個(gè)計(jì)劃。(目的)
2)分詞作狀語放在句子開頭,除表示原因之外有時(shí)表示時(shí)間或條件。動(dòng)詞不定式作狀語時(shí),除了表示目的以外,還表示結(jié)果或原因。
    Reading attentively,he forgot the time for lunch.由于在專心讀書,他忘了吃午飯的時(shí)間。(原因)
    Reading carefully,he found something he had not known before.他仔細(xì)讀書時(shí),發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些從前不知道的東西。(時(shí)間)
    Reading carefully,you"ll learn something new.只要你仔細(xì)閱讀,你會(huì)學(xué)到一些新的東西。(條件)
    His family was too poor to support him.他的家庭太窮,不能維持他的生活。(結(jié)果)
    The boy is not tall enough to reach the book shelf.這男孩個(gè)子不夠高,手伸不到書架。(結(jié)果)
We are glad to hear the news.我們很高興聽到這消息。(原因)
(3)下面一些句型是不定式做狀語時(shí)候應(yīng)該注意的:
  a:not/never too…to,   too…not to   , but/only too… to,   too ready/eager/apt/inclined to 表示肯定意義
  b:做結(jié)果狀語的不定式只能出現(xiàn)在句子的末尾,常見的不定式動(dòng)詞有:find, hear, see, be told, form, give, make, produce 等。
  c:不定式做狀語時(shí),其邏輯主語一般為句子的主語,否則用for引導(dǎo)主語。
6.非謂語動(dòng)詞??嫉钠渌Y(jié)構(gòu)    
(1)疑問詞+不定式結(jié)構(gòu)
    疑問詞who,what,which,when,where和how后加不定式可構(gòu)成一種特殊的不定式短語。它在句中可以用作主語、賓語、表語和雙重賓語。如:
    When to start has not been decided.何時(shí)動(dòng)身尚未決定。(主語)
    I don’t know what to do.我不知道該怎么辦。(賓語)
    The difficulty was how to cross the river.困難在于如何過河。(表語)
I can tell you where to get this book.我可以告訴你哪里可以買到此書。(雙重賓語)
(注)A.有時(shí)疑問詞前可用介詞,如:
    I have no idea of how to do it.我不知道如何做此事。
    B.動(dòng)詞know 后面不能直接跟不定式作賓語,只能跟疑問詞(如:how, what)+不定式:
While still a young boy, Tom knew to play the piano well and as he grew older, he wrote operas, the most famous of which is Carmen.
(2)介詞except和but作“只有…,只能…”講時(shí)跟不定式結(jié)構(gòu)(but與不帶to的不定式連用)。
  When the streets are full of melting snow, you cannot help but getting your shoes wet.
(3)不帶to的不定式
1)在表示生理感覺的動(dòng)詞后的不定式不帶to。這類詞有:
feel   覺得   observe 注意到,看到   overhear聽到
watch注視     listen to聽           perceive察覺,感知
notice注意   see看見               look at看     hear聽
  On seeing the young child fell into the lake,Eric sprang to his feet,and went on the rescue.
2)另一類是某些使役動(dòng)詞,如make, let,have等。如:
    Let him do it.讓他做吧。
    I would have you know that I am ill.我想要你知道我病了。
  (注):
    ①上述感覺動(dòng)詞與使役動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換為被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí).其后的不定式一般需帶to,如:
    He was seen to come.
    The boy was made to go to bed early.  
    ②在動(dòng)詞find與help之后,不定式可帶to亦可不帶to,如:
    He was surprised to find the sheep (to) break fence at this season.他發(fā)現(xiàn)羊在此季節(jié)越出柵欄,感到驚訝。
  3)在do nothing/anything/everything but(except)結(jié)構(gòu)中。例如:
    Last night I did nothing but watch TV.昨天晚上,我除了看電視別的什么也沒有干。
      但是,如果謂語動(dòng)詞不是“do nothing,anything,everything”,那么but(except)所跟的不定式則仍須帶。
    The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking.醫(yī)生除了讓他戒煙,其它什么都沒有說。
There was nothing for them to do but to remain silent.除了保持沉默以外,他們沒有別有別的辦法。
(4)不定式與動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語和分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)
1)不定式的邏輯主語為:for +名詞(或代詞賓格)+ 不定式。例如:
    I found it impossible for him to do the job alone.我發(fā)現(xiàn)他—個(gè)人干這活是不可能的。
    (注)在表示人物性格、特性等的形容詞后面,常用of引出不定式的邏輯主語。例如:
    It was wise of him to do that.他那樣做是明智的。
2)動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語為;①人稱代詞的所有格+動(dòng)名詞;②名詞’s+動(dòng)名詞。例如:
    Tom insisted on my going with them.他堅(jiān)持要我和他們一起去。
    He dislikes his wife’s working late.他不喜歡他妻子工作得很晚。
3)某些形容詞,如:careless等不定式后可以加of來引導(dǎo)出其邏輯主語。這類詞主要有:absurd, bold, brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel ,selfish, wicked, wrong等
    It is very kind of you to help me.你幫助我太好了。
    間或也可用for + there to be表示(而且there后面的不定式只能是to be)。
It’s a great pity for there to be much trouble in the company.太遺憾了公司里有這么多的麻煩。
7.非謂語動(dòng)詞中的有關(guān)句型
(1)動(dòng)名詞作主語的句型
  1)Doing...+ v. Reading is an art.閱讀是門藝術(shù)。Seeing is believing.眼見為實(shí)。
  2) It is + no use, no good (fun, a great pleasure, a waste of time, a bore...)等名詞+doing sth.
It is no use crying.哭沒有用。It is no good objecting.反對(duì)也沒有用。
It is a great fun playing football.打籃球很有趣。
It is a waste of time trying to explain.設(shè)法解釋是浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。
  3)It is + useless (nice, good,interesting, expensive等形容詞)+ doing sth.
    It is useless speaking.光說沒用。
    It is nice seeing you again.真高興又遇到了你。
    It is good Playing chess after supper.晚飯后弈棋挺好。
    It is expensive running this car.開這種小車是浪費(fèi)。
  4)There is no + doing...(there is no 表“不可能”)
    There is no telling what he is going to do.說出他要干什么是不可能的。
    There is no saying what may happen.說出將要發(fā)生什么是不可能的。
  5)There is no use (good/point/sense/harm)+doing sth.做某事沒用(不好/意義/重要性)
    There is no use crying over spilt milk.牛奶灑了,哭也無用。
  6)have difficulty /trouble/problem + (in)+doing
    have作有解時(shí),后接情感名詞(in可省略),再接動(dòng)名詞。這類詞還有trouble, fun, a hard time, a good time.  
    例如:We had difficulty (in) carrying out the plan.我們執(zhí)行計(jì)劃有困難。
  7)feel like + 名詞   感覺像動(dòng)名詞 “ 想要” =would like to +原形動(dòng)詞
    I feel like a newborn baby.我感覺像一個(gè)新生的嬰兒。
    Do you feel like going to a movie?你想看電影嗎?
    I don"t feel like studying tonight.今晚我不想讀書。    
  8) spend/waste time doing sth.
They spent a lot time (in) making preparations.他們花了許多時(shí)間作準(zhǔn)備。
  9)在require后只能用動(dòng)名詞,不能用不定式,盡管表示被動(dòng)的意思也要用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式。
This problem requires studying with great care.這個(gè)問題需要仔細(xì)研究。
  10)cannot help doing sth.忍不?。ㄗ鍪裁矗?br>   I cannot help laughing, once I see john in that big trouser.
    (2)有關(guān)分詞句型
    1)在表示感覺和心里狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞see,hear,feel,smell,listen(to),notice,observe,smell,watch這類表示感覺的動(dòng)詞之后常跟“賓語+現(xiàn)在分詞”的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu),這種動(dòng)詞與分詞之間的賓語可以是普通名詞或?qū)S忻~(人各等),也可以是代詞賓格(him,us等)。例如:
    She smelt something burning and saw smoke rising.她聞到有東西在燃燒并看到有煙升起來了。
    I watched them rehearsing the play.我看他們排演戲。
    I could feel the wind blowing on my face.我能感覺到風(fēng)在我臉上吹過。
    2)表示“致使”等意義的動(dòng)詞,如:catch,find,leave,give,have,get,set后也可跟上述(1)的結(jié)構(gòu),有時(shí)也可跟過去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:    
    I caught them stealing my apples.我抓住他們偷我的蘋果。
    If she catches me reading her diary,she"ll be furious.如果她抓住我偷看她的日記,她會(huì)憤怒的。
    We found him waiting to receive us.我們發(fā)現(xiàn)他正等著接待我們。
    3)go +現(xiàn)在分詞表示“從事…”之意,這時(shí)現(xiàn)在分詞做主語補(bǔ)語。go之后所接現(xiàn)在分詞均表示短暫而又愉快的戶外活動(dòng)。如:jogging慢跑,fishing釣魚,dancing跳舞,skating溜冰,bowling打保齡球,shopping 購物,sightseeing游覽,camping露營(yíng)。
I’ll go camping tomorrow.我明天去露營(yíng)。
I’ll go shopping.我去商店。
    Would you like to go skating with me?你想和我去溜冰嗎?
    4)be busy + v-ing(現(xiàn)在分詞)忙著做…
    I am busy writing my thesis.我正忙著寫論文。
    His assistant is busy(in) correcting papers.他的助教忙于批閱考卷。
    或者be busy with + n.忙著做某事。
    He is busy with his work.他忙著工作。
    5)What do you say to + ing分詞?(……怎么樣?)
What do you say to joining us for dinner?和我們一起進(jìn)餐,你看怎么樣?
(3)有關(guān)動(dòng)詞不定式句型
    下面這些詞組是不定式的習(xí)慣用法,只能用不定式形式。
can not help but do,   can not but do,   cannot choose but do,   can do nothing but do,   have no choice/alternative to do
When I consider how talented he is as a painter, I cannot help but believe that the public will appreciate his gift.
(4)there be的非謂語形式
    there be非謂語形式可在句中作主語、賓語、狀語和定語。(其中作賓語和狀語在1991年和1994年測(cè)試過,定語見1996年題10。)
    The students expected there to be more reviewing classes before the final exams.(作賓語如1991年題30)
    1)作動(dòng)詞賓語時(shí),通常用there to be結(jié)構(gòu),而不用there being。能這樣用的及物動(dòng)詞為:expect,like,mean,intend,want,prefer,hate等,如:    
    We don"t want there to be any comrades lagging behind,我們不希望有任何同志掉隊(duì)。
    They hate there to be long queues everywhere.他們不愿意處處都要排長(zhǎng)隊(duì)。
    We have no objection to there being a meeting here.我們并不反對(duì)在這里開會(huì)。
    It isn"t enough for there to be a frost tonight,so I can leave Jim"s car out quite safely.(作狀語)
    2)作狀語多用there being結(jié)構(gòu),但若置于介詞之后,for用there to be整個(gè)介詞短語作程度狀語,其它多半用there being。
    There being nobody else at hand, I had to do by myself.由于附近沒有人,我只得獨(dú)自干了。(原因狀語)
    It’s too early for there to be anybody up.太早了,還不會(huì)有人起床。(作程度狀語)
    There having been no rain for a long time,the ground was very dry.因?yàn)楹瞄L(zhǎng)時(shí)間沒下雨了,地面非常干燥。(原因狀語)
    3)作主語時(shí)兩種結(jié)構(gòu)都可以,但如是用for引導(dǎo)則要用there to be。
It is not uncommon for there to be problems of communication between old and young.老人與年青人之間存在著溝通問題是很常見的。  
There being a kindergarten on campus is a great convenience to female teachers.幼兒園在校園內(nèi)對(duì)女教師十分方便。
    4)作定語。 There be結(jié)構(gòu)作定語時(shí),定語從句中謂語為there be,there之前的關(guān)系代詞常常省略。如:
    This is the fastest train (that) there is to Nanking.這是到南京的最快一班車。
    I must make full use of the time there is left to me and do as much as I can for the people.我要充分利用我剩下的歲月盡量為人民多做些事。

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