| 非謂語動(dòng)詞分步講解 |
| 出處： 作者： 湘西教育教學(xué)信息網(wǎng) 2007年05月09日 |
一、非謂語動(dòng)詞的概念
動(dòng)詞的基本用法是作謂語。當(dāng)句中已經(jīng)有了謂語動(dòng)詞了，要選或要填的動(dòng)詞就只能用非謂語形式了。
非謂語形式有三種：1、動(dòng)詞不定式：to do 2、動(dòng)詞的ing : doing 3、 動(dòng)詞的過去分詞：done
二、三種形式的含義（基本用法）
不定式：表示目的和將來；動(dòng)詞的ing：表示主動(dòng)和進(jìn)行；過去分詞：表示被動(dòng)和完成。
三、非謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)
一般式 完成式 進(jìn)行式
不定式 主動(dòng) to do to have done to be doing
被動(dòng) to be dong to have been done
ing 形式 主動(dòng) doing having done
被動(dòng) being done having been done
過去分詞 被動(dòng) done
四、非謂語動(dòng)詞的否定形式
在非謂語動(dòng)詞前加not, never. 即 not / never to do, not / never doing
五、非謂語動(dòng)詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)
不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：for / of sb. to do sth.
動(dòng)詞 ing 形式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：賓格或所有格+doing (-ing 形式作主語時(shí)，用的所有格＋doing)
六、非謂語動(dòng)詞的做題步驟
1、判定是否用非謂語形式。方法：看看句子中是否已有了謂語動(dòng)詞了。
2、找非謂語動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語。方法：非謂語動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語一般是句子的主語。
3、判斷主被動(dòng)關(guān)系。方法：非謂語動(dòng)詞與其邏輯主語的主動(dòng)還是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。
4、判斷時(shí)間關(guān)系。方法：分析句子，看看非謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作之前、之后還是同時(shí)。之前常用 done; 之后常用to do; 同時(shí)常用doing。
學(xué)習(xí)非謂語形式時(shí)，建議把三種形式一起來比較學(xué)習(xí)，會(huì)更加有效一些。
一、非謂語動(dòng)詞作主語和表語的比較
1、不定式和動(dòng)名詞作主語和表語
a. 不定式表示一次性的、具體的動(dòng)詞?！?dòng)詞ing 常表示一般的、泛指的或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。如：
________ is a good form of exercise for both young and old.
A. The walk B. Walking C. To walk D. Walk
(分析) a good form 暗示泛指一般的行為，用動(dòng)名詞作主語，選 B
b. 不定式作主語時(shí)，常用it 作形式主語，即用句型：It is + adj. / n. + (for / of sb. ) to do sth.
It’s important for us to learn English well.
It’s kind of you to help us.
注意：下面幾個(gè)句型是用動(dòng)名詞：
It’s no good / use doing sth.
It’s useless doing sth.
There is no need to do sth.
2、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、分詞作表語的比較
a、不定式、動(dòng)名詞作表語，.表示主語的內(nèi)容。如：
My job is teaching / to teach English. (teaching / to teach English 是my job的內(nèi)容)
Knowing who we are means knowing what we like to do. （主表語要用同一種形式）
b、分詞作表語
記?。阂恍┍硎厩楦?、情緒的動(dòng)詞，常用分詞形式作表語?，F(xiàn)在分詞表示主語的性質(zhì)特征，用過去分詞表示主語的狀態(tài)。常用動(dòng)詞：surprise (使某人吃驚)， surprising (令人吃驚)， surprised (主語)感到吃驚）類似動(dòng)詞有：excite (激動(dòng))，astonish (驚奇)，shock (震驚)，scare (驚恐)， disappoint (失望)，move?。ǜ袆?dòng)），
如：The movie is exciting. We are excited at the news.
c、在seem / appear (似乎，好像)， prove / turn out (被證明是)， remain (仍然是，尚待)等連系動(dòng)詞后，可用不定式作表語。如： He seemed (to be ) very happy.
Having a trip abroad is good for the old couple, but it remains ______ whether they will enjoy it. (to be seen)
二、不定式、動(dòng)名詞作賓語的比較
1、只能接不定式的動(dòng)詞：
a.（想要）want, would like, would prefer, ask, demand, intend, desire,
b.(希望) wish, hope, expect,
c.（決定）agree, decide, manage, promise, choose, continue, plan, prepare, make up one’s mind, try one’s best, offer, apply,
d.happen, learn, fail, pretend, refuse, afford
2、只能接動(dòng)名詞的動(dòng)詞：
suggest, advise(建議), finish, mind(介意)，enjoy (喜歡)，appreciate (鑒賞，感激)，forbid禁止），avoid (避免)，can’t help doing (忍不住)，risk (冒險(xiǎn))，feel like (想要)，delay, put off （推遲），give up (放棄)，be busy (忙于)，be worth (值得)，practise (反復(fù)練習(xí))，
3、接不定式和接動(dòng)名詞意義不同的動(dòng)詞：
remember to do 記得去做， remember doing 記得做過 forget to do 忘記去做， forget doing 忘記做過了, regret to do 遺憾去做，regret doing 后悔做過, try to do 設(shè)法去做，try doing 試著做, go on to do 接著做另一件事，go on doing 繼續(xù)做同一件事,
mean to do 打算做，mean doing 意味著做, stop to do 停下來去做，stop doing 停止做,cant help (to) do 不能幫助做，can’t help doing 忍不住做。
如：In some parts of London, missing a bus means ____ for another hour.
A. waiting B. to wait C. wait D. to be waiting A
4、表示未實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望的動(dòng)詞, 即表示本打算、想做，但事實(shí)上沒做
這些動(dòng)詞 plan, intend, mean, want, hope, wish, expect , 用 had planned to do sth. / planned to have done 來表示。Would like / love 只用would like to have done
如：I would love _____ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish the report.
A. to go B. to have gone C. going D. having gone B
5、要接動(dòng)名詞的幾個(gè)句型
prevent / stop / keep sb. / sth from doing …(阻止…做)
spend / waste time / money in doing sth. 在…花費(fèi)或浪費(fèi)時(shí)間或錢
how about / what about doing
have some difficulty / trouble / problems in doing 在做… 有困難
have a hard / good time in doing 做… 很艱難或做…很愉快
There is no sense / point in doing
6、含介詞to 的短語
look forward to 盼望，devote…to 致力于、獻(xiàn)身于，be / get used to 習(xí)慣于， lead to 導(dǎo)致，get down to 著手做，pay attention to 注意，refer to 談到，所指，參考，equal to 等于，能勝任，belong to 屬于
如：Mr Reed made up his mind to devote all he had to ___ some school for poor children.
A. set up B. setting up C. have set up D. having set up
7、介詞but （除了）后接不定式：
如：have no choice but to do sth. 沒有別的選擇 只好做…
但當(dāng)but 前有形為動(dòng)詞 do 時(shí)，but 后的不定式省to. 如：
Sandy could do nothing but ____ to his teacher that he was wrong.
A. admit B. admitted C. admitting D. to admit A
8．permit / allow (允許)，advise (建議)，forbid (禁止)，有兩種用法：一是后接動(dòng)名詞，二是后接“sb. + to do sth”
9、need, want, require 意為“需要”，主語是物時(shí)，用句型：
need, want, require + doing （用動(dòng)詞ing 主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義）
to be done
三、不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語的比較
1、不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語，如：ask sb to do sth (sb作賓語，to do sth作賓補(bǔ)，賓語＋賓補(bǔ)＝復(fù)合賓語)
類似動(dòng)詞有：invite, tell, want, encourage, advise, order, requir, foce, beg, cause, allow, permit, forbid（禁止）, warn（警告）, remind, teach, call on (號召)，depend on (指望)，would like / love (想要)，prefer, wish, expect, (hope 不帶復(fù)合賓語) 注：help sb (to) do sth.
2、使役動(dòng)詞后接不帶to的不定式
let / make / have sb do sth. 但使役動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)常用：be made to do sth.
注：get sb to do sth. 也譯成“讓某人做…
Though he had often made his little sister ____, today he was made ____ by his little sister.
A. cry, to cry B. crying, crying C. cry, cry D. to cry, cry
3、感官動(dòng)詞后作賓補(bǔ)的非謂語形式
感官動(dòng)詞：feel, see, hear, watch, notice
句型：感官動(dòng)詞＋sb + do / doing / done (分別表示全過程、正在發(fā)生、被動(dòng)完成)
1) They knew her very well. They had seen her ___ up from childhood.
A. grow B. grew C. was growing D. to grow A
2) The missing boy was last seen ____ near the river.
A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play A
4、with 的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：with +賓+賓補(bǔ)。作賓補(bǔ)的詞可以是：形容詞、副詞（in, out）,介詞短語，非謂語形式）。With 的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的賓補(bǔ)中的非謂語形式 to do 表示將來，doing 表示主動(dòng)和進(jìn)行，done表示被動(dòng)和完成。
The murderer was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back.
A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied D
5、have 句型：have sb do sth, have sb/ sth doing, have sb /sth done
have sth done 表示兩種意義：請別人做，而不是主語做；意外事故引起的。
如：He didn’t keep on asking me the time any longer as he had had his watch ______.
A. to repair B. repaired C. repairing D. repair B
6、find + 賓語 + 賓補(bǔ)（doing / done）, keep +賓+doing, catch sb + doing (撞見某人在做)，smell sb +doing (察覺到某人在做)
He looked around and caught a man ____ his hand into the pocket of a passager.
A. put B. to be putting C. to put D. putting D
7、表示“認(rèn)為”的 think, believe, consider, judge 等，常用句型：think sb (to be )+ adj. / n. , be considered to have done sth. 被認(rèn)為已做了某事
8、make oneself understood / heard / known , 即用了過去分詞作作賓補(bǔ)
9、句型 It is said / reported / thought / known that…. 可變成：sb / sth be said / reported to have done sth.
如：Robert is said ___ abroad, but I don’t know what country he studied in.
A. to have studied B. to study C. to be studying D. to have been studying A
四、不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞作狀語的比較
1、不定式作目的、原因、結(jié)果狀語
a.作目的狀語：有三種形式，可互換：to do, in order to do, so as to do (不用于句首)
b.原因：不定式常放在表示情緒反應(yīng)的形容詞后。如：happy, sorry, glad, sad, surpried, disappointed. 不定式不放在句首。
如：I am sorry to hear that your father is ill.
c. 結(jié)果：常用 only to do…來表示末曾預(yù)料到或令人不快的情況，其動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作之后。另外 固定結(jié)構(gòu)：too… to do, enough to do, so / such… as to do 中，不定式也作結(jié)果狀語。
d.在形容詞后作狀語，只用不定式 如：
The book is easy to read. (=It is easy to read the book.)
We find the lake safe to swim in. (注意尾介詞)
2、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞可作時(shí)間、條件、讓步、方式、原因、結(jié)果狀語，就不作目的狀語。注：表示時(shí)間、條件或讓步的分詞，有時(shí)可帶上連詞（if, unless, when, while, once（一旦） though, although）
1）_____ time, he’ll make a first-class tennis player.
A. Having given B. To give C. Giving D. Given D
2）I won’t attend his wedding _____ .
A. unless invited B. if invited C. unless inviting
五、三種非謂語形式作定語定語的比較
1、不定式作定語 常表示“用…要做”和“修飾the +序數(shù)詞”。常用句型：
have / there be… / with +賓語+ to do
分析：以 I have homework to do. 為例：不定式作定語有兩種關(guān)系：
a.主謂關(guān)系：I do homework
b.動(dòng)賓關(guān)系：to do 與 homework 構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓關(guān)系
注意：以 Jack, do you have some clothes _______?
A. to wash B. to be washed 為例：
分析：（1）動(dòng)賓關(guān)系：wash clothes 成立；（2）主謂關(guān)系：You wash clothes成立嗎？根據(jù)句意，顯然不是。這里的洗衣服是說話做，而不是句子的主語you. 所以只能用不定式的被動(dòng)式，選B。
如：1）He gave me a book to read.
2）There are five pairs ____, but I’m at a loss which to choose.
A. to be chosen B. to choose from C. to choose D. for choosing B
(根據(jù)語境，可知是“有五雙可供選擇，即從5中選1，而不是選5)
3）There are always people to ____ if you feel like a chat.
A. talk to B. talk C. speak about D. speak A
(to talk 要與people構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，要用短語 talk to / with sb)
2、分詞作定語：單個(gè)的分詞作定語，放在被修飾的名詞前，而分詞短語常放在后面。
（1）They made efforts to bring stolen cultural relics back to China. (過去分詞表被動(dòng)和完成)
(2) I want to write about people addicted to drugs.
比較：
a sleeping boy (= a boy who is sleeping); a swimming pool (= a pool for swimming)
falling leaves (leaves that are falling); fallen leaves (leaves that have fallen down)
a developing country (發(fā)展中國家)；a developed country (發(fā)達(dá)國家)
3、to be done, being done, done 作定語的區(qū)別
這三個(gè)都表示被動(dòng)，就是時(shí)間不同。To be done 表將來，being done 表同時(shí)進(jìn)行，done表完成。注意：having been done 也表完成被動(dòng)，但不用作定語。
七、幾個(gè)特殊句式
1)Why not do sth?=Why don’t you do sth?
2)had better (not) do sth. 最好做
3)would rather (not) do sth. 寧愿做
4)woud do… rather than do… = would rather do… than do…= prefer to do …. rather than do…= prefer doing… to doing… 寧愿做…. 而不愿做
八、疑問詞＋不定式 結(jié)構(gòu)
1)what / which to do (what / which 作do 的邏輯賓語，what意為“什么”，which “表示選擇”
2)when / where / how to do sth.
3)whether to do sth. (不用if)
4)why (not) do sth. (why后省去to)
“疑問詞＋不定式”在句中作主語或賓語
如：A reporter must know how to ask the right questions and how to get people to talk about the topic. (作賓語)
九、特殊的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)
有些非謂語形式已成為固定用語，用來表示說話人對說話內(nèi)容所特的態(tài)度。
1）現(xiàn)在分詞的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)
judging from / by…, generally speaking, strictly speaking
2)不定式的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)
to tell you the truth, to make things worse, to begin / start with
3)動(dòng)詞原形： Believe it or not (信不信由你)
4)作連詞的分詞considering （考慮到，就…而言），providing / provided …假如， supposing 假如 這些詞用來表示條件的連詞，后接that 從句。
十、不定式、動(dòng)名詞作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用第三人稱單數(shù)。
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