來源:中國骨傷2021年10月第34卷第10期 作者:胡衍1,張浩2,蘇佳燦2 單位:1.上海大學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)化醫(yī)學(xué)研究院;2.上海長海醫(yī)院創(chuàng)傷骨科 股骨轉(zhuǎn)子間骨折是老年人常見的髖部骨折類型之一,約占全身所有骨折類型的3%~4%[1]。股骨轉(zhuǎn)子間骨折患者多伴有不同程度的骨質(zhì)疏松,保守治療手段帶來快速骨丟失、肺炎、褥瘡和血栓等不良事件發(fā)生,目前實(shí)際應(yīng)用相對較少[2]。對于老年股骨轉(zhuǎn)子間骨折患者,早期手術(shù)治療已經(jīng)成為廣泛認(rèn)知,手術(shù)有助于緩解疼痛與早期功能鍛煉,減少臥床相關(guān)并發(fā)癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[3]。本刊近期刊發(fā)若干老年轉(zhuǎn)子間骨折診療相關(guān)文章,在圍術(shù)期并發(fā)癥、治療策略與內(nèi)植物選擇方面進(jìn)行討論,筆者根據(jù)本中心診療經(jīng)驗(yàn),針對近年來老年股骨轉(zhuǎn)子間骨折治療中若干關(guān)鍵問題做述評(píng)如下,為臨床決策提供相關(guān)參考。 01 早期手術(shù)時(shí)間與指征把握 老年髖部骨折患者往往合并有心、肺等重要臟器功能慢性疾病,機(jī)體代償與手術(shù)耐受能力較差,因此手術(shù)指征與手術(shù)時(shí)間的掌握至關(guān)重要。美國骨科醫(yī)師協(xié)會(huì)(American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons,AAOS)指南推薦所有具有手術(shù)條件的患者接受手術(shù)治療[4],本中心10余年數(shù)千例超高髖部骨折患者診療經(jīng)驗(yàn)[5-6]同樣支持積極手術(shù)治療策略。然而,手術(shù)本身帶來的巨大創(chuàng)傷及相關(guān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(如精神衰弱與高死亡率)無法完全排除,使得非手術(shù)治療(牽引與對癥治療等)仍然占有一席之地[7-8]。針對3000余例老年癡呆合并髖部骨折患者的臨床研究表明,手術(shù)治療降低短期死亡率,但對疼痛及相關(guān)并發(fā)癥無影響,強(qiáng)調(diào)創(chuàng)傷后護(hù)理的關(guān)鍵地位[9]。當(dāng)前老年髖部骨折非手術(shù)治療主要針對預(yù)期壽命較低或創(chuàng)傷前運(yùn)動(dòng)功能低下且難以手術(shù)恢復(fù)的患者人群,康復(fù)原則主要是舒適性而非功能性[2]。 對于有條件接受手術(shù)的患者,早期手術(shù)有利于恢復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)功能并降低不良事件發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[10],手術(shù)前天數(shù)與死亡、運(yùn)動(dòng)功能康復(fù)不良存在直接相關(guān)關(guān)系[11]。Nyholm 等[12]報(bào)道的回顧性臨床研究顯示,創(chuàng)傷后12h前后接受手術(shù)直接影響30d內(nèi)患者死亡率,而24h內(nèi)手術(shù)有效降低90d患者總死亡率。盡管不同治療手段所需術(shù)前準(zhǔn)備時(shí)間并不一致,但當(dāng)前AAOS[4]與英國國家衛(wèi)生與臨床優(yōu)化研究所[13](National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence,NICE)等各權(quán)威機(jī)構(gòu)指南均推薦患者入院后盡快手術(shù)。 值得注意的是,老年人群一般情況復(fù)雜,快速手術(shù)流程應(yīng)建立在充分控制慢性疾病與手術(shù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的基礎(chǔ)上。2020年《Lancet》雜志發(fā)表的多中心臨床研究[14]納入了2970例老年髖部骨折患者,按照診斷-手術(shù)時(shí)間分為快速手術(shù)組(4~9 h)與常規(guī)護(hù)理組(10~42 h)。研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),快速手術(shù)組患者負(fù)重活動(dòng)與功能鍛煉時(shí)間提前,譫妄、尿路感染和術(shù)后疼痛表現(xiàn)明顯改善;但總體死亡率或總不良事件發(fā)生率無明顯變化。盡管如此,這種多中心、前瞻性臨床研究進(jìn)一步證實(shí)了,患者臥床時(shí)間越短,不良預(yù)后的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)越低。 02 圍術(shù)期處理 當(dāng)前骨科醫(yī)師處理骨質(zhì)疏松性骨折普遍存在三大誤區(qū):對骨質(zhì)疏松原發(fā)病機(jī)理的認(rèn)識(shí)誤區(qū),忽視骨代謝微環(huán)境調(diào)控的理念誤區(qū), 重內(nèi)固定而輕植骨的技術(shù)誤區(qū)[15-16]。骨質(zhì)疏松狀態(tài)給骨折愈合帶來的影響不僅止于內(nèi)固定的穩(wěn)定性,而體現(xiàn)在完整的惡性循環(huán):低質(zhì)量的骨骼狀態(tài)給早期穩(wěn)定帶來挑戰(zhàn),缺失的早期穩(wěn)定導(dǎo)致制動(dòng)時(shí)間延長,制動(dòng)狀態(tài)帶來異常骨代謝和快速骨丟失, 這一循環(huán)使看似危害不高的骨質(zhì)疏松癥成為老年人創(chuàng)傷后死亡的幕后黑手[17]。解決骨質(zhì)疏松性骨折愈合惡性循環(huán)的直接手段就是加速骨愈合,《中國骨質(zhì)疏松性骨折診療指南》明確了骨質(zhì)疏松性骨折圍術(shù)期抗骨質(zhì)疏松治療的關(guān)鍵作用[18]。術(shù)前骨密度與骨轉(zhuǎn)換指標(biāo)有助于合理選擇治療方向:老年女性絕經(jīng)后骨質(zhì)疏松癥骨轉(zhuǎn)換率高,骨代謝迅速,治療中推薦應(yīng)用骨吸收抑制劑,如雙膦酸鹽與降鈣素類藥物;對于低轉(zhuǎn)換型骨質(zhì)疏松癥患者推薦使用促骨形成藥物,如甲狀旁腺素。骨健康基本補(bǔ)充劑與生活方式往往被臨床醫(yī)師所忽視,基本補(bǔ)充劑主要包括鈣劑和維生素D制劑。中國營養(yǎng)學(xué)會(huì)[19]推薦的50歲以上老年人群每日鈣攝入量為1000~1200 mg,我國居民每日飲食攝入鈣量僅為400mg,尚需進(jìn)一步補(bǔ)充。 《中國骨質(zhì)疏松性骨折圍手術(shù)期處理專家共識(shí)》指出[20],老年骨質(zhì)疏松性骨折常見并發(fā)癥主要包括感染、心腦血管意外、墜積性肺炎、血栓和褥瘡等,而老年患者慢性疾病病史直接影響髖部骨折圍術(shù)期不良事件發(fā)生率。本期專題中,張忠良等[21]學(xué)者對986例轉(zhuǎn)子間骨折內(nèi)固定患者進(jìn)行對照研究發(fā)現(xiàn),代謝綜合征狀態(tài)與術(shù)后15d內(nèi)切口感染、心血管意外、血栓和尿路感染發(fā)生呈正相關(guān)。2018 年Cichos等[22]類似研究表明,代謝綜合征狀態(tài)降低住院期間死亡率及圍術(shù)期感染、血栓、肺炎發(fā)生率,增加了急性貧血、心肌梗死、急性腎衰竭與急性心衰風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。異常統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果可能與患者圍術(shù)期代謝狀況、不同中心醫(yī)療水平與治療策略相關(guān), 但術(shù)前慢性疾病策略直接影響手術(shù)及診療策略的選擇,應(yīng)為骨科醫(yī)師所關(guān)注。 03 手術(shù)方式選擇 3.1 內(nèi)固定與關(guān)節(jié)置換 時(shí)至今日,老年股骨轉(zhuǎn)子間骨折依然是極具挑戰(zhàn)性的臨床常見疾病,伴有骨質(zhì)疏松癥的老年股骨轉(zhuǎn)子間骨折常表現(xiàn)為粉碎性骨折與明顯移位。手術(shù)治療策略主要包括內(nèi)固定與關(guān)節(jié)置換治療:內(nèi)固定方式按髓內(nèi)或髓外固定主要?jiǎng)澐譃樗鑳?nèi)釘與鋼板螺釘系統(tǒng);關(guān)節(jié)置換按內(nèi)植物類型主要?jiǎng)澐譃槿y或半髖關(guān)節(jié)置換。在內(nèi)固定與關(guān)節(jié)置換策略的選擇上,學(xué)界存在較大爭議。內(nèi)固定手術(shù)常伴有骨折不愈合或延遲愈合、內(nèi)植物斷裂和螺釘切出等不良后果,但關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷大、時(shí)間長且手術(shù)費(fèi)用高。臨床研究[23]表明,股骨近端防旋髓內(nèi)釘與半髖關(guān)節(jié)置換在關(guān)節(jié)功能與疼痛控制方面效果無明顯差異,但關(guān)節(jié)置換優(yōu)勢在于早期負(fù)重和下床活動(dòng)。Kim 等[24]對623例老年不穩(wěn)定轉(zhuǎn)子間骨折患者的分析表明,半髖關(guān)節(jié)置換組患者具有更低的再手術(shù)率與運(yùn)動(dòng)功能喪失。本期專題中,吳貴佑等[25]回顧性研究表明,InterTAN 髓內(nèi)釘和股骨頭置換在術(shù)中出血量與住院時(shí)間方面無顯著差異,而置換組術(shù)后負(fù)重時(shí)間顯著提前,有助于減少術(shù)后并發(fā)癥風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。 3.2 關(guān)節(jié)置換指征把握 當(dāng)前以PFNA、InterTAN 和Gamma釘為代表的髓內(nèi)固定器已經(jīng)能夠滿足早期穩(wěn)定和遠(yuǎn)期生物力學(xué)要求[26],而關(guān)節(jié)置換手術(shù)存在假體松動(dòng)、假體周圍感染等不良事件風(fēng)險(xiǎn),因此關(guān)節(jié)置換手術(shù)的指征把握成為手術(shù)方式選擇的重要因素。臨床研究表明,內(nèi)固定或關(guān)節(jié)置換[27]、全髖或半髖[28]、生物型或骨水泥型[29]手術(shù)方式在術(shù)后功能康復(fù)方面沒有明顯差異,而關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)在醫(yī)師學(xué)習(xí)曲線、手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷和失血量、患者自身骨量保留等方面劣勢相對明顯。當(dāng)前主流觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為,人工關(guān)節(jié)置換治療老年轉(zhuǎn)子間骨折的適應(yīng)證主要包括股骨頭骨折或無菌性壞死[30]、嚴(yán)重骨質(zhì)疏松狀態(tài)下內(nèi)固定無法獲得穩(wěn)定性[31]、術(shù)前嚴(yán)重髖關(guān)節(jié)退行性改變,以及內(nèi)固定失敗后的補(bǔ)救治療[32]。 3.3 髓內(nèi)固定與髓外固定 老年轉(zhuǎn)子間骨折髓內(nèi)固定器以髓內(nèi)釘為代表,具有髓內(nèi)固定的一般優(yōu)勢:應(yīng)力傳導(dǎo)均勻,應(yīng)力遮擋效應(yīng)??;髓外固定器以鎖定鋼板與髖螺釘為代表,作為偏心性固定的加壓效果和術(shù)后即時(shí)穩(wěn)定性較好,防旋性能優(yōu)于大部分髓內(nèi)固定裝置[33-34]。髓內(nèi)髓外固定方式的選擇仍存在較大爭議:Cai等[35]對比了198例轉(zhuǎn)子間骨折患者不同內(nèi)固定選擇的預(yù)后差異,認(rèn)為髓外固定手術(shù)時(shí)間更短、出血量更少;而Reindl等[36]認(rèn)為髓內(nèi)固定方式能夠獲得更好的力學(xué)穩(wěn)定和影像學(xué)表現(xiàn)。盡管如此,多數(shù)臨床研究[37-39]均表明髓內(nèi)髓外固定方式在術(shù)后功能康復(fù)與不良事件發(fā)生率方面沒有明顯差異,內(nèi)固定方式的選擇宜按醫(yī)患雙方實(shí)際情況決定。 04 總結(jié)與展望 老化與老年骨質(zhì)疏松性骨折一直是骨科醫(yī)師面臨的巨大挑戰(zhàn)。老年轉(zhuǎn)子間骨折患者存在一般情況相對復(fù)雜、骨折類型多樣、手術(shù)耐受性差等特點(diǎn),當(dāng)前骨科醫(yī)師需擺脫認(rèn)識(shí)、理念與技術(shù)三大誤區(qū),在充分術(shù)前準(zhǔn)備前提下盡早手術(shù),重視圍術(shù)期抗骨質(zhì)疏松處理,慎重選擇手術(shù)方式。值得警惕的是,隨著治療理念、醫(yī)療技術(shù)和醫(yī)用器械水平的提升,老年髖部骨折患者致死、致殘率依然居高不下, 合并癥處理、治療策略、手術(shù)時(shí)間與方式的選擇依然是骨科醫(yī)師需要充分理解與仔細(xì)思考的關(guān)鍵問題。 參考文獻(xiàn) [1] 翁蔚宗,李密,周啟榮,等. 髖部骨折流行病學(xué)分布特點(diǎn):單中心2859 例分析[J]. 第二軍醫(yī)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào),2017,38(4):415-420.WENG WZ,LI M,ZHOU QR,et al. 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