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英語(yǔ)中具有使役意義的動(dòng)詞較多，跟人們常常說(shuō)的使役動(dòng)詞不是一個(gè)概念。通常我們說(shuō)使役動(dòng)詞，指的是make, have, let這三個(gè)動(dòng)詞，它們?cè)诤蠼硬欢ㄊ阶髻e語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)要省去不定式符號(hào)to。但具有使役意義的動(dòng)詞數(shù)量上遠(yuǎn)不止這些，用法也較靈活，今天就為大家詳細(xì)講解。 1. have的用法 1）have +賓語(yǔ)+do（省略to的不定式）：表示主語(yǔ)“要”“使”“讓”賓語(yǔ)干某事，賓語(yǔ)和賓補(bǔ)之間是一種主動(dòng)關(guān)系。 The rich lady had the singer eat with her servants. 這位富有的女士讓這位歌手和她的仆人一起吃飯。 I will have him come and help you. 我會(huì)讓他來(lái)幫助你的。 2）have+賓語(yǔ)+現(xiàn)在分詞：表示讓某人或物連續(xù)進(jìn)行某動(dòng)作或處于某狀態(tài)中，賓語(yǔ)和賓補(bǔ)是一種主動(dòng)關(guān)系。 The two cheats had the lights burning all night long. 這兩個(gè)騙子讓燈整晚亮著。 He had us waiting for him three hours yesterday. 昨天他讓我們一直等了他三個(gè)小時(shí)。 I have them all talking to each other in English. 我鼓勵(lì)他們用英語(yǔ)交談。 3）have +賓語(yǔ)+過(guò)去分詞：表示主語(yǔ)的主觀意志，即主語(yǔ)讓別人為自己完成某事，賓語(yǔ)和賓補(bǔ)是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，還可以表示主語(yǔ)遭受到來(lái)利或不測(cè)的事。 Tom said he had had his TV set repaired. 湯姆修了他的電視機(jī)。（別人修的） Tom had his wallet stolen on the bus yesterday. 昨天湯姆使他的錢(qián)包被偷了。（別人偷的） 4）have+賓語(yǔ)+形容詞/副詞/介詞短語(yǔ)作賓補(bǔ) Please have your tickets ready. 請(qǐng)準(zhǔn)備好你的票。 The Emperor had nothing on. 這位皇帝什么都沒(méi)在做。 I am sure I’ll have him in the argument. 2. let的用法 1）let +賓語(yǔ)+do（省to不定式）：表示主語(yǔ)“要”“使”“讓”賓語(yǔ)干某事，賓語(yǔ)和賓補(bǔ)之間是一種主動(dòng)關(guān)系。 Let them stay in the classroom and do their exercises themselves. 讓他們自己待在教室里做練習(xí)吧。 Let AB be equal to CD. 假設(shè)AB等于CD. 2）let+賓語(yǔ)+副詞/介詞短語(yǔ)作賓補(bǔ) Let me in and let them out. 讓我進(jìn)來(lái)，讓他們出去。 Who let you into the building? 誰(shuí)讓你進(jìn)到大樓里來(lái)的？ 3. make的用法 1）make +賓語(yǔ)+do（省to不定式）：表示主語(yǔ)“要”“使”“讓”賓語(yǔ)干某事，賓語(yǔ)和賓補(bǔ)之間是一種主動(dòng)關(guān)系。此結(jié)構(gòu)常用被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)。 The teacher made the naughty boy stand there for an hour. 老師讓這個(gè)調(diào)皮的男孩在那里站了一個(gè)小時(shí)。 The naughty boy was made to stand there for an hour. 這個(gè)調(diào)皮的男孩被讓在那站了一個(gè)小時(shí)。 2）make+賓語(yǔ)+過(guò)去分詞，此結(jié)構(gòu)中的賓語(yǔ)指人時(shí)常用到反身代詞。 He raised his voice to make himself heard. 他提高嗓音讓自己被聽(tīng)到。 They will make an important plan known to the public soon. 他們不久就會(huì)讓公眾知道這個(gè)計(jì)劃。 3）make+賓語(yǔ)+形容詞，賓語(yǔ)亦可是從句。 The news made her happy. 這個(gè)消息使她快樂(lè)。 He made it clear that he objected to the proposal. 他明確表明他反對(duì)這個(gè)建議。 1. get：使成為/變得某種狀態(tài)或結(jié)果。 I can’t get the old radio to work. 我無(wú)法讓那舊收音機(jī)工作起來(lái)。（接帶to不定式作賓補(bǔ)） Can you really get that old car going again? 你真能讓那舊車運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)起來(lái)嗎? The farmer got his planting done before the rain came. 那農(nóng)民在雨季前完成了種植。 He got his wrist broken. 他折斷了手腕。（主語(yǔ)發(fā)生了不幸的事） She soon got the children ready for school. 她迅速使孩子們做好了上學(xué)準(zhǔn)備。 2. leave：使保持/處于某種狀態(tài) Leave your hat and coat in the hall. 把帽子和外套放在大廳里。 Did you leave the doors and windows firmly fastened? 你把門(mén)窗緊緊鎖上了嗎? Always leave things where you can find them again. 總應(yīng)把東西放在能再次找到的地方。 Who left that window open? 誰(shuí)讓窗戶開(kāi)著? Don’t leave him waiting outside in the rain. 別讓他在外面雨中等待。 Leave somebody / something alone. 不要干涉某人或某事。 3. set：使某人或某物處于或達(dá)到某種特殊的狀態(tài)或關(guān)系 set somebody at his ease 使某人安逸/舒適/心情放松 set something in order 使某物井然有序 set somebody free / at liberty 使某人獲得自由,釋放（犯人等） It’s time we set the machine going. 是我們發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)器的時(shí)候了。 The news set me thinking. 這消息使我陷入了沉思。 He set the farm laborer to chop wood. 他讓農(nóng)場(chǎng)工人去砍伐木材。 I have set myself to finish the job by the end of May. 我決心于五月底前完成那工作。 set a thief to catch a thief. 以毒攻毒；令賊捉賊 4. send：使某人或某物急劇地移動(dòng) The earthquake sent the crockery and cutlery crashing to the ground. 地震將杯盤(pán)刀叉震落在地上。 Mind how you go----you nearly sent me flying. 小心點(diǎn),你差點(diǎn)將我撞飛了. Send that fellow about his business / packing. 叫那家伙滾蛋. The good harvest sent the prices down. 豐收使物價(jià)下跌. 5. drive：使某人處于某狀態(tài)，迫使某人做某事 Failure drove him to despair / desperation. 失敗使他絕望。 You’ll drive me mad / to my wits’end. 你會(huì)把我氣瘋的。/ 你會(huì)使我窮盡應(yīng)付的。 Hunger drove him to steal. = He was driven by hunger to steal.他為饑餓所迫而偷竊。 6. keep：使某人或某物保持某種狀態(tài) You should keep the children quiet. 你要使孩子們靜下來(lái)。 The cold weather kept us indoors. 寒冷的天氣使我們待在家里。 If your hands are cold, keep them in your pockets. 如果你手冷，把它們放在口袋里。 Will they keep me in prison / custody. 他們會(huì)監(jiān)禁/拘留我嗎? I’m sorry I’ve kept you waiting. 很報(bào)歉讓你久等了。 The doctors managed to keep me going. 醫(yī)生們?cè)O(shè)法讓我活下去。 1. cause 致使，導(dǎo)致（能接直接賓語(yǔ),雙賓語(yǔ),復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)） What caused his death? 什么導(dǎo)致了他的死亡? This has caused us much anxiety. 這給我們帶來(lái)了極大的憂慮。 What caused the plants to die.（=what made them die.）什么使得這些植物枯死。 He caused the prisoner to be put to death. (=he had them put to death.)他使得這些犯人被處死。 2. force 迫使，強(qiáng)迫 （賓語(yǔ)后常接介詞短語(yǔ)、副詞及不定式等） force one’s way through a crowd 從人群中擠出一條路來(lái). force a way in / out / through 沖入/出/過(guò) force an entry into a building 強(qiáng)行進(jìn)入一建筑 force the war upon him 強(qiáng)迫某人作戰(zhàn) force someone into doing something 強(qiáng)迫某人做某事 force sb./ oneself to work hard 迫使某人/自己努力工作 1. 常見(jiàn)的半使役動(dòng)詞 amaze（使某人感到驚呀）, astonish（使某人感到驚奇）, bore（使某人感到厭倦）, complicate（使某人感到復(fù)雜）, confuse（使某人感到迷惑）, disappoint （使某人感到失望）, delight（使某人感到高興）, discourage（使某人感到氣餒）, distinguish（使某人感到顯著）, excite （使某人感到興奮）, encourage（使某人感到鼓舞）, exhaust （使某人感到疲倦）, frighten（使某人感到恐懼）, interest （使某人感到有趣）, inspire（使某人感到刺激）, move（使某人感到激動(dòng)）, please（使某人感到高興）, puzzle（使某人感到不解）, satisfy（使某人感到滿意）, surprise（使某人感到驚異）, shock（使某人感到震驚）, strike （使某人感到震動(dòng)）, tire（使某人感到疲憊）, upset （使某人感到迷惑不解）,等等。 2. 半使役動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)式用法：something + vt. + somebody The exam result satisfied his parents. 考試結(jié)果令他的父母很滿意。 The boy’s behavior upset everybody around. 這個(gè)男孩的行為使周圍的每個(gè)人都很沮喪。 3. 半使役動(dòng)詞有兩個(gè)或三個(gè)派生形容詞,一個(gè)加-ing,一個(gè)加-ed,有時(shí)還有一個(gè)加其他后綴構(gòu)成。 如：interest----interesting, interested; astonish----astonishing, astonished; please----pleasing, pleased, pleasant; satisfy----satisfying, satisfied, satisfactory. 4. 半使役動(dòng)詞的v-ing和v-ed兩個(gè)分詞形容詞的用法也有規(guī)律，一般而言，作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，v-ing分詞形容詞修飾事物，v-ed分詞形容詞修飾人或者人的心理活動(dòng)、表情等；作表語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，v-ing分詞形容詞指事，v-ed分詞形容詞指人或擬人用法，而且作表語(yǔ)的v-ed分詞后接事時(shí)常有一個(gè)介詞，如： The film we saw last night was very interesting. 我們昨天晚上看的電影非常有趣。 We were all interested in the film. 我們都對(duì)這部電影感興趣。 The frightening hurricane made the girl very frightened. 令人恐懼的颶風(fēng)使這個(gè)女孩感到害怕。 The teacher was satisfied with the answer of his students. 這位老師對(duì)他學(xué)生們的回答感到滿意。 |
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