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現(xiàn)在分詞（Present Participle),又稱(chēng)-ing形式,現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行式,動(dòng)名詞 1.作主語(yǔ)：通常被看作是單數(shù)不可數(shù)名詞,所以謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)形式. Driving fast is very dangerous. Swimming is my favourite sport. Painting is an art. Hearing the bad news made him cry. 注意：現(xiàn)在分詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),和動(dòng)詞不定式一樣,當(dāng)它是較長(zhǎng)的短語(yǔ)時(shí),常常用it作形式主語(yǔ),而把現(xiàn)在分詞放到句末. 如：It's nice spending the holiday at the beach. It's tiring working late. 現(xiàn)在分詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)的常用句型： a waste of time no good/no use ?It +be+ little/hardly any use + V-ing分詞 not/hardly worth worth/worthwhile 如：It's no use complaining. It's no good smoking a lot. It's a waste of time doing such a thing. no no sense in（沒(méi)有道理） ?There +be+ no point in（毫無(wú)意義） +V-ing分詞 no use in Nothing worse than(沒(méi)有比...更糟糕的) 如：There was no knowing what he was doing. There is no point (in) doing so.這么做,毫無(wú)意義. 經(jīng)常跟在it +be后面的形容詞,然后接動(dòng)名詞作實(shí)際主語(yǔ)的形容詞還有： Odd古怪的\x09Crazy瘋狂的\x09Hopeless無(wú)望的\x09Nice Funny好笑的\x09Foolish愚蠢的\x09interesting\x09Tiring累人的 better\x09terrible\x09Enjoyable愉快的\x09Pointless無(wú)意義的 2作表語(yǔ)：-ing分詞作表語(yǔ)多和系動(dòng)詞be連用.注意：如果主語(yǔ)用了不定式,表語(yǔ)也要用不定式；同樣地,如果主語(yǔ)用的是-ing分詞,表語(yǔ)也應(yīng)用-ing分詞.即,作主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞在形式上的一致. 如：Seeing is believing=To see is to believe. My favourite sport is swimming. Her only hobby(愛(ài)好) is collecting stamps. ☆注意：現(xiàn)在分詞作表語(yǔ)和動(dòng)詞不定式作表語(yǔ)的區(qū)別在于：現(xiàn)在分詞表示習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作；而不定式表示一次性的具體動(dòng)作. 如：My plan is to finish my homework before tomorrow. My favourite sport is swimming. 3. 作賓語(yǔ) 英語(yǔ)中,有相當(dāng)一部分動(dòng)詞后,只能接-ing分詞作賓語(yǔ). 這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞主要有： Admit承認(rèn)\x09advise\x09Anticipate期望做.\x09Detest憎恨做. Defer推遲\x09suggest\x09Escape逃避做.\x09Quit停止做. Deny否認(rèn)\x09Miss錯(cuò)過(guò)\x09Avoid避免做.\x09Tolerate忍受. Keep保持做.\x09Appreciate感謝.\x09Practise練習(xí).\x09enjoy Mind介意\x09Consider考慮做\x09Risk冒險(xiǎn)做.\x09Excuse原諒 如： Excuse me interrupting you. I enjoy reading newspapers. I suggest you should practise speaking English every morning. 注意：有一類(lèi)動(dòng)詞后即可跟不定式作賓語(yǔ),也可跟-ing分詞作賓語(yǔ).可以把這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞分為三種類(lèi)型：1）兩種形式意義基本相同.2）兩種形式略有差別.3）意義完全不同. A）兩種形式意義基本相同的動(dòng)詞有：attempt, begin, cease(停止), continue, intend, start, commence(開(kāi)始). 如：She started to cry/crying. What do you intend to do/doing next?你打算接下來(lái)做什么? He continued to work/working. B)兩種形式意義略有差別的動(dòng)詞主要有：hate, like, dislike, love, prefer等. 如：I like playing basketball. I hate to trouble you. I prefer to go for a walk. I prefer singing songs. C)后跟不定式和-ing分詞時(shí),意義完全不同的動(dòng)詞有：remember, forget, regret., try, mean, chance(碰巧),cannot help...等.它們后面跟不定式表示動(dòng)作還未發(fā)生,而跟現(xiàn)在分詞表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)發(fā)生. 如：I regret to do this thing. I regret doing such a thing. Mean to do 表示打算,意欲做某事：而mean doing表示“意味著,意思是” 如：I mean/plan to buy a house. Fighting means killing. Chance to do表示碰巧做某事；而chance doing表示冒險(xiǎn)做某事、碰運(yùn)氣試著做某事 He chanced to meet his old friend in the street. He chanced taking part in that race. Cannot help to do表示不能幫忙做某事;Cannot help doing表示情不自禁,不由得做某事 如：I cannot help to do homework for you. I cannot help laughing. 4. 作介詞賓語(yǔ) 除了我們已經(jīng)談到的“疑問(wèn)詞+不定式”可以作介詞賓語(yǔ)外.通常情況下,只能用-ing分詞作介詞的賓語(yǔ).但個(gè)別表示“除了.之外”的介詞如“except, but, than”通常接不定式. 如：I can do nothing except/but wait. 后面跟-ing分詞作介詞賓語(yǔ)的短語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)主要有： A)“動(dòng)詞+介詞+動(dòng)名詞” I am used to sleeping on the floor.(習(xí)慣于.) I am looking forward to meeting you. The rain stopped us from working. She objected to marrying him(反對(duì)) B)“形容詞+介詞+-ing分詞” I am interested in playing basketball. Tom is responsible for breaking the glass. C)'名詞+介詞+動(dòng)名詞' There are many ways to do it/of doing it. He didn't go out for fear of raining. -ing分詞的慣用搭配有： A)主語(yǔ)+have+fun/pleasure/a good time/trouble/difficulty+(in) doing sth 如：We had a lot of fun (in) playing basketball. I have trouble/difficulty(in) understanding him. B)“There is+difficulty/trouble/pleasure+(in) doing sth” 如：There is difficulty in passing the exam. There is trouble in learning a foreigh language. C)“be busy+(in) doing sth” I am busy in doing my homework. D) “What about/How about +-ing分詞”（征求意見(jiàn)句型.怎么樣） What/How about having a cup of tea? How about playing basketball with me? E)注意：有一類(lèi)-ing分詞和go搭配,表示“去（干.）”,這些分詞大多與休閑娛樂(lè)的戶(hù)外活動(dòng)有關(guān). 常用的有： boating\x09Camping野營(yíng)\x09Climbing爬山 Driving駕車(chē)兜風(fēng)\x09Dancing跳舞\x09Hiking徒步旅行 Hunting打獵\x09Fishing垂釣\x09running Jogging慢跑\x09Ridding騎馬\x09Sailing航行 Shopping購(gòu)物\x09Sightseeing觀光\x09Skating滑冰 swimming\x09Walking散步\x09Window shopping逛街 如：We went boating yesterday. 5.作定語(yǔ) 單個(gè)分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)放在所修飾名詞前 a running boy the girl standing there （分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ),故置于所修飾名詞之后） 并且一般都可以轉(zhuǎn)化為一個(gè)進(jìn)行時(shí)的定語(yǔ)從句 如： a boy who is running a girl who is standing there 注意：某些現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí),已不再表示動(dòng)作,已經(jīng)從分詞變?yōu)榱诵稳菰~詞性.如：an interesting story, an exciting match .這些也可以屬于現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ),但是不能轉(zhuǎn)化為相應(yīng)的定語(yǔ)從句.但是可以有三級(jí)變化（原級(jí)、比較級(jí)、 最高級(jí)）和被某些副詞如very修飾. 6.作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ) 只有兩類(lèi)動(dòng)詞可以加現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ) 1）感官動(dòng)詞或心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞：see,hear,watch,feel,notice,observe,find,listen to,look at 2）表示致使意義的動(dòng)詞：make, have,get,catch,leave,keep, let 注意：但是并不代表這些動(dòng)詞后的賓補(bǔ)形式都要用現(xiàn)在分詞（有些后面可以加不帶to的不定式作賓補(bǔ)） eg.I saw him singing now. 和 I saw him sing in the house. 注意 ：賓語(yǔ)與作賓補(bǔ)的現(xiàn)在分詞之間存在邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系,即賓語(yǔ)是現(xiàn)在分詞動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者. 7.作狀語(yǔ) 分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)的邏輯主語(yǔ)（即分詞動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者）一般要與句中主語(yǔ)保持一致.若邏輯主語(yǔ)和分詞動(dòng)作之間為主動(dòng),用主動(dòng).反之,用被動(dòng). A）作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) 如：.Walking in the street,I saw him.當(dāng)我在街上走時(shí),我看到他了 可以轉(zhuǎn)化為一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句：When/While I was walking in the street,I saw him. 注意：當(dāng)我要強(qiáng)調(diào)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作時(shí) 我們可以在分詞前面加上when／while 那么上面的例句就可以改寫(xiě)為When/While walking in the street,I saw him.（其實(shí)這是省略了從句中的I was,因?yàn)閺木涞闹髡Z(yǔ)和主句一致）. 如果句子為： When/While he was walking in the street,I saw him. 當(dāng)他走在街上,我看到他了. 這里,由于從句主語(yǔ)和主句主語(yǔ)不一致,故不可省略. B）作條件狀語(yǔ) 如： Working hard,you will succeed. （只要）努力工作,你就會(huì)成功. 可以轉(zhuǎn)換為if引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句.即：If you work hard, you will succeed. C)作原因狀語(yǔ) 如： Being ill,she stayed at home. （因?yàn)椋┥?她留在家里 注意 being是常用來(lái)作原因狀語(yǔ)的 這句可以轉(zhuǎn)換為相應(yīng)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句：Because/As she was ill, she stayed at home. D)作讓步狀語(yǔ) 如. Having failed many times,he didn't lose heart. 有很多次失敗,他沒(méi)有灰心. =Although he had failed many times, he didn't lose heart. E)作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ) 如： His friend died,leaving Tom a lot of money, 他的朋友死了,（所以）給湯姆留了很多錢(qián). =His friend died, so he left Tom a lot of money. F)作方式狀語(yǔ) 如：Please answer the question using another way. 請(qǐng)用另一種方式回答這個(gè)問(wèn)題 G)作伴隨狀語(yǔ),表示現(xiàn)在分詞的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行中. 如： He sat on the chair, singing songs. They left the shop, satisfied. The worked for a whole day, exhausted. They watching TV in the living room, I was cooking in the kitchen. 8. 現(xiàn)在分詞的獨(dú)立主格 （1）獨(dú)立主格,又叫獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu),在句中作狀語(yǔ).它沒(méi)有主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ),只有邏輯上的主語(yǔ),因此,它在句法上不是句子,而是一個(gè)獨(dú)立于句子成分之外的獨(dú)特結(jié)構(gòu)形式. （2）獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)可置于句首、句尾,用逗號(hào)與主句隔開(kāi). 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)可分為兩部分,一部分是名詞或代詞（主格）,起著邏輯主語(yǔ)的作用；另一部分由形容詞、副詞、名詞、分詞、不定式、介詞短語(yǔ)等構(gòu)成,表示前面名詞或代詞的狀態(tài)、狀況或動(dòng)作. 如：He entered the room, his nose red with cold.(名詞/代詞+形容詞) He lay on his back, his hands behind his head.(名詞/代詞+介詞短語(yǔ)) He entered the classroom, a book in his hand. He lay on the bed, his eyes closed. A good student, he always studies very hard. Whatever the reason, Bob went aboard finally. （3）這和我們學(xué)過(guò)的”with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)”是差不多的,只不過(guò)它要比獨(dú)立主格多個(gè)with． （4）分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),其邏輯主語(yǔ)一般要與句中主語(yǔ)保持一致”不難發(fā)現(xiàn)我每次在敘述這句話時(shí)都加上”一般”二字 那也就是說(shuō)也有特殊的時(shí)候 就是分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)不和句中主語(yǔ)保持一致 也就是擁有了自己的獨(dú)自的邏輯主語(yǔ) 那么也就是該用獨(dú)立主格的時(shí)候了． 如：Winter coming,it gets colder and colder．冬天來(lái)了 天變的越來(lái)越冷了 注意這句話,我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)it在句中指代的是”天氣” .那么當(dāng)我把winter去掉的時(shí)候,那在形式上就是純粹的分詞作狀語(yǔ).那么我們也就是默認(rèn)了coming的動(dòng)作是由it（天氣）發(fā)出來(lái)的.但是我們不妨翻譯一下”當(dāng)天氣來(lái)的時(shí)候,天氣變的越來(lái)越冷了．”顯然句意不通.那么就是說(shuō)coming的邏輯主語(yǔ)不是it（天氣）,也就是coming擁有自己的邏輯主語(yǔ).那么也就是winter,因?yàn)閏oming的動(dòng)作是由winter發(fā)出的. |
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來(lái)自： 多收了三五斗68 > 《待分類(lèi)》
