在,食與心帶大家了解了膳食纖維在預(yù)防改善便秘、增強(qiáng)腸道屏障功能和免疫力、預(yù)防炎癥性腸病、骨質(zhì)疏松和結(jié)直腸癌、控制血糖、血脂、血膽固醇以及體重中的重要作用,本期讓我們繼續(xù)關(guān)注膳食纖維對(duì)于其他慢性疾病的預(yù)防和改善效果。 11) 預(yù)防和改善非酒精性脂肪肝
12) 預(yù)防和改善高血壓
13) 降低尿毒素水平,預(yù)防和改善慢性腎病
14) 預(yù)防和改善心血管疾病
15) 降低哮喘風(fēng)險(xiǎn)
高纖維飲食可調(diào)整腸道菌群,并通過多條途徑增強(qiáng)呼吸道免疫力 16) 降低肺癌風(fēng)險(xiǎn)
17) 降低慢性阻塞性肺病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)
18) 降低食管癌、卵巢癌、和乳腺癌風(fēng)險(xiǎn)
19) 預(yù)防和改善腦漏
膳食纖維及其代謝產(chǎn)物可通過四條途徑影響學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力和情緒狀態(tài) 20) 增強(qiáng)壓力應(yīng)對(duì)能力,預(yù)防心理疾病
高纖維飲食可促進(jìn)神經(jīng)生長(zhǎng),降低神經(jīng)炎癥,從而有助于改善學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力和情緒狀態(tài),低纖維飲食作用則相反。 21) 預(yù)防和改善大腦炎癥及認(rèn)知退化
22) 其他益處
三. 吃膳食纖維獲益同時(shí)有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)嗎? 綜上,日常飲食中保證充分的膳食纖維攝入,即高纖維飲食對(duì)人有眾多好處,保護(hù)腸道屏障,提高免疫力和學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力,預(yù)防和改善高血壓/高血脂/高血糖/高低密度膽固醇/慢性腎病等代謝異常,預(yù)防和改善哮喘和慢性阻塞性肺病等慢性呼吸道疾病,預(yù)防結(jié)直腸癌、肺癌和乳腺癌癥各種癌癥,從而明顯降低個(gè)體英年早逝的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。 因此,認(rèn)為“處在某個(gè)特殊時(shí)期,必須精米細(xì)面肉蛋來調(diào)養(yǎng),不能吃纖維” 的傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn)并不可取,不管是強(qiáng)壯的年輕人,還是幼小的孩子,年長(zhǎng)的老人,抑或虛弱的病人,膳食纖維都能助你遠(yuǎn)離疾病,更加健康快樂的生活。 關(guān)注健康的朋友可能會(huì)有疑問“2018年不是有一篇研究說吃了膳食纖維的老鼠得了肝癌嗎,吃膳食纖維有好處,但是不是還有壞處呀”?當(dāng)然不是,我們來仔細(xì)分析一下這項(xiàng)研究。 2018年的這項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[26]:某種特殊遺傳背景的小鼠,4周齡開始使用富含可溶性膳食纖維的飲食,比如高菊糖飲食、高果膠飲食和高低聚果糖飲食時(shí),6個(gè)月后,小鼠肥胖和代謝異常得到改善,但肝癌發(fā)生率卻急劇增加,高菊糖飲食組肝癌率達(dá)40%,高果膠飲食組為13%,高低聚果糖飲食組為12.5%,而高不可發(fā)酵膳食纖維飲食(高纖維素)并未增加肝癌風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。 我們首先來看研究對(duì)象:這項(xiàng)研究所用小鼠是缺乏識(shí)別微生物信號(hào)受體(TLR-5)的T5KO小鼠,這種小鼠本身就存在腸道菌群異常和慢性結(jié)腸炎,伴有肥胖、血糖、血脂和血壓異常。簡(jiǎn)而言之,研究對(duì)象為有基因缺陷的腸漏小鼠。 其次是飲食:這項(xiàng)研究中,高菊糖飲食組飼料中膳食纖維占總重量10%,其中菊糖占總重量7.5%,纖維素占總重量2.5%,高果膠組和高低聚果糖組用果膠和低聚果糖替代菊糖。也就是說,100克食物中,含有10克膳食纖維,其中7.5克為菊糖,2.5克為纖維素。 也就是說:在有明顯腸漏的情況下,(一般各種慢性疾病均伴有腸漏,想深入了解可閱讀食與心腸漏系列文章),食用大量可溶性膳食纖維,兩周以上,可誘發(fā)肝癌。大量的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)可以這樣理解,比如每天吃500克食物,其中要包含37.5克菊粉,或者250克洋姜(洋姜也叫鬼子姜或菊芋,是菊粉含量最高的植物之一,可達(dá)15%);或者500克食物中含37.5克果膠,由于水果中的果膠含量一般不超過1%,一日三餐只吃水果難以達(dá)到這一標(biāo)準(zhǔn),即便是果膠含量最高的柚子(3.3-4.5%),天天食用1000克以上也幾無可能。 因此,在日常生活中,即便是慢性疾病患者,高纖維飲食也不會(huì)像實(shí)驗(yàn)小鼠那樣出現(xiàn)肝癌,因?yàn)闆]有人會(huì)把提純的膳食纖維當(dāng)飯吃,也沒有人會(huì)只吃2種固定的膳食纖維,且經(jīng)年累月地吃。 綜上,食與心善意提醒大家:
那么,對(duì)于不同年齡不同性別的人來說,膳食纖維有沒有最佳食用劑量呢?下期食與心將揭示答案并為你提供滿足自己膳食纖維需求的每日飲食計(jì)劃參考。 參考文獻(xiàn): 1 Dalile B, Van Oudenhove L, Vervliet B, et al. The Role of Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Microbiota-Gut-Brain Communication. Nature reviews Gastroenterology & hepatology, 2019, 16: 461-78. 2 Liang S, Wu X, Jin F. Gut-Brain Psychology: Rethinking Psychology from the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis. Frontiers in integrative neuroscience, 2018, 12: 33. 3 Montemurno E, Cosola C, Dalfino G, et al. What Would You Like to Eat, Mr Ckd Microbiota? A Mediterranean Diet, Please! Kidney Blood Press Res, 2014, 39: 114-23. 4 Marques F Z, Mackay C R, Kaye D M. Beyond Gut Feelings: How the Gut Microbiota Regulates Blood Pressure. Nature reviews Cardiology, 2018, 15: 20-32. 5 Yang T, Richards E M, Pepine C J, et al. The Gut Microbiota and the Brain-Gut-Kidney Axis in Hypertension and Chronic Kidney Disease. Nat Rev Nephrol, 2018, 14: 442-56. 6 Makki K, Deehan E C, Walter J, et al. The Impact of Dietary Fiber on Gut Microbiota in Host Health and Disease. Cell Host Microbe, 2018, 23: 705-15. 7 van de Wouw M, Boehme M, Lyte J M, et al. Short-Chain Fatty Acids: Microbial Metabolites That Alleviate Stress-Induced Brain-Gut Axis Alterations. The Journal of physiology, 2018, 596: 4923-44. 8 Singh J, Metrani R, Shivanagoudra S R, et al. Review on Bile Acids: Effects of the Gut Microbiome, Interactions with Dietary Fiber, and Alterations in the Bioaccessibility of Bioactive Compounds. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 2019, 67: 9124-38. 9 Cai Y, Folkerts J, Folkerts G, et al. Microbiota-Dependent and -Independent Effects of Dietary Fibre on Human Health. Br J Pharmacol, 2019, 10 Szmidt M K, Kaluza J, Harris H R, et al. Long-Term Dietary Fiber Intake and Risk of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Prospective Cohort Study of Women. European journal of nutrition, 2019, 11 Kieffer D A, Martin R J, Adams S H. Impact of Dietary Fibers on Nutrient Management and Detoxification Organs: Gut, Liver, and Kidneys. Advances in nutrition, 2016, 7: 1111-21. 12 Krawczyk M, Maciejewska D, Ryterska K, et al. Gut Permeability Might Be Improved by Dietary Fiber in Individuals with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (Nafld) Undergoing Weight Reduction. Nutrients, 2018, 10: 13 Koh A, De Vadder F, Kovatcheva-Datchary P, et al. From Dietary Fiber to Host Physiology: Short-Chain Fatty Acids as Key Bacterial Metabolites. Cell, 2016, 165: 1332-45. 14 Kim Y, Je Y. Dietary Fibre Intake and Mortality from Cardiovascular Disease and All Cancers: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies. Archives of cardiovascular diseases, 2016, 109: 39-54. 15 Khan N A, Raine L B, Drollette E S, et al. Dietary Fiber Is Positively Associated with Cognitive Control among Prepubertal Children. The Journal of nutrition, 2015, 145: 143-9. 16 Kaluza J, Harris H, Wallin A, et al. Dietary Fiber Intake and Risk of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Prospective Cohort Study of Men. Epidemiology, 2018, 29: 254-60. 17 Trompette A, Gollwitzer E S, Pattaroni C, et al. Dietary Fiber Confers Protection against Flu by Shaping Ly6c(-) Patrolling Monocyte Hematopoiesis and Cd8(+) T Cell Metabolism. Immunity, 2018, 48: 992-1005 e8. 18 Vaughan A, Frazer Z A, Hansbro P M, et al. Copd and the Gut-Lung Axis: The Therapeutic Potential of Fibre. Journal of thoracic disease, 2019, 11: S2173-S80. 19 McAleer J P, Kolls J K. Contributions of the Intestinal Microbiome in Lung Immunity. European journal of immunology, 2018, 48: 39-49. 20 Matt S M, Allen J M, Lawson M A, et al. Butyrate and Dietary Soluble Fiber Improve Neuroinflammation Associated with Aging in Mice. Front Immunol, 2018, 9: 1832. 21 Ohira H, Tsutsui W, Fujioka Y. Are Short Chain Fatty Acids in Gut Microbiota Defensive Players for Inflammation and Atherosclerosis? Journal of atherosclerosis and thrombosis, 2017, 24: 660-72. 22 Smith A P, Sutherland D, Hewlett P. An Investigation of the Acute Effects of Oligofructose-Enriched Inulin on Subjective Wellbeing, Mood and Cognitive Performance. Nutrients, 2015, 7: 8887-96. 23 Hassevoort K M, Lin A S, Khan N A, et al. Added Sugar and Dietary Fiber Consumption Are Associated with Creativity in Preadolescent Children. Nutritional neuroscience, 2018, 1-12. 24 Yang J J, Yu D, Xiang Y B, et al. Association of Dietary Fiber and Yogurt Consumption with Lung Cancer Risk: A Pooled Analysis. JAMA oncology, 2019, 25 Llorente C, Schnabl B. The Gut Microbiota and Liver Disease. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2015, 1: 275-84. 26 Singh V, Yeoh B S, Chassaing B, et al. Dysregulated Microbial Fermentation of Soluble Fiber Induces Cholestatic Liver Cancer. Cell, 2018, 175: 679-94 e22. |
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