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閱讀理解推理判斷題的破解錦囊!

特約作者：四川 楊樹根

　　高考英語閱讀理解中的推理判斷題所占的比重較大，同時難度也較大，很多考生對解答此類題感到很吃力，沒有把握。筆者在此從設(shè)題方式、解題思路和解題方法這三個方面來講述如何破解這類難題。

　　推理判斷的類型及設(shè)問方式1.推斷隱含意義

　　What can be inferred from the text?

　　Which of the following can be concluded from this passage?

　　2.推斷人物的觀點或態(tài)度

　　What's the author's attitude towards...

　　How does sb. feel about this issue?

　　3.推斷文章的主旨要義

　　Which of the following can be the best title for the text?

　　4.推斷寫作目的

　　What is the purpose of writing this article?

　　In writing the passage, the author intends to ________.

　　5.推斷文章出處

　　Where would this passage most probably appear?

　　Where does the text probably come from?

　　The passage is most likely to be taken from ________.

　　6.推斷讀者對象

　　What kind of people is the text mainly meant for?

　　7.推斷篇章結(jié)構(gòu)

　　Which of the following shows the structure of the passage?

　　The second paragraph is developed by ________.

　　解題思路

　　做推理判斷題時要從整體上把握語篇內(nèi)容，在語篇的表面意義與隱含意義、已知信息與未知信息間架起橋梁，透過字里行間去體會作者的弦外之音。

　　首先，考生在閱讀時，要抓住文章的主題和細(xì)節(jié)，分析文章結(jié)構(gòu)，根據(jù)上下文的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系挖掘文章的深層含義。在進(jìn)行推理時，考生一定要仔細(xì)閱讀短文，千萬不可脫離原文主觀臆斷。

　　其次，對于暗含在文章中的人物的行為動機(jī)和事件之間的因果關(guān)系及作者未言明的傾向、意圖、態(tài)度、觀點等要進(jìn)行合乎邏輯的分析、推理和判斷，進(jìn)一步提高理解能力，抓住材料實質(zhì)性的東西。

　　最后，解答推理性問題時，要清楚所解答的問題是針對某個細(xì)節(jié)進(jìn)行推斷，還是針對主題或作者的意圖進(jìn)行推斷，不能以偏概全。針對細(xì)節(jié)的推斷可運用掃讀的方法，迅速確定推理依據(jù)的位置或范圍，然后再進(jìn)行推理判斷。對主旨要義作推斷時，要依據(jù)文章的主題思想，然后再分析句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系，區(qū)分觀點與例證、原因與結(jié)果、主觀點與次觀點。

　　解題方法

　　1.抓住特定信息進(jìn)行正向推理或逆向推理

　　做此類試題時一定要善于抓住某一段話中的關(guān)鍵信息，即某些關(guān)鍵詞、短語或句子，利用正向或逆向思維去分析，從而推斷出深層含義。

　　【2016大連高級中學(xué)月考】Learning English has always involved both pain and pleasure, private effort and social activity. Traditional learning provided take-it or leave-it mixes of these as well as of content but in the future learners will be able to choose a plan which suits their cultural and psychological dispositions(性情), or their particular needs at that moment. They, rather than their teachers, will decide how, what and when they will learn.

　　【試題】What can be inferred from the passage?

　　A. Learning English means no pain in the future.

　　B. English training schools will not be popular with young people in the future.

　　C. English learners will become less independent in the future.

　　D. More attention will be paid to personal needs in English learning in the future.

　　【解析】D。由該段中的關(guān)鍵信息”but in the future learners will be able to choose a plan which suits their cultural and psychological dispositions(性情), or their particular needs at that moment”可知，將來的英語學(xué)習(xí)會更注重個人的需要，故選D。

　　2.整合全文(段)信息進(jìn)行推斷

　　做推理題時，需要在弄懂全文意思的基礎(chǔ)上，整合與題目相關(guān)的有用信息，綜合起來去推理判斷，從而確定最佳結(jié)論。

　　【2016綿陽一診】When we moved in a month ago, Mary wanted to get a dog to keep out burglars. However, we finally decided that it would be cheaper to put an iron grille in front of the door and get a burglar alarm.

　　...

　　That night I soon fell asleep because I was confident that no one could get into our house undetected. At about 1：50 a.m. I woke up suddenly and heard the siren... Oh, my gosh. The back door was unlocked. I rushed to lock it and it was just at that exact moment that the ‘burglar’ disappeared behind a curtain. Guess what? It was an ordinary house lizard(蜥蜴). Apparently the alarm system had been made for American or European homes in which lizards are never seen. I switched the alarm off and sat down to watch. A few moments later, a lizard ran across a wall, right in front of one of the alarm units.

　　I won't bother to finish this story but if you'd like a burglar alarm system free of charge, just let us know.

　　【試題】What will the author do after the incident?

　　A. He will sell the alarm to someone else.

　　B. He will buy a dog to keep out burglars.

　　C. He will fix the alarm system immediately.

　　D. He will file a complaint to the company.

　　【解析】B。由最后一段中的”but if you'd like a burglar alarm system free of charge, just let us know”可知，作者不想用這套報警系統(tǒng)了，再結(jié)合第一段中的”Mary wanted to get a dog to keep out burglars”可知，作者最終很可能會買一條狗來防賊，故選B。

　　3.利用語境的褒貶性進(jìn)行信息推斷

　　很多文章的語境都有一定的褒貶性，這種褒貶性反映了人物的特定心理和情緒狀態(tài)以及作者的寫作意圖，利用好文章語境的褒貶性就能在把握文章主旨大意的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確的邏輯判斷。

　　【2016大慶鐵人中學(xué)階段考試】Well, he finally went his way, down the hill. Shoot him? Not me. You wouldn't, either. Not long after that I just watched him go, a strong deer carrying a proud head.

　　I picked up my gun, and started walking back. Suddenly, I heard two shots, one after another. If you have hunted much, you will know what two shots mean. They mean a kill. I had forgotten that there were other hunters around.

　　You will now understand why I gave up hunting from that day on.

　　【試題】We can know that the passage is written in a(n)________ tone from the passage.

　　A. worried B. excited

　　C. sad D. happy

　　【解析】C。根據(jù)最后兩段的內(nèi)容可知，作者是以一種很憂傷的筆調(diào)來寫這篇文章的，故選C。

　　4.根據(jù)上下文的邏輯得出結(jié)論

　　邏輯結(jié)論是指嚴(yán)格根據(jù)文章中所陳述的事實、論點、例證等進(jìn)行推理，從而得出合乎邏輯的結(jié)論，而不是根據(jù)自己的經(jīng)驗、態(tài)度、觀點或愛好去理解文章的內(nèi)涵。做這類推理判斷題時，應(yīng)把握作者的寫作思路，預(yù)測下文可能發(fā)展的內(nèi)容。文章可能按事件發(fā)展的經(jīng)過描寫，也可能按因果關(guān)系和對比關(guān)系來描寫。

　　【2016新疆華山中學(xué)月考】Using hot water to wash hands is therefore unnecessary, as well as wasteful, Carrico said, particularly when it comes to the environment. According to her research, people use warm or hot water 64 percent of the time when they wash their hands. Using that number, Carrico's team calculated a significant impact on the planet.

　　”Although the choice of water temperature during a single hand wash may appear unimportant, when multiplied by the nearly 800 billion hand washes performed by Americans each year, this practice results in more than 6 million metric tons of CO2 equivalent emissions annually，” she said.

　　【試題】The figures in the passage are used to show that ________.

　　A. using hot water to wash hands has a bad influence on our planet

　　B. air pollution has become more and more serious

　　C. using hot water to wash hands is a waste of energy

　　D. people should pay more attention to the environment around us

　　【解析】A。 ”Using that number, Carrico's team calculated a significant impact on the planet”為過渡句，該句有承上啟下的作用，下一段引用的數(shù)據(jù)事實上就是為了證明用熱水洗手給地球帶來的消極影響，故選A。

　　5.推斷作者以及文章中人物的觀點、態(tài)度

　　作者的態(tài)度是指作者對陳述的觀點是贊同、反對還是中立，對描寫的人、物或事件等是贊頌、同情、冷漠還是厭惡、憎恨。作者的這種思想傾向和感情色彩往往隱含在文章的字里行間或流露于修飾性的詞語之中。

　　【2016大連八中月考】There was no refrigerator, nothing electric. But nobody was ever better at making do(湊合). In addition to all the housework, she went to the fields every day to help produce a crop to pay the rent to provide for the family. She and my dad worked hard to save every penny possible.

　　They saved every penny to buy a farm late in life. They also saved enough money to live out their respective lives with home care without taking up residency in a nursing home. They were very independent. If you had suggested they accept a government transfer payment, they would have spit in your eye.

　　【試題】How does the author find his parents?

　　A. Brave and hard-working.

　　B. Modest and warm-hearted.

　　C. Economical and independent.

　　D. Respective and satisfied.

　　【解析】C。根據(jù)作者描述父母的信息”They saved every penny to buy a farm late in life”以及”lives with home care without taking up residency in a nursing home. They were very independent”可知，在作者眼中父母是節(jié)儉和獨立的，故選C。

　　6.根據(jù)文章的首尾段推測文章的要義

　　【2016揚州中學(xué)月考】(首段)Wikipedia is a free-access, free-content Internet encyclopedia(百科全書), supported and hosted by the non-profit Wikimedia Foundation. Wikipedia is ranked among the ten most popular websites and is considered the Internet's largest and most popular general reference book. Now, Wikimedia is becoming Wookieepedia as scientists hope the informative website will help us reach out to intelligent life forms. So aliens can learn about the human race.

　　…

　　(尾段)Signals from Earth's radio and TV broadcasts have been heading out in space for some 60 years reaching around 5，000 stars.

　　【試題】Which of the following can be the best title for the text?

　　A. Wikipedia, the most popular website

　　B. Wikipedia to be beamed into space

　　C. Wikipedia, aliens' best friend

　　D. Wikipedia to result in a disaster

　　【解析】B。根據(jù)首尾段可知，科學(xué)家向外星文明發(fā)送維基百科，希望這個網(wǎng)站能幫助外星人了解地球，也幫助我們聯(lián)系外星人。所以Wikipedia to be beamed into space為最佳標(biāo)題?？焖偬岣呶锢沓煽兊钠鏁蓪W(xué)妙解王高中物理，每天學(xué)習(xí)2-3頁。60天穩(wěn)提60分，上淘寶搜店鋪:妙解王.早一天使用，早一天提分，快用快提分！

　　7.根據(jù)文章的標(biāo)題、主題段、話題段以及文章的結(jié)構(gòu)推測寫作目的

　　【2016寧夏育才中學(xué)考試】There are a lot of talks these days about how kids should be interested in science. Here's an area of science for everyone, and these cool new books might inspire you to discover your inner scientist.

　　Scaly Spotted Feathered Frilled by Catherine Thimmesh, 58 pages, ages 9-12.

　　【試題】The main purpose of the passage is to ________.

　　A. compare features of different books

　　B. inspire people to become scientists

　　C. teach children some knowledge of science

　　D. recommend new science books to children

　　【解析】D。根據(jù)文中的”these cool new books ... scientist”和”58 pages, ages 9-12”可知，本文是一則廣告，介紹了適合兒童閱讀的科學(xué)方面的新書，故選D。

　　8.根據(jù)主題段、話題段推斷文章的出處

　　【2016大連八中月考】Plan on traveling around the USA this summer. If you need help in arranging the trip, or want ideas about where to go and what to do, there are a number of outstanding websites that can make your American dream come true.

　　www. byways. org

　　The National Scenic Byways Program covers 150 memorable roads...

　　【試題】Where does the text probably come from?

　　A. A news report.

　　B. A tourist brochure.

　　C. A culture journal.

　　D. A health column.

　　【解析】B。根據(jù)”there are a number of outstanding websites that can make your American dream come true”可知，文章介紹的是幾個與旅游有關(guān)的網(wǎng)站，故選B。

　　【點撥】解答這類題主要從文章的體裁和題材內(nèi)容來判斷其出處。報刊：前面會出現(xiàn)日期、地點或通訊社名稱;廣告：用詞和格式特殊，容易辨認(rèn);產(chǎn)品說明：器皿、設(shè)備的使用說明會有產(chǎn)品名稱或操作方式，而藥品的服用說明會告知服用時間、次數(shù)、藥量等。

　　9.根據(jù)主題段、話題段推斷文章的寫作對象

　　【2016福建閩清高中考試】The principles about applying for jobs have altered greatly lately. In the past, people preferred a hand-written application letter.However, nowadays it is becoming more and more common to apply for a job through the Internet.You can find information on the Internet about how to apply for jobs.Information can be found about how to fulfill your application letter, the clothes that you should wear and how to carry out the interview itself.

　　【試題】What kind of people is the text mainly meant for?

　　A. Interviewers.

　　B. Job-hunting people.

　　C. Employers.

　　D. Lay-off workers.

　　【解析】B。根據(jù)該段中的信息”The principles about applying for jobs have altered greatly lately”和”You can find information on the Internet about how to apply for jobs”可知，本文主要講求職的一些途徑和注意事項，所以本文的寫作對象是求職者，選B。