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一.設(shè)置短文改錯的錯誤的主要類型 短文改錯設(shè)置的錯誤的主要類型有:⑴名詞的單復數(shù);⑵動詞的詞態(tài)和語態(tài);⑶非謂語動詞;⑷介詞的搭配;⑸主謂一致性;⑹不定 冠詞與定冠詞;⑺固定詞組的搭配;⑻行文邏輯一致性;⑼詞性的混淆; ⑽同義詞辨異;⑾連詞的誤用;⑿代詞的格與數(shù);⒀句子成份殘缺等。歸納為語法錯誤、詞匯錯誤和上下文關(guān)系錯誤。這些錯誤大致涉及以下幾個方面: ?。ㄒ唬┮恢滦詥栴} 所涉及的一致性問題主要包括主謂一致、時態(tài)、語態(tài)一致、代詞指代一致、名詞的數(shù)與格的一致、句式結(jié)構(gòu)與語意一致、行文關(guān)系的一致。例如:主謂不一致 eg: There were a football game on TV last Saturday evening. 講解:原句中 a football game決定了謂語動詞必須用單數(shù),所以應(yīng)該把 were 改為was. ?。ǘ┰~性問題 詞性問題不單單是識別的問題,能夠說出所給單詞的詞性,并不說明能夠在句中找出用錯詞性的地方。其主要目的是檢測考生是否真正了解主要詞類的語法作用及其在句中的經(jīng)常性位置,如名詞在句中一般作主語、賓語、表語,動詞作謂語,形容詞充當表語、定語和賓補,而副詞則充當狀語,修飾形容詞、動詞乃至句子。 名詞主要考察能力:單復數(shù)混用和出題形式: 單復數(shù)混用 eg: Helen is seventeen year old. She is very busy. 講解:“年齡多大了”應(yīng)該為復數(shù)形式,應(yīng)此應(yīng)該把year改為years。注意:代詞單復數(shù)混用類似。 eg: As for a friendship, we can readily find them in our classmates and other people around us. 講解:顯然因該把 them 改為it,指代前面提及的friendship。此句話意思是“就友誼來說,我們可以很容易地從我們的同學和周圍的人中找到?!?br> 形容詞/副詞主要考察能力:兩者之間是否混用。 出題形式:形容詞與副詞混用。即該用形容詞的地方原文用了副詞,該用副詞的地方原文用了形容詞。 ①副詞代替正確形容詞出現(xiàn)在文章當中 eg: During the football season, Helen is much busier than usually. 講解:很明顯“與平時相比較更忙”,因此需要把usually改為usual。 ?、谛稳菰~代替正確副詞出現(xiàn)在文章當中 eg: As the time clock showed one minute and forty-two seconds left in the game, she began cheering excited, “Come on-getgoing!” 講解:原文意思是說比賽還剩一分四十二秒時,她開始興奮地叫道-----,顯然應(yīng)把excited改為excitedly,用來修飾動詞cheer。 介詞主要考察能力:(特別是與動詞的)固定搭配。 出題形式: ?、俳樵~省略 eg: I’m sure you will get rid the sorrow and unhappiness caused by the disaster. 講解:get rid of 是固定搭配,意思為“擺脫,除去” ?、诮樵~多余 eg: My wife is also happy because of I have given up smoking. 講解:這里顯然示對because of與because用法的辨別區(qū)分。前者不能接句子,而后者充當連詞可以接句子。所以應(yīng)該把of去掉。 ?、劢樵~用錯(一般為固定搭配) eg: I pick out her false hairand said, “Don’t be sad, Miss.” 講解:pick out應(yīng)該為pickup。pick out挑選的意思;pick up撿起的意思。 連詞主要考察能力:前后兩句話之間的銜接關(guān)系。 ??既N關(guān)系:but轉(zhuǎn)折,and并列,because原因 ?、賓g:One day, my wife and I went shopping at a store. We drove the car but we had alot of things to buy. 講解:顯然原文中所要表達的意思是“我們開車去的原因是因為我們要買好多東西”,所以應(yīng)該把 but 改為 because/as/for。 ?、趀g:Chatting on line, students can more freely express their feelings and opinions,but improve their English if they are talking with native speakers. 講解:原文表達的意思是“通過網(wǎng)上聊天,學生能夠更加輕松自由地表達自己的想法和觀點,并且如果他們同外國人交談,能夠提高他們的英語水平?!彼郧昂缶渲g是并列關(guān)系,應(yīng)該把but改為and. ?。ㄈ┰~語固定搭配 主要考查介詞與動詞、名詞、形容詞的固定搭配;副詞與動詞的固定搭配;及物動詞后多介詞或副詞以及不及物動詞后少介詞,英語中的一些固定句型與習慣搭配等。 固定搭配 I have given up smoke. The dogdoesn’t like the smell. 講解:give up doing sth。因此動詞smoke應(yīng)該改為smoking。 ?。ㄋ模┚渥邮孜驳奈恢?br> 句子首尾是學生最不注意卻容易丟分的地方。命題者故意在句首或句尾設(shè)置錯誤,如果把錯誤改在上句,那么就會影響下句,容易顧此失彼,尤其是在詞語的固定搭配上,此類型的題近兩年出現(xiàn)頻率有所增加,也是容易失分的句子。 1、要能快速而準確地斷句。當學生們碰到一個難長句的時候,很多學生一下子就懵了,不知道從哪著手。其實第一步就是要找出句子的主干,明白句子的中心意思。這樣才能把主句和從句分開。比如: Anyone who cares about what schools and colleges teach and how their students learn will be interested in the memoir (回憶錄) of Ralph W. Tyler, who is one of the most famous men in American education. 我們來分析句子的結(jié)構(gòu):這是一個復合句。首先找出句子的主干:Anyone will be interested in the memoir。Anyone是主語,謂語是will beinterested in,memoir是賓語。Anyone后面是一個由who引導的定語從句,用來限定Anyone所指的范圍。在這個從句中,又包含兩個由and連接并分別由what和how 引導的賓語從句,表示cares about的內(nèi)容。 2、判斷從句所屬類型。我們已經(jīng)把主句和從句分開了,現(xiàn)在要做的就是判斷一下從句到底是什么從句。英語中存在三類從句:定語從句、狀語從句和名詞性從句。判斷的方法在于:看從句在整個句子中充當什么成分。充當定語就是定語從句,充當狀語就是狀語從句,充當主語就是主語從句。在這一步驟中又存在一些方法。一般來說,只要使用在名詞或代詞后面的從句都是定語從句;放在介詞和動詞后面的都是賓語從句;句中有it做形式主語或形式賓語的話,那么后面的從句就是主語或賓語從句;放在系動詞和一些相當于系動詞的詞(remain, get, turn)后面的都是表語從句;放在一些抽象名詞后面的且在從句中不充當成分的都是同位語從句。比如: It is by no means clear _____the president can do to end thestrike.. 句子的主干就是it is by no means,顯然在這個句中it充當?shù)氖切问街髡Z,后面的_____the president cando就是一個主語從句,這是從句中缺少主語,我們就填的是what. A lot of language learning, _____ has been discovered, is happening in the first year of life, so parents should talk much to their children during the period.. 句子的主干就是language learning is happening in the first year of life. _____ has been discovered用來修飾整個主句的內(nèi)容,又放在主句的中間,所以這是一個非限制性定語從句修飾整個主句的內(nèi)容。我們都知道在定語從句中內(nèi)代替整個句子內(nèi)容的有兩個引導詞:which和as,只有as在引導非限制性定語從句時能放在句中,所以這個地方填的就是as。 ________he is, he will be thinking of you. 顯然這句話的主干就是:he will be thinking ofyou. _____ he is在整個句子當中充當?shù)木褪菭钫Z,所以這部分就是狀語從句。在這個狀語從句中缺乏的就是表語,想到眾多的引導詞以后,我們最終選擇了wherever。因為wherever的意思是“無論在哪”,剛好符合題意,所以是最合適的一個。 Is this desk____ he bought for me yesterday? Is this the desk _____ he bought for me yesterday? 碰到一般疑問句了,怎么辦呢?我們第一步就是要把它變成陳述句。所以第一句話的主干就是this desk is…,第二句話的主干就是thisis the desk。很顯然,第一句話后面的從句he bought for me就是一個表語從句,而第二句話后面的從句he bought for me就是一個定語從句。在第一句話中,表語從句中缺乏賓語,所以填的就是what。在第二句話中,定語從句中缺的也是賓語,我們填的是which/that或不填。所以做題時一定要細致,向這兩個題的區(qū)別就在于一個定冠詞the. 3、判斷從句中缺什么成分,然后根據(jù)各種從句的規(guī)則選擇引導詞。值得注意的有: ?。?)在定語從句中,除了as之外的引導詞,其他詞都沒有實在意義。還有就是定語從句中的引導詞不包括what, how和-ever型的詞,在狀語從句中的引導詞不包括that。在名詞性從句和狀語從句中,除了要判斷出從句中所缺成分之外,還要把引導詞的意思帶進句中,這樣才能最終選擇出答案。 ?。?)關(guān)于that在各從句中的作用。我們都知道that在定語從句中指人或物,在從句中充當主語、賓語或表語。而that在名詞性從句中則不充當任何成分,也沒有實在意義。 ?。?)關(guān)于no matter+疑問詞和-ever型的疑問詞的適用范圍。no matter+疑問詞只能引導狀語從句,而和-ever型的疑問詞既可引導名詞性從句,又可引導狀語從句。 ?。?)在定語從句中,如果引導詞后面緊跟了一個名詞,那么引導詞一定填的是whose,此時的whose可以和of which/whom +名詞或者是the+名詞+of which/whom互換。 (5)在定語從句中缺的成分只有主賓表或狀語。如果在判斷完句子都不缺主要成分的情況下,那肯定就是缺狀語。要注意一些特殊的先行詞在句中充當狀語時,用的是引導詞where。比如:position,occasion, condition, stage等。請分析下面的句子: ?、賁orry I’m late, but you cannot imagine______ trouble I took to find your house. ?、凇猈hy didn’t you chat with that friendly foreigner just now? -- I’d like to have, but the trouble was _____ he said was difficult for me to understand. ③She’ll never forget her stay there _____ she found her son who had gone missing two years before. ?、?“I’d like to give my thanks to those _____ help my son will be able to survive his terrible disease.” Said the mother on TV. ?、軸ome people are worried about theyear 2012 _____ they think the earth will end in disaster, Keys: what; thatwhat; when; with whose; when. 下面請大家分析一下的難長句,找出句子的主干以及分析句中的其他成分。 1. This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields. 結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的主干是This will be particularlytrue…。since引導原因狀語從句。此從句中又套嵌一個由關(guān)系代詞that引導的定語從句,修飾the high-energy Americanfashion。在定語從句中,that做主語,makes做謂語,it做形式賓語,不定式短語to combine few farmers with high yields則是真正的賓語(不定式短語內(nèi)部to combine是主干,few farmers是賓語,with high yields是狀語),possible做賓語補足語。this指代前句中提到的這種困境。energy pinch譯為“能源的匱乏”;in…fashion譯為“用…方法、方式”。 譯文:這種困境將是確定無疑的,因為能源的匱乏,高能量消耗這種美國耕種方式將很難在農(nóng)業(yè)中繼續(xù)下去,而這種耕種方式使投入少數(shù)農(nóng)民就可獲得高產(chǎn)成為可能。 2. Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter,we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a“valid”or“fair”comparison. 結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的主干是we must be sure…。since引導原因狀語從句the assessment ofintelligence is a comparative matter。主句中又有that引導的賓語從句that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a“valid”or“fair”comparison。此賓語從句中又套嵌一個由介詞with+which引導的定語從句with which we are comparingour subjects修飾先行詞the scale。scale在此處意為“尺度、衡量標準”。 譯文:既然對智力的評估相比較而言的,那么我們必須確保,在對我們的對象進行比較時,我們所用的尺度能夠提供“有效的”或“公平的”比較。 3. In general,the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measuredcan be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measuredor predicted can be not well defined. 結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是the tests work mosteffectively when…and leasteffectively when…。and連接兩個并列分句,每個并列分句中皆有一個when引導的時間狀語從句分別說明work most effectively和and(work)leasteffectively。第二個時間狀語從句中還有一個主語從句what…predicted。the tests是主句的主語,work為動詞做謂語。qualities在此處是可數(shù)名詞,不譯為“質(zhì)量”,而譯為“特征”。defined不能直譯為“被定義為”,而應(yīng)譯為主動語態(tài)“界定”。 譯文:一般來說,當所需要測定的特征能被精確界定時,測試最為有效;而當所測定或預測的東西不能被明確界定時,測試效果最差。 4. For example,they do not compensate for gross social inequality,and thus do not tell how able anunderprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorablecircumstances. 結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是they do not compensate…,and thus do not tell how…。and連接兩個并列分句,第二個并列分句中由how引導的賓語從句是一個帶有虛擬條件句的主從復合句,其中had he grown up…(=If he had grown up…)是省略了連詞if的非真實條件句。主句主語的they,在此代指上文提到的tests; able在句中作might have been的表語。underprivileged在此不能譯為“沒有特權(quán)的”,而譯為“沒有地位的”或“物質(zhì)條件差的”。 譯文:例如,測試并不能彌補明顯的社會不公;因此,它們不能說明一個物質(zhì)條件差的年輕人,如果在較好的環(huán)境中成長的話,會有多大才干。 5.It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset:it invites you to think thatanimals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to otherhumans,or with noconsideration at all. 結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是It leads the discussionto extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that…。冒號后的復合句是對冒號前部分作進一步說明。復合句中that引導賓語從句,從句中有either…or…引導的兩個并列的介詞結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語,修飾動詞be treated,其中第一個with介詞結(jié)構(gòu)中還有一個省略了關(guān)系代詞that或which的定語從句humans extend to other humans,修飾the consideration。it代指上文的觀點,即如果對人權(quán)沒有達成一致看法,而談?wù)搫游锏臋?quán)利是徒勞的。介詞短語at the outset譯為“從一開始”。動詞invites應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)譯為“使”、“讓”或“促使”。動賓結(jié)構(gòu)extend consideration to意為“給予關(guān)懷或關(guān)心”,consideration不應(yīng)譯為“考慮”。 譯文:這種說法從一開始就將討論引向極端,它使人們認為應(yīng)該這樣對待動物:要么像對人類自身一樣關(guān)懷體諒,要么完全冷漠無情。 6. But even more important,it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into thepast,for what theywere seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago. 結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是it was the farthest that…。但It was…that…在本句中不是強調(diào)句型。it是指上句中所提到的150億年前形成的巨大云團(a strip of enormouscosmic clouds some 15 billion light-years from earth);that引導的應(yīng)是一個定語從句,修飾先行詞the farthest。for引導的是表示原因的分句,分句中還有that引導的定語從句,修飾thepatterns and structure。 譯文:但更重要的是,這是科學家們所能觀測到的有關(guān)過去的最為遙遠的景象,因為他們看到的是150億年前宇宙云的形狀和結(jié)構(gòu)。 7. Thus it happened that when the new factories that were springingup required labor,tens of thousandsof homeless and hungry agricultural workers,with their wives and children,were forced into the cities in search of work,and any work,under any condition,that would keep them alive. 結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是it happened that…。it做形式主語,that引導的從句做真正的主語。主語從句中,又有一個由when引導的時間狀語從句,主句為tensof thousands of homeless and hungry agricultural workers…were forced…,時間狀語從句中從句主語the new factories又帶有一個定語從句that were springing up;that would keep them alive做work的定語從句。springup意為“發(fā)生,出現(xiàn),建立”。 譯文: 于是就出現(xiàn)了這樣的情況:正當新辦的工廠紛紛建立,需要勞動力的時候,成千上萬無家可歸、饑腸轆轆、以農(nóng)業(yè)為生的勞動者攜家?guī)Э?,被迫進入城市;他們要找活干,不管什么活兒,不論什么條件,只要不被餓死就行。 8. As a result of two or three centuries of scientific investigation we have come to believe that nature is understandable in the sense that when we ask her questions by way of appropriate observations and experiments,she will answer truly and reward uswith discoveries that endure. 結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是…we have come to believe that…。that引導的從句做believe的賓語從句;此從句中有一個that從句作the sense的同位語從句;同位語從句中又套嵌一個由when引導的時間狀語從句;此時間狀語從句又套嵌一個定語從句that endure,修飾其先行詞discoveries。by way of意為“經(jīng)由,通過…方法”;reward sb. with意為“以…報答,酬勞”;endure此處應(yīng)譯為“持久,持續(xù)”,不要譯為“忍受,容忍”。 譯文:由于兩三個世紀以來的科學研究成果,我們逐漸相信,如果運用合適的觀察和實驗方法向大自然探究問題,她會真心實意地給我們答復,并且以永垂不朽的發(fā)現(xiàn)來報答我們。從這個意義上來說,大自然是可以認識的。 9. These new observational capabilities would result in simply a mass of details were it not for the fact that theoretical understanding has reached the stage at which it is becoming possible to indicate the kind of measurements required for reliable weather forecasting. 結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是These new observational capabilities would result in simply a mass of details…。后面緊跟省略了if引導的虛擬條件句were it not for the factthat…,即if it were not for the fact that…;that從句作the fact的同位語從句。此從句中又套嵌一個定語從句,修飾其先行詞the stage; required for reliable weather forecasting為過去分詞短語修飾the kind of measurements。simply譯為“只不過,僅僅”,不應(yīng)譯為“簡單地”。 譯文:理論上的認識已達到了這樣一個階段,即現(xiàn)在已能指出需要哪種測量方式才能可靠地預報天氣。如果做不到這一點,那么上述這些新的觀察能力只不過提供了一大堆細節(jié)而已。 10. The story of the discovery of what is now generally called the principle of Archimedes,namely that a solid body when immersed in a liquid loses a portion of its weight of the liquid it displaces,has many different versions,of which the following is one. 結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是The story…h(huán)as many different versions…。what is now generally called the principle of Archimedes為名詞性從句做介詞of的賓語。namely that a solid body…作the principle of Archimedes的同位語;when immersed in a liquid是省略了主語的過去分詞短語,句子補充完整為when the solid body is immersed in a liquid,修飾其主句a solid body loses a portionof its weight of the liquid…;it displaces是省略了關(guān)系代詞that的定語從句修飾theliquid,it代指前面提到的the solid body;同時,of which the following is one又構(gòu)成先行詞versions的定語從句。displace意為“排(水)”;version不譯為“版本”,此處指“根據(jù)個人觀點的(對事件等的)說法,看法”;句尾的one代指a version。 譯文:當固體浸沒到液體中時,固體會失去它所排出的液體的那部分重量,這就是現(xiàn)在通常所謂的阿基米德原理。有關(guān)這一發(fā)現(xiàn)的故事說法眾多,下面的故事就是其中之一。 |
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