一、基礎(chǔ)語法。 (一)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài) 1、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的定義:現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)是表示在過去發(fā)生但與現(xiàn)在情況有聯(lián)系的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的時(shí)態(tài)。 2、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成:現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)是由“助動(dòng)詞have/has+動(dòng)詞過去分詞”構(gòu)成的。 ①助動(dòng)詞have/has可以與主語縮寫為’ve/’s。 e.g. I have → I’ve We have → We’ve He has → He’s It has → It’s ②規(guī)則變化的過去分詞與動(dòng)詞過去式一樣。 ③不規(guī)則變化的動(dòng)詞過去分詞見表。Book 3 P255—257 3、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的基本句型。 ①陳述句肯定形式。 e.g. I have had
lunch. 我已經(jīng)吃過午飯了。 He has gone to ②陳述句否定形式。(在助動(dòng)詞have/has后+not,可縮寫為haven’t/hasn’t) e.g. I haven’t had
lunch. 我還未吃午飯。 He hasn’t
gone to ③一般疑問句形式及其答語。(將助動(dòng)詞have/has提前,答語一般用have, has回答) e.g. Have you had
lunch? 你吃過午飯了沒? Yes, I have. No,
I haven’t. Has
he gone to 否定回答還可以用:No, not yet. / No,
never. / No, not even once等。 ④特殊疑問句形式。(疑問詞+一般疑問句) e.g. Where has he
gone? 他去了哪里? 4、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的三個(gè)基本用法。 (1) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的第一個(gè)基本用法表示過去發(fā)生或已完成的某一個(gè)動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。 e.g. Have you had
lunch? Yes, I have. I’ve just had it. 你吃過午飯沒?有,吃過了,我剛剛吃的。(影響及結(jié)果:我現(xiàn)在飽了,不需要了) He has gone to 他已經(jīng)去北京了。(影響及結(jié)果:他人現(xiàn)在不在這里了) 該用法常already(已經(jīng)), never(從不), ever(曾經(jīng)), yet(仍然), just(剛剛), before(以前)等副詞(作狀語)連用。 ①
already, just, ever, never常用于助動(dòng)詞之后,實(shí)義動(dòng)詞之前。 already, just多用于肯定陳述句。 e.g. She has already
finished her work. 她早已干完了活。 Would you like to go to see the film? No, I’ve seen it already.不,我已經(jīng)看過了。(already偶爾會(huì)出現(xiàn)于句末) They have just won a game. 他們剛剛贏了一場比賽。 有時(shí)already可以用于疑問句,表示期待肯定回答,或表示驚訝、意外。 e.g. Have
you finished reading the book already? 你真的已經(jīng)讀完這本書了?(表示驚訝) ever多用于疑問句,問初次經(jīng)歷。 e.g. Have you ever
spoken to a foreigner? 你跟外國人講過話嗎?(問初次經(jīng)歷) never多用于否定陳述句(注:本身表示否定意義) e.g. He has never
done such a thing, has he? 他從來沒有做過這樣的事,不是嗎?(否定) ②
yet一般用于疑問句(已經(jīng))或否定句(還),常位于句末。 e.g. Have you got ready yet?
你已經(jīng)準(zhǔn)備好了嗎? He hasn’t finished his homework yet. 他還沒完成作業(yè)。 ③ before一般位于句末。 e.g. I have never seen the
film before. 以前我從未看過那部電影。 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的第一種用法常與以上的副詞連用,因此這些詞有時(shí)可以作為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的標(biāo)志詞。 (1) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的第二個(gè)基本用法表示過去已經(jīng)開始,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。該用法常和表示過去某一時(shí)刻延 續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的一段時(shí)間的狀語連用。 ①與for +一段時(shí)間連用,表示多久。 Page 1 e.g. He has learned English for two years. 他已經(jīng)學(xué)習(xí)兩年英語了。 I have been here
for three days. 我在這里已經(jīng)3天了。 ②與since +時(shí)間(起點(diǎn))連用,表示自…以來。 e.g. His father has worked in that factory since 1991. 他爸爸自1991年以來都在這家工廠工作。 I’ve had a cold since
last Friday. 自上星期五起我就感冒了。 ③與since +一段時(shí)間+ ago連用,表示自…以前就…。 e.g. Jim has waited there since half an hour ago. 吉姆自半個(gè)小時(shí)前就已經(jīng)在那里等候了。 He has stayed
here since three weeks ago. 他在這兒已呆了三個(gè)星期。 ④與since +從句(從句用一般過去時(shí))連用,表示自某事發(fā)生后就一直…。 e.g. The Greens have lived in Beijng since they came to I’ve known her since
I came to work here. 自從我來這里工作就認(rèn)識(shí)他了。 (3) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的第三個(gè)基本用法表示到現(xiàn)在為止這一時(shí)期中多次動(dòng)作的總和或所做過的工作的量的積累。 e.g. I have been to We’ve learnt five English songs this year. 今年我們學(xué)了五首英語歌曲。 How many pages of the book have you
read? 這本書你讀了多少頁了? 5、延續(xù)性與非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)中的使用。 (1)有一些動(dòng)詞是瞬間動(dòng)詞,也叫非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,這些動(dòng)詞一發(fā)生就結(jié)束了,常見的有:come, go, arrive, reach, leave, begin, start, buy, join, die, borrow, get up,
become, open, stop等。這些動(dòng)詞雖然可以用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)(說明某個(gè) 動(dòng)作的結(jié)果還存在),但由于它們不能延續(xù),因此不能跟表示一段的時(shí)間狀語連用。(也即現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的第二個(gè) 基本用法中不能使用非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞)。 e.g. Jim
has come back. (正) 吉姆已經(jīng)回來了。 Jim has come back for
a month. (誤) come back的動(dòng)作不能延續(xù)一個(gè)月,因此錯(cuò)誤。 (2)瞬間動(dòng)詞不可以用于有段時(shí)間的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)中,因此,若要解決這一問題,就應(yīng)把它改為相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞 或短語,主要有以下幾種: ①用相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞 如: buy → have borrow → keep come/go/become
→ be put on → wear catch a cold → have a cold ②轉(zhuǎn)換成be+名詞 如: join
→ be a member
of go to school → be a student ③轉(zhuǎn)換成be+形容詞或副詞 如: die
→ be dead leave → be away begin → be on finish → be over fall asleep — be asleep open → be open get up → be up close → closed ④轉(zhuǎn)換成be+介詞短語 如: come to/go to/arrive in (at)/get
to/reach …→ be in/at… join
the army → be in the
army(軍隊(duì)) e.g. I
have borrowed the book. 我已經(jīng)借了那本書。 I have kept
the book for two days. 我已經(jīng)借那本書兩天了。 Jim has joined the band. 吉姆已經(jīng)加入那樂隊(duì)了。 Jim has been
a member of the band for a month. 吉姆已經(jīng)加入那個(gè)樂隊(duì)一個(gè)月了。 His grandfather has died. 他祖父已經(jīng)死了。 His grandfather has
been dead for 2 years. 他祖父已經(jīng)死了兩年了。 My father has arrived in My father has
been in (3)在否定句中,非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞也可以與時(shí)間段連用。 e.g. I haven’t borrowed books from the library since last
year. 自去年以來我就沒有在圖書館借過書。 Jim hasn’t
come back for a year. 吉姆已有一年沒回來了。 6、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的幾種常見的句型轉(zhuǎn)換。 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可以轉(zhuǎn)化成一般過去時(shí),還可以轉(zhuǎn)化成“It is/has been +時(shí)間段+since從句(用一般過去時(shí))”等句型。 e.g. Jim has been back for a month. 吉姆已經(jīng)回來一個(gè)月了。 = Jim came back
a month ago. 吉姆一個(gè)月前就回來了。 Page 2 = It is/has been
a month since Jim came back. 自吉姆回來已經(jīng)有一個(gè)月了。 = A month has
passed since Jim came back. I have kept the book
for two days. = I borrowed the
book two days ago. = It is / has
been two days since I borrowed the book. = Two days has
passed since I borrowed the book. 7、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別: 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是過去的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響,它和現(xiàn)在有密切的聯(lián)系?,F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)經(jīng)常會(huì)出現(xiàn)下列的標(biāo)志詞。 如:already, yet, just, ever,
never, several times, before, so far, for +時(shí)間段, since +時(shí)間點(diǎn)或從句等。一般過去時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn),不涉及對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響,所以凡含有表示過去的時(shí)間狀語的句子,都必須用一般過去時(shí),不能用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。 (二)賓語從句 1、賓語從句的概說:賓語從句在復(fù)合句中作主句的賓語。 整個(gè)復(fù)合句結(jié)構(gòu)如下: I
think (that) I
have lost it. 我想我已經(jīng)把它丟了。 主語 + 謂語 +(引導(dǎo)詞)+ 主語 + 謂語
主句 賓語從句 由此可見賓語從句就是作及物動(dòng)詞,介詞或某些形容詞的賓語的句子。 2、由that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。(即陳述句作賓語從句) (1)
主句的謂語。 ① 很多及物動(dòng)詞后都可接由that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句,如:think, hope, say, tell,
know, see, hear, remember, mean等。 ② 一些表示人的感情的形容詞如sure, happy, glad, pleased, surprised, sorry, afraid等后面也可接由that引導(dǎo)的賓 語從句,表示產(chǎn)生這種感情的原因。 e.g. I’m
sure (that) he will come tomorrow. 我肯定他明天會(huì)來。 I’m happy (that) I see you here. 我很高興看到你在這里。 注意:如果主句與從句的主語一致,可把從句改為不定式,如果不一致,則只可用that從句。如②句可改寫為 I’m happy
to see you here. 而①句則不可改。 (2) 從句的引導(dǎo)詞,即that。 在連詞that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句中,that本身無意義,在句子中不但任任何成分,在口語或非正式文體中常常省略。
e.g. I hope (that) you’ll have
a good holiday. 希望你們假日愉快。 He
says (that) the Chinese people are very friendly. 他說中國人民很友好。 (3) 從句的語序:賓語從句永遠(yuǎn)用陳述語序。
e.g. Does he know (that) she
is a scientist? 他知道她是科學(xué)家嗎? Are you sure (that) you
will win? 你肯定你會(huì)贏嗎? (4) 從句的時(shí)態(tài)。 ① 若主句為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)時(shí),則賓語從句要根據(jù)具體情況選擇所需要的時(shí)態(tài)。 e.g. He says (that) he is ill now. 他說他現(xiàn)在病了。 He says (that) he has been ill for ten
days. 他說他已經(jīng)生病十天了。 He says (that) he was ill last week. 他說他上周生病了。 He says (that) he will return soon. 他說他很快就回來。 ②
若主句為一般過去時(shí),則賓語從句也要用某種過去時(shí)態(tài)。 e.g. He said (that)
he was ill then. 他說他那時(shí)病了。 He said
(that) he was doing his homework then. 他說他那時(shí)正在做作業(yè)。 ③
若賓語從句說的是客觀真理,自然現(xiàn)象等,要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。 e.g. The teacher said that the earth goes
round the sun.老師說地球繞著太陽轉(zhuǎn)。 (5) 否定的轉(zhuǎn)移。 若主句的主語是第一人稱(I, we),且謂語動(dòng)詞是think, guess, believe,
suppose等時(shí),如果要否定,只能否定主句, 而不能否定從句。 e.g. I
don’t think he will come tonight. 我認(rèn)為他今晚不會(huì)來。 Page 3 (6)
含賓語從句的復(fù)合句的反意疑問句,一般情況下,根據(jù)主句主謂語來確定附加疑問句。 e.g. The
teacher didn’t say that he would come here, did he? 但對(duì)于有否定轉(zhuǎn)移的主從復(fù)合句來說,其附加疑問句的主謂語須根據(jù)從句來確定。 e.g. I
don’t think he can swim, can he? 我認(rèn)為他不會(huì)游泳,對(duì)嗎? I
believe he is a student, isn’t he? 我相信他是個(gè)學(xué)生,不是嗎? 3、由連接代詞或連接副詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。(即特殊疑問句作賓語從句) (1) 主句的謂語:可由連接代詞或連接副詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句的動(dòng)詞有see, tell, ask, answer, know, decide, find out, show, choose, remember, forget等。 e.g. Do
you know who will give us a talk? 你知道誰將給我們做演講嗎? We
asked him why he was late. 我們問他為什么遲到。 I am going to see how Kate
is. 我準(zhǔn)備去看凱特怎么樣了。 (2) 從句的引導(dǎo)詞。 ① 由連接代詞who, whom, whose, what和which引導(dǎo),這些詞在賓語從句中可作主語、賓語、表語和定語,因而不能省略。 e.g. Do you know who will give us a talk? 你知道誰會(huì)給我們做演講嗎?(who在賓語從句中作主語) Can
you tell me whom you are waiting for? 你能告訴我你在等誰嗎?(whom在賓語從句中作賓語) She
asked whose jacket it was. 她問這是誰的夾克衫。(whose在賓語從句中作定語,修飾jacket) I
don’t know whose that is. 我不知道那是誰的?(whose在賓語從句中作表語) ② 由連接副詞when, where, why和how引導(dǎo),這些詞在賓語從句中作狀語,不能省略。 e.g. Do you know when he will be back? 你知道他何時(shí)回來嗎? We asked him why he was
late. 我們問他為何遲到。 I want to know where
she lives. 我想知道她住在哪里。 (3) 從句的語序:特殊疑問句坐賓語從句,仍用陳述句的語序。 e.g. What
day is it today? Do you know? → Do you know what day it is today? When will
the train leave? I want to know. → I want to know when the train will leave. Where does
she live? Can you tell me? → Can you tell me where she lives? How did you do
it? Please tell me. → Please tell me how you did it. (4) 從句的時(shí)態(tài):與that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句的時(shí)態(tài)一樣。 (5) 注意:①
當(dāng)what, which, whom, who等疑問代詞作賓語從句里句末介詞的賓語,又引導(dǎo)賓語從句時(shí),句末的 介詞不可隨意省掉。 e.g. I don’t know what they are looking
for? 我不知道他們正在找什么。 Do
you know which room she lives in? 你知道她住在哪個(gè)房間嗎? ②當(dāng)賓語從句的主語與主句的主語(或賓語)一致,且從句謂語時(shí)態(tài)為將來時(shí)或表示將來意義,如should 時(shí),從句可簡化為疑問詞(why 除外)+不定式。 e.g. I don’t know where I should go. =
I don’t know where to go. 我不知道要去哪里。 I’ll show you how
you should do it. = I’ll show you how to do it. 我將教你該怎么做它。 4、由if和whether引導(dǎo)的賓語從句 (1) if和whether用以引導(dǎo)賓語從句時(shí)意為“是否”,該賓語從句是由一般疑問句變來的。其語序、時(shí)態(tài)變化和前兩 種賓語從句一致。 e.g. Did
he like this coat? She asked. → She asked if / whether he liked this coat. Will
Mary be free tomorrow? I don’t know. → I don’t know if / whether Mary will be free tomorrow. (2) 一般情況下,whether和if用于引導(dǎo)賓語從句時(shí)可以通用,但在下列情況下,whether和if的用法有區(qū)別: ①
whether后可以接不定式短語,而if不能。 e.g. I can’t decide
whether to go to ②
當(dāng)引導(dǎo)的從句作介詞賓語時(shí),只能用whether,不能用if。 e.g. They’re
talking about whether they can finish the work on time. 他們正在談?wù)撍麄兪欠衲馨磿r(shí)完成工作。 ③
whether引導(dǎo)的從句可移至句首,if則不行。 e.g. Whether this
is true or not, I can’t say. 這是不是真的,我不敢說。 ④
動(dòng)詞discuss后面的賓語從句,只用whether引導(dǎo),不用if。 Page 4 e.g. We discussing
whether we will have a sports meeting next week. 我們正在討論下周是否舉行運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)。 ⑤
當(dāng)從句中有 “or not” 時(shí),or not可以緊接whether之后,也可以位于句末,此時(shí),一般不用if。 e.g. Please tell me whether or not
he’ll come here. = Please tell me whether he’ll come here or not.
請(qǐng)告訴我他是否會(huì)來這兒。 ⑥
whether和if一般引導(dǎo)肯定形式的賓語從句,若賓語從句是否定形式,表示“是否”的連詞只能用if。 e.g. We want to know if they won’t come
truly. 我們想知道他們是不是真的不來。 whether和if除共同可以引導(dǎo)賓語從句,各自還可以用來引導(dǎo)其他類型的從句。 ① if可以引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句,意為“如果”,whether不能。 e.g. The students will go on a picnic if it
is sunny tomorrow. 如果明天天氣晴朗,學(xué)生們要去野餐。 ② whether可以引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句,意為“不管,無論”之意。 e.g. 不管是夏天還是冬天,海南島都是應(yīng)該去的地方。 (一)過去將來時(shí) 1、表示的意義和用法:過去將來時(shí)表示在過去的某一時(shí)間看來將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),判斷這一時(shí)態(tài)一定要 有用于表示“過去”的動(dòng)作,而不是時(shí)間,過去將來時(shí)常用于主句是一般過去時(shí)的賓語從句中,少單獨(dú)使用。 2、謂語結(jié)構(gòu)。 (1). should / would +動(dòng)詞原形,第一人稱用should / would 都可以,其他人稱只用would. e.g. You knew I should / would come.
你知道我會(huì)來的。 They
told us that they would come back two days later. 他們告訴我們他們兩天后會(huì)回來。 She
said she would be free next week. 她說她下周會(huì)有空。 (2). was / were going to +動(dòng)詞原形 e.g. I thought they were going to visit
me tonight. 我原以為他們今晚會(huì)來拜訪我。 The
radio said it was going to snow tomorrow. 收音機(jī)說明天將下雪。 3. 某些“移位”動(dòng)詞如go, come, arrive, travel, start, begin, leave, move, fly, return等的過去進(jìn)行時(shí)也可用來表示 過去將來時(shí)。 e.g.
He didn’t say when he was
coming. 他說沒什么時(shí)候會(huì)來。 I was not sure if he was leaving
for shanghai the next week. 我不確定他是否下周會(huì)去上海。 3、注意: 1. 在時(shí)間狀語從句和條件狀語從句中用一般過去時(shí)表示過去將來時(shí)。 e.g. She said she would ring you when
he got to shanghai. 她說她到上海時(shí)將給你打電話。 Li
Lei told me that he would go to the park alone if you didn’t.
李雷告訴我,如果你不去公園的話,他獨(dú)自去。 2. should / would 不一定都表示過去將來時(shí),should可以作為情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,表示義務(wù),“應(yīng)該,應(yīng)當(dāng)” 而would 可以 表示客氣,禮貌的請(qǐng)求,你能……嗎? e.g.
We should keep our classroom
clean. 我們必須保持教室清潔。 Would you lend me your ruler? 你能把尺子借給我嗎? (二)過去完成時(shí) 1、過去完成時(shí)的定義:表示在過去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作以前已完成的行為或存在的狀態(tài),即動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在“過 去的過去”。 2、過去完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成:過去完成時(shí)是由“助動(dòng)詞had+動(dòng)詞過去分詞”構(gòu)成的。助動(dòng)詞had可以與主語縮寫為’d e.g. I had… → I’d He had… → He’d 3、過去完成時(shí)的基本句型與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的基本句型基本一樣。 1. 陳述句肯定形式: e.g. They had read the book. She had arrived at
Chaozhou. 2. 陳述句否定形式:在助動(dòng)詞had后+not, 可縮寫為hadn’t e.g. They hadn’t read the book. She hadn’t arrived
at Chaozhou. 3. 一般疑問句形式及其答語:將助動(dòng)詞had提前,答語一般也用had回答 e.g. Had they read the book? Yes, they had. / No,
they hadn’t. Had she arrived at Chaozhou? Yes,
she had. / No, she hadn’t. 4. 特殊疑問句形式:疑問詞+一般疑問句? e.g. What had they read? Where had she arrived? 4、過去完成時(shí)的基本用法。 (1). 表示在過去某一時(shí)間之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作,常與介詞“by / before+過去的時(shí)間”構(gòu)成的短語連用。 e.g.
We had learned one thousand
English words by the end of last term. 到上學(xué)期結(jié)束時(shí),我們已經(jīng)學(xué)了一千個(gè)單詞。 By
the time he was ten, 到愛迪生10歲的時(shí)候,他已給自己建了一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)室。 He
had got up before six o’clock yesterday morning. 昨天早上6時(shí)以前他就起床了。 Page 1 They
had planted 1000 trees before 2000. 2000年以前他們已經(jīng)種了1000顆樹。 (2).
表示在過去某一動(dòng)作之前就已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動(dòng)作,動(dòng)作在前的用過去完成時(shí),在后的用一般過去時(shí)。 e.g.
He told me that he had
sent a letter to me. 他說他已經(jīng)給我寄來了一封信。(“寄”先于“告訴”) 該用法也常與when, before等引導(dǎo)的從句連用。 e.g. When I got to the cinema, the
film had already begun. 當(dāng)我來到電影院時(shí),電影已經(jīng)開始了。(“開始”先于“到達(dá)”) Mother
had already cooked supper before I returned home. 在我回到家之前,媽媽已做好了晚飯。(“煮飯”先于“到家”) After
I had finished reading the novel, I went to sleep. 在我讀完這部小說之后,我睡覺了。(“讀完”先于“睡覺”) 注意,因?yàn)?/span>after和before本身已表達(dá)了動(dòng)作的先后關(guān)系,所以謂語動(dòng)詞常用一般過去時(shí)代替過去完成時(shí)。 e.g.
After he finished his
homework, he went to bed. 做完作業(yè)后他便上床睡覺了。 Where
did you study before you came here. 你來這兒之前你在哪里學(xué)習(xí)。 還可以通過上下文表示。 e.g. I met him yesterday. We hadn’t met
each other for a long time. 昨天我遇到了他,我們彼此很久沒有見面了。 (3). 表示從過去某一時(shí)間開始,持續(xù)到過去另一時(shí)間的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),往往與for,
since引導(dǎo)的表示一段時(shí)間的短語或 從句連用。 e.g. Mr. Wang had taught in the school for
six years before I came here. 在我來這兒之前, I received a letter from Tom last week. We had not heard from
him since 1998. 上周我收到了湯姆的一封信。自從1998年以來我從未收到他的來信。 5、不用過去完成時(shí)的三種情況。 ① 句子如有yesterday, last year, in
1996, three years ago等表示很確定的過去時(shí)間的狀語,強(qiáng)調(diào)某動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在該時(shí)間發(fā)生,謂語動(dòng)詞必須用一般過去時(shí)。 e.g. He was a worker three years ago.
三年前他是個(gè)工人。 He
came here yesterday. 他昨天來過這兒。 ② 漢語中雖然有“了”“曾”“過”等表示動(dòng)作完成的字眼,但沒有說明該動(dòng)作是在過去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前完成的,譯成英語時(shí)要用一般過去時(shí),不用過去完成時(shí)。 e.g. They finished reading five English
story-books last year. 去年他們讀完了五本英語故事書。 They
went to ③ 敘述在過去連續(xù)發(fā)生的兩件以上的事,雖然時(shí)間有先后之別,但仍用一般過去時(shí)。 e.g. He got up quickly, ate a light
breakfast and hurried to school by bike. 他飛快的起床,稍稍地吃了早飯,快速地騎車奔學(xué)校而去。 (三)動(dòng)詞不定式作主語。 1. 動(dòng)詞不定式(短語),可以直接放置于句首擔(dān)當(dāng)句子主語。 e.g. To say is
easy, but to do is difficult. 說起來容易,做起來難。 To
learn a foreign languages is not easy. 學(xué)好一門外語不容易。 2. 動(dòng)詞不定式作主語的句子,通??梢杂眯问街髡Z“it”代替,同時(shí)把真正的主語,即動(dòng)詞不定式(短語)放在后面,以使句子平衡。即構(gòu)成句型It + be +形容詞+to do sth。 e.g. It’s easy to
say, but it’s difficult to do. It’s not easy to learn a foreign
language. 3. 如果要表示不定式動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者,就在It + be +形容詞+to do sth該句型中的不定式之前加for sb或of sb。 ①在形容詞hard, difficult, easy,
necessary, important, impossible, good, helpful, useful, dangerous, safe等之后常用for sb,即構(gòu)成句型:It + be + 形容詞+for sb to do sth。 e.g. It’s not easy for us
to learn a foreign language well. 對(duì)我們來說學(xué)習(xí)好一門外語不容易。 It’s
dangerous for you to swim in the river. 在那河里游泳對(duì)你來說很危險(xiǎn)。 該句型中的形容詞修飾的是不定式,強(qiáng)調(diào)的是做某事怎么樣。 ②在形容詞nice, kind, clever, foolish(愚蠢的), polite(有禮貌的), careless, careful等之后,常用of Page 2 sb,即構(gòu)成句型:It + be
+ 形容詞+of sb
+ to do sth e.g. It is very kind of you to help me. 你能幫助我,你真是太好了。 It
was wrong of them to cut the trees. 他們砍伐樹木是不對(duì)的。 該句型中的形容詞主要修飾人,表示某人的性質(zhì)或特征,強(qiáng)調(diào)的是這個(gè)人怎么樣。 4. it作形式主語時(shí),其后的謂語也可以是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞。 e.g. It took us
five hours to get there. 我們用了5小時(shí)到達(dá)那里。 It made me happy to find my friends there. 發(fā)現(xiàn)朋友在那里令我很高興。 5. 動(dòng)詞不定式與疑問詞how, what, when, where,
which等構(gòu)成不定式短語,也可作主語。 e.g. How to use the
computer is the question. 如何使用電腦是個(gè)問題。 Where to go has not been decided. 去哪兒還沒有定下來。 6. 注意:主語,表語都為動(dòng)詞不定式時(shí),不能用形式主語it代替不定式。 e.g. To see is to
believe. 眼見為實(shí)。 (四)定語從句 1. 定語從句的概念:在復(fù)合句中,用來修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫做定語從句。被定語從句修飾的名詞或代詞叫做先行詞,定語從句必須放在先行詞之后,對(duì)先行詞起修飾限定作用。 e.g. He is the man
who I want to see.
先行詞 關(guān)系詞
定語從句 2. 定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞: 定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞有關(guān)系代詞that, which, who
(whom, whose)和關(guān)系副詞where,
when, why兩種,關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞放在先行詞和定語從句之間,起聯(lián)系作用,同時(shí)又在定語從句中充當(dāng)一定成分。 3. 關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句: ① 如果先行詞是表示人的名詞或代詞,關(guān)系代詞應(yīng)用who (whom,
whose) 和that。 e.g. This is Xiao Wang who
/ that gave us a talk yesterday. (who
/ that在從句中作主語) 這就是昨天給我們作報(bào)告的小王。 The
man whom / that you saw last week has left the town. (whom / that在從句中作賓語) 上周你看見的那個(gè)人已離開了城鎮(zhèn)。 I know
the woman whose husband is a doctor. (whose在從句中作定語) 我認(rèn)識(shí)的那個(gè)婦女,她的丈夫是個(gè)醫(yī)生。 ② 如果先行詞是表示物的名詞或代詞時(shí),則用which或that。 e.g. 桂林是座具有2000年歷史的城市。 The mooncakes which
/ that mother cooked taste nice. (which / that在從句中作賓語) 媽媽做的月餅很好吃。 4.
關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語從句應(yīng)該注意的幾個(gè)方面: ① 關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語時(shí),從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)應(yīng)由先行詞決定。 e.g. The
man who lives downstairs speaks English well. 住在樓下的那個(gè)人英語說得很好。 The
students who are in Grade Three are going to climb the hill
tomorrow. 3年級(jí)的學(xué)生明天去爬山。 ② 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作賓語時(shí),往往可以省略。
e.g. Mrs. Smith (whom)
you met yesterday is a friend of mine. 你昨天碰見的那位史密斯夫人是我的一位朋友。
This is the book (which)
you are looking for. 這是那本你正在找的書。 There
are some films (that) I’d like to see. 有幾部電影我想去看。 ③ 口語中作為賓語的關(guān)系代詞whom也可用who,且也可以省略。 e.g. The man (whom /
who) you were talking about has come to our school. 你們剛才在談?wù)摰哪莻€(gè)人已經(jīng)來到我們學(xué)校。 ④ 關(guān)系代詞在從句中作介詞賓語時(shí),介詞可以放在whom, which之前(不可放在that之前) Page 3 e.g. The
man (whom) I borrowed the book from is Li Lei. → The man from whom I borrowed the book is Li Lei. 我借書的那個(gè)人是李雷。 The house (which)
he lives in is quite large. → The house in which he lives is quite large. 他住的房子很大。 應(yīng)注意,如果介詞位于關(guān)系代詞之前,關(guān)系代詞不可省略,另外,若定語從句中謂語動(dòng)詞是固定搭配的詞組,則其后的介詞或副詞不可前移至關(guān)系代詞之前。 e.g. The
dictionary which you are looking for is on the desk. 你在尋找的那本詞典在桌子上。 The sick man whom she is taking care of is her
farther. 她在照顧的病人是她父親。 5. 關(guān)系代詞只能用that的幾種情況: ① 當(dāng)先行詞是everything, anything,
nothing, none, the one (something除外) 等不定代詞時(shí)。 e.g.
I had to remember everything that the teacher taught me. 我必須記住老師教給我的一切知識(shí)。 ② 先行詞被序數(shù)詞或the last修飾時(shí)。 e.g.
He was the first student that got to school today. 他是今天第一個(gè)到學(xué)校的學(xué)生。 ③ 先行詞是或被all, no, some, any, little,
much, few等修飾時(shí)。 e.g.
I have done all that he told us to do. 我已完成了他讓我做的一切。 ④ 先行詞被形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)。 e.g.
He worked out the most difficult problem that I had seen. 他解答出我所見過最難的題目。 ⑤ 先行詞被the very, the only, the same修飾時(shí)。 e.g.
I need the same dictionary that you have. 我需要同你一樣的字典。 ⑥ 先行詞是兩個(gè)或多個(gè)分別表示人和物的名詞時(shí) e.g.
He told us many interesting things and persons that we had never
heard. 他給我們講了許多我們從來沒有聽說過的有趣的人和事。 ⑦ 主句是以who, which引導(dǎo)的特殊疑問句時(shí) e.g. Who is the man that
you spoke to just now? 你剛才跟他說話的那個(gè)人是誰? 6. 定語從句可以簡化成短語。 ① 定語從句為被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu),可用過去分詞短語簡化。 e.g. I bought a book that was written by Lu Xun. → I bought a book written by Lu
Xun. 我買了一本魯迅寫的書。 ② 若為主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu),且為進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)或從句表示經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作和狀態(tài)時(shí),可用現(xiàn)在分詞短語簡化。 e.g. Tell the children who are playing there not to do that. → Tell the children playing there
not to do that. The house that stands at
the corner was built in 1987. → The house standing at the corner was built in 1987. ③ 當(dāng)從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞表示一個(gè)將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或具有某種情態(tài)意義時(shí),可簡化為動(dòng)詞不定式。 e.g. We have nothing that we should fear. → We have nothing to fear. 我們沒有什么事情可以害怕。 ④ 當(dāng)從句的謂語動(dòng)詞后是介詞短語時(shí),可簡化為介詞短語作定語。 e.g. The book that is on the table is expensive. → The book on the table is
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