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I want to know what book you like to read. I want to know whick book you like to read best of the three. 在上面這兩句話種,可以很清楚的看到what ＆which的區(qū)別 what 沒有范圍 which 是在有范圍之內(nèi)的一種選擇 賓語從句 一、定義： 用作賓語的從句叫賓語從句.賓語從句可以用連詞that,連接代詞who,whom,what,which；連接副詞 how,when,where以及if和whether引起.連接代詞和連接副詞在賓語從句中作一相應(yīng)的句子成分,if或whether表示疑問,而that沒有意義僅起連接作用. 二、賓語從句的分類： 1． 作動詞的賓語從句： 如：Everyone knows that he is a good student. He wondered how the pyramids were built. 2． 作介詞賓語： 如：This depends on how hard you work. Is there anything wrong in what I said? 3． 作形容詞的賓語： 如：They are confident that they can do the job well. I am not certain whether the train will arrive on time. 三：使用賓語從句要注意的問題： 1． 賓語從句引導(dǎo)詞that的省略： 在非正式場合下,that在引導(dǎo)賓語從句時,可以省略. 如：I think (that) you are right. 2． 形式賓語it： 如果賓語從句后面跟有補語,要用形式賓語it來代替,而將從句放到補語的后面去.如：He has made it clear that the meeting will not be postponed. I heard it said that that factory was founded in 1901. 3．賓語從句的時態(tài)呼應(yīng)： 如果主句的謂語是過去時,賓語從句的時態(tài)要按照時態(tài)呼應(yīng)規(guī)則進行相應(yīng)的調(diào)整.但是若賓語從句表示的是客觀真理或自然觀念,其謂語時態(tài)仍用一般現(xiàn)在時. 如：He said that he had left his umbrella in the library. The teacher told the students that the Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean in the world. 4． 賓語從句否定意義的轉(zhuǎn)移： 在think, believe, suppose, expect 等動詞所根的賓語中,如果從句謂語是否定的,一般要將否定詞not轉(zhuǎn)移至主句謂語上去,而將從句賓語變?yōu)榭隙ㄐ问? 如：I don’t think he has time to play chess with you. I don’t suppose it is the rush hour yet. 5．一些動詞接的賓語從句通常要用虛擬語氣： 一般說來,在一些表示堅持(insist),命令(order,command),建議(suggest,advise),要求(require,demand) 等動詞之后的賓語從句中,謂語一般要用“should 動詞原形”（其中的should在美國英語中常省略,但是引導(dǎo)從句的that通常不省略）： 如：She suggested that we (should) leave early． He ordered that the medicine (should) be sent by a special plane． 6．whether 與 if 引導(dǎo)介詞賓語從句時,只能用 whether,不用if；與“or not”連用時,一般用whether,不用if. 如：I am interested in whether he'll go abroad． We don't know whether he will come or not． 7．賓語從句的語序 連接詞后面為陳述語序. 如：I don’t know what your name is. 8．直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語 間接引語的使用應(yīng)注意選擇合適的動詞.陳述用say／tell,疑問用ask／wonder,而祈使用 tell／order,建議用advise／suggest.注意這些動詞后面的結(jié)構(gòu)和語氣. 如：“Could you get some tea for me?” Mr．Blake said to his wife． →Mr. Blake asked his wife whether she could get some tea for him. “Shall we go dancing tonight?”John said． →John suggested they should go dancing tonight. 狀語從句 狀語從句是句子的狀語由一個從句充當,來修飾主句中的動詞,形容詞或副詞等.狀語從句 都由從屬連詞引導(dǎo),與主句連接,放在句末時,一般不在前面加逗號. 狀語從句根據(jù)它表示的意思可分為時間,原因,條件,比較,結(jié)果,目的等類.下面我們揀重點 的一個一個來分析. 時間狀語從句：是由when, as, while, after, before, since, until, as soon as 等從 屬連詞引導(dǎo)的狀語從句. 時間狀語從句中的謂語動詞不能用一般將來時,只能用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來發(fā)生的動作或 存在的狀態(tài). 如:I will call you as soon as I arrive there. 原因狀語從句： because, since, as和for都表示原因.常常令我們不知該用哪個好.我們來 比較一下. because語勢最強,回答why提出的問題,用來說明人所不知的原因.當能夠很明顯的看出原因 或人們已知原因,就用as或since. 如：I don't like that coat,because the color looks terrible. 由because引導(dǎo)的從句如果放在句末,且前面有逗號,則可以用for來代替.但如果不是說明直 接原因,而是多種情況加以推斷,就只能用for. 如：He is not here, because / for his mother is ill. 目的狀語從句：表示目的狀語的從句可以由in order that, so that,等詞引導(dǎo).如： You must raise your voice so that/in order that everybody can hear you clearly. 結(jié)果狀語從句：結(jié)果狀語從句常由so...that 或 such...that引導(dǎo),要掌握和區(qū)分這兩個句型, 首先要了解so和such后面分別跟什么詞.such是形容詞,修飾名詞或名詞詞組,so是副詞,只能修 飾形容詞或副詞.so 還可與表示數(shù)量的形容詞many, few, much, little連用,形成固定搭配. 如：The box is so heavy that I can't carry it. 讓步狀語從句：是由though, although 引導(dǎo)的狀語從句. though, although 和 but不能同時使用. Although it rained, they had a good time. 定語從句 定語從句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定語,修飾一個名詞或代詞,有時也可以修飾部分或整個句子. 被修飾的名詞,詞組或代詞即先行詞.定語從句通常出現(xiàn)在先行詞之后,由關(guān)系詞（關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞）引出. 關(guān)系代詞有：who, whom, whose, that, which,as . 關(guān)系副詞有：when, where, why ,how . 關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞放在先行詞和定語從句之間,起連接作用,同時又可做定語從句的一個成分.當關(guān)系代詞做賓語時可以省略. 定語從句中的謂語動詞必須在人稱上和數(shù)量上和先行詞保持一致. 定語從句分為限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句. 1 、關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句 1）who, whom, that 這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞,在從句中所起作用如下： Is he the man who/that wants to see you?（who/that在從句中作主語） He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.（whom/that在從句中作賓語） 2) Whose 用來指人或物,(只用作定語, 若指物,它還可以同of which互換), 例如： They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 3)which, that 它們所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞,在從句中可作主語、賓語等,例如： A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.（which / that在句中作賓語） The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. (which / that在句中作賓語) 關(guān)系代詞that和which 都可以指物,that 和Who 都可以指人,其用法區(qū)別： 1）不用that的情況 a) 在引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句時 (錯) The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here. b) 介詞后不能用 We depend on the land from which we get our food. c)多用who 的情況 ①關(guān)系代詞在從句中做主語 A friend who helps you in time of need is a real friend . ②先行詞為those , people 時 Those who were either fools or unfit for their offices could not see the cloth . ③先行詞為all, anyone , ones , one 指人時 One who doesn’t work hard will never succeed in his work . ④在There be句型中 There is a stranger who wants to see you . ⑤在被分隔的定語從句中 A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you German . ⑥在有兩個定語從句的句子中,其一用who,其二用that,但若先行詞后接兩個以上的并列定語從句時,后一個必須重復(fù)前一個關(guān)系代詞. The student who was praised at the meeting is the monitor that is very modest and studies very hard . There is a teacher who is always ready to help others and who enjoys what he does . 2) 只能用that作為定語從句的關(guān)系代詞的情況 a) 在不定代詞,如：anything, nothing, everything, all, much, few, any, little等作先行詞時,只用that,不用which. All that is needed is a supply of oil. Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police. b) 先行詞有the only, the very, the just修飾時,只用that. He is the very man that helped the girl out of the water . c) 先行詞為序數(shù)詞(the last)、數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級時,只用that.. The first English book that I read was “The Prince and the Pauper” by Mark Twin . d) 先行詞既有人,又有物時. He talked about the teachers and schools that he visited . e)當主句是以who 或which 開始的特殊疑問句時,用that 以避免重復(fù). Who is the person that is standing at the gate . f)關(guān)系代詞在從句中做表語 He is not the man that he used to be . 2 、關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句 關(guān)系副詞可代替的先行詞是時間、地點、方式或理由的名詞,在從句中作狀語. 1)when, where, why,how 關(guān)系副詞when, where, why,how的含義相當于'介詞 which'結(jié)構(gòu),因此常常和'介詞 which'結(jié)構(gòu)交替使用,例如： There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? I’m surprised the way how (by which) he works out the problem . 注意： ①在非限制性定語從句中,'介詞 which'結(jié)構(gòu)不能代替關(guān)系副詞. 如：They set up a state for their own , where they would be free to keep Negroes as slaves . ②含有介詞短語的動詞一般不能拆開,介詞仍放在動詞后面. Is this the book which (that) she was looking for ? 3、名詞/數(shù)詞/代詞 /形容詞最高級 介詞 關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語從句 She has written a book , the name of which I have forgotten . There are fifty-five students in our class , all of whom are working hard . There are five continents in the world , the largest of which is Asia . 4、 as, which 引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句的差別： 由as, which 引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句,as和which可代整個主句,相當于and this或and that.As一般放在句首,which在句中. As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health. The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us. as可引導(dǎo)非限制性從句,常帶有'正如'的意思. As is know, smoking is harmful to one's health. 用法區(qū)別： (1) as 引導(dǎo)的定語從句可置于句首,而which不可. As we all know , he never smokes . (2) as 代表前面的整個主句并在從句中作主語時,從句中的謂語必須是系動詞；若為行為動詞,則從句中的關(guān)系代詞只能用which.. (3)非限定性定語從句中出現(xiàn)expect , think , suppose 等表示猜測、想象、預(yù)料等時. She succeeded in her doing the research work , as we expected . (4)As 的用法 the same… as；such…as 中的as 是一種固定結(jié)構(gòu), 和……一樣……. I should like to use the same tool as is used here . We should have such a dictionary as he is using . |
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