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英語基礎語法——定語從句 1. 有關定語從句的概念 4. 習慣上要用that引導的定語從句 This is the first film that I have seen since I came here.這是我到這里后所看的第一場電影。 (3)先行詞包括人和物時。 They often talk about the people and the things that they are interested in. 他們常常談論那些他們感興趣的人和事 (4)當主句是以who或which開頭的疑問句時，為了避免重復，多用that引導。如： 介詞+關系代詞 1,單個介詞+關系代詞(whom, which) 介詞確定依據(jù) a依從句中的動詞,形容詞,名詞與介詞的固定搭配而定 b依先行詞與從句中動詞的關系及所表達的含義而定 The two thing of which they felt very proud were Jim’s gold watch and Della’s hair. A harvester is a man who is harvesting or a machine with which we harvest crops. 2,復雜介詞+關系代詞(which, whom, whose) 常用復雜介詞:as a result, at the back of ,because of, in front of, in the middle of, at the bottom of, on the top of, at the foot of 注意:但含有介詞的短語動詞一般不能拆開,如 look after, be made of, take part in, look forward to等。 例：The babies (who/whom) the nurses look after look strong and happy. There is a great pain in my right foot, because of which I can only limp along. They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of which sat an old man. 3,單個介詞+關系代詞(which, whose)+名詞 介詞要依介詞與關系代詞后的名詞的搭配習慣而定 He lived in time he learned some English. Our English teacher, with whose help we have made great progress in English, has completed thirty years of teaching. 4,the+名詞+of+關系代詞(which, whom)結構中的名詞和后面的關系代詞有所屬關系 This is the book the cover of which is designed by Mr Jones. =This is the book, whose cover is designed by Mr Jones. =This is the book, of which the cover is designed by Mr Jones. 5,部分詞匯/結構+of+關系代詞 部分詞匯/結構: 1,all, both, none ,neither ,either, many, most, few, several, enough, half, some, any , one, two, three, the majority, a number, the youngest, 2,數(shù)詞(基數(shù)詞,序數(shù)詞,百分數(shù),分數(shù))+名詞 3, the+形容詞最高級/比較級 Here are two pairs of socks, either of which you may choose. The football team has 15 members ,the oldest of whom is 25 years old. 在中學英語課本中出現(xiàn)了許多介詞+關系代詞構成的從句或動詞不定式充當后置定語的結構。在此結構中，介詞有很多，但關系代詞最常見的是：which，whom，whose等。Which 指物， whom 指人， whose 既指人又指物。那介詞又是根據(jù)什么來確定的呢？ 介詞主要是根據(jù)先行詞（名詞或代詞）或從句中的謂語動詞或固定搭配來確定的。下面簡要列舉中學課本中常見的介詞+關系代詞結構，以供同學們在復習時參考。 1． 介詞+which 表時間、地點或原因，代替關系副詞 when、where、why： 1）I still remember the day on which （=when）I went to Beijing. 2）The factory in which （=where ）I work is a large one. 3) This is the reason for which (=why ) he was late for school. 2. 介詞詞組+關系代詞(which 指物 , whom 指人),表示存在關系。關系分句中須主謂倒置。 1） They arrived at a farmhouse ，in front of which sat an old man. 2） I saw a woman， on the head of whom stood a bird. 3．不定代詞或數(shù)詞+介詞 of which (指物), whom (指人),說明整體中的部分關系. 1) 2) There are a great many students here ,none of whom like the film. 3) He has five children ,all of whom are Party members. 4) Those foreign teachers , most of whom have never been to 5) There are many kinds of birds in 4. 介詞+which (指物),whom (指人), 作分句中的目的、方式、地點狀語等。這種結構中的介詞一般為動詞所支配。 1）Could you tell me the man for whom you have bought this coat? 2) He built a transparent wall through which he could observe what went on inside. 3) The man , from whom I learned the news ,is an engineer. 5. 介詞 by +which (指物),whom (指人), 在被動結構中表明動作的發(fā)出者. 1）The wolf by which the sheep was killed was shot. 2) The man by whom the wolf was shot is a good hunter. 6. of which 代替whose ，指物 ，用作分句中的 后置定語。 1）I saw some trees ， the leaves of which （=whose leaves ）were black with disease。 2） He mentioned a book ， the title of which （=whose title ） I have forgotten。 7． 介詞+which （指物），whose （指人），作前置定語，修飾后面的中心詞。 1） It rained all night and all day ，during which time the ship broke into pieces。 2）The driver was the man from whose room she had stolen the map。 8．介詞+which +動詞不定式。 1） She had only 1.87 dollars with which to buy Jim a present。（=to buy Jim a present） 2） At last there was something about which to write home。 （=to write home about） 強化練習： 1．A good ad often uses words_____people attach positive meanings。 A．in which B to which C。 for which on which 2．Dr Curtis Welch discovered that some children had a terrible disease_____he had no medicine。 A．by which B。 on which C。 for which D。to which 3．There were two possessions of the James Dillingham Youngs ______they both took great pride。 A． in which B。 for which C。 of which D。 on which 4. Do you know the reason ______he didn’t come here? A. of it B. for it C. which D. for which 5. The book, the cover,______is broken, is not mine. A. of it B. for it C. in where D. of which 6. Have you found the cave _______the bear is hibernating? A. for that B. in which C. in where D. of which 7. I used to live in a house,_______grew a tall tree. A. in front of it B. in front of which C. in the front of which D.in the front of it 8．The boss paid us 10 dollars for washing ten cars，_____ hadn’t been cleaned for at least half a year. A. most of these B. most of them C. most of that D. most of which 9.Do you know the man _______I shook hands? A. with which B. for whom C. to whom D. with whom 10.This is the worker, _____the book was written. A. who B. whom C. of whom D. by whom 11.I like the way______he talks and laughs. A. which B. when C. in which D. for which 12. These are the tools______to work. A.with them B. by these C. by which D. with which 13．In the new city there wasn't a single person_____the poor boy could turn for help. A.that B. who C. from whom D. to whom 14．She was educated at Beijing University ，_____she went on to have her advanced study abroad. A.after that B.from which C. from that D. after which 15.His parents wouldn’t let him marry anyone______family was poor. A. of whom the B. whom C. of whose D.the 16. Frank’s dream was to have his own shop______to produce the works of his own hands. A. that B. in which C. by which D. how 17. I have many friends ,_____some are businessmen. A. of them B. from which C. who of D. of whom 18. My aunt,_______life was hard, earned little money. A. for whose B. for which C. for who D. for whom 解析：1。B。attach----to-----為固定搭配。2。C。for 表目的，即had no medicine for a terrible disease。3。A。take pride in 為固定詞組。4。D。for 表原因，for which =why 5。D。the cover of which =whose cover of 表示所屬關系，即書的封面。 6。 B。in 表地點，即the bear is hibernating in the cave。 7。B。此結構表示存在關系。在房子的前面（非包含關系）用 in front of ，而 in the front of 則表包含關系。如：房子前面有一塊黑板（黑板在房子里面），譯文為：There is a blackboard in the front of a house。 8。D。most of which 是復雜介詞+關系代詞引導的非限制性定語從句。若most 前加 and 或把逗號改為分號，則需選B。9。D。shake hands with sb。為固定搭配。 10。D。此句為被動結構，即the book was written by the worker。11。C。先行詞way表示方式、方法，后面的引導詞可用in which 或 that 或 省略。12。D。 with 表示用具體的工具，in 表示抽象概念。如：He can write in pen。Or He can write with a pen。13。D.turn to sb. for help 為固定句式,意思是“求助于”。14.D. 句意為:：他在北京大學受的教育,之后繼續(xù)出國深造。主句謂語動詞是 educate 而非 graduate ,因此不能用 from which 。15。A。 of whom the family =the family of whom =whose family 16。B。在含有將來意義的定語從句中，可以省略主語和謂語的一部分（主要是情態(tài)動詞和助動詞），而代之以“介詞+關系代詞+動詞不定式”的形式，叫做定語從句的 省略形式。17。 D。 some 與friends 之間構成整體與部分的關系，相當于簡單句some of them are businessmen。但由于是主從復合句則需要使用具有連接作用的關系代詞whom。of whom 表示在許多朋友當中。18。 D。句意為：我姨媽掙錢很少，對她而言日子很難過。如果選 for whose 那么whose life 將成為 for 的賓語，句子就沒有主語了。因此應選whom 作for 的賓語。for 在此意思為“對---而言”。 “介詞+關系代詞”引導的定語從句大練兵 一. 單項選擇題. 1. I will never forget the days-----I spent together with my grandparents in my hometown. A. that B.in which C.when D.on which 2. She has read the poem----the teacher is speaking. A. which B.about which C.to which D.of which 3. Her parents wouldn’t let her marry anyone----family was poor. A. of whom B.whom C.of whose D.whose 4. This is the reason----he will leave this company. A. for that B.which C.for which D.that 5. Do you know the gentleman----Mr. Green is talking? A. whom B.with whom C.who D.that 6. The book, the cover----is broken, is not mine. A. of it B.for which C.which D.of which 7. There is a hole here----the mouse can enter my room. A. by which B.in which C.across which D.through which 8. Her sister works at the market----sells vegetables and fruits. A. where B.in which C.at which D.which 9. There were three students in the classroom, one of----father worked in the school was our monitor. A. whose B.whom C.whom whose D.whose whom 10. The boy, ----could not reach the shelf, went to look for something to stand on. A. the tall of whom B.the tallest of whom C.the tallest one D.the taller of them 11. The hotel----during my holidays stands by the seaside. A.I stayed at B.which I stayed at it C.where I stayed at D.at that I stayed 12. There are 65 clerks in the company, ----30 are girls. A. more than B.less than C.among them D.of whom 13. Thank you very much for----you have done for my sister. A. that B.which C.if D. what 14. His glasses, ----he was like a blind man, were missing. A. without them B.that C.with which D.without which 15.The factory produces half a million cars every year and 80％----are sold abroad. A. of which B.which C.of them D.those 16. Because of the traffic jam----I was caught, I was late for school yesterday. A. by which B.in which C.that D.in it 17. A modern city has been set up in----was a wasteland ten years ago. A. what B.which C.that D.where 18. American women usually identify their best friends as someone----they can talk frequently. A. with who B.whom C.about which D.with whom 19. The journey around the world took the old sailor ten months,----the sailing time was 254 days. A. of which B.during which C.from which D.for which 20. Many young people are eager to get jobs with that company----products sell well both at home and abroad. A. with B.whose C.where D.in which 21.Privatization(私營化)is thought to be beneficial----it promotes competition. A. in which B.in that C.which D.that 22. It rained all night, ----time Mary found water coming in through the roof of his house. A. which B.during which C.that D.during that 23. Where is the boy----you have bought the English-Chinese dictionary? A. who B.whom C.for whom D.all the above 24. The picture----a house and flowers is the one I like best. A. in which there has B.has C.where there is D.there are 25. He reminded me of the day----we had appointed A. which B.on which C.by which D.when [參考答案] ADDCB, DDDCB, ADDDC, BDDBB, BBDCA. 二.用適當?shù)慕樵~+關系代詞填空. 1. You need permission, ---- ----you can’t take the magazines out of the reading room. 2. This is the right way---- ----you can work out the maths problem. 3. The last place---- ----we stayed was the English Club. 4. The only thing---- ----I am not sure is grammar. 5. He gave me a lot of books, ---- ----the one about Lu Xun is the most instructive. 6. The teachers were talking about Jim, one---- ----problems was poor study habit. 7. 8. The pen---- ----he was writing broke. 9. The young fellow, ---- ----my bike was repaired, is a friend of mine. 10. The news---- ----we were surprised came yesterday. 11. That is the old evening dress---- ----she often goes to the ball. 12. This is the newspaper---- ----I have learned the news. 13. At last they found the boat---- ----they came to the island. 14. Then came the exam---- ----we had well prepared. 15. That is the problem---- ----I have spent lots of time. [參考答案] 1. Without which 2.in which 3.at which 4.about which 5.among which 6. Of whose 7.in which 8.with which 9.by whom 10.at which 11. In which 12.from which 13.in which 14.for which 15.on which |
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