一． 定義：賓語從句是指在一個(gè)句子中充當(dāng)賓語的句子

如：He said that he wanted to be a teacher when he grew up.

二．  賓語從句有三種類型：

1．由從屬連詞that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句表示陳述意義，連詞that?？杀皇÷浴＠纾?/span>

I hope (that) they will have fun. Mary said that she felt sleepy. 

 Can’t you see (that) I’m a bird?

注意：（1）當(dāng)主句的謂語動(dòng)詞是think,believe等時(shí)，賓語從句盡管要表示否定意義，卻不用否定形式，而將think等動(dòng)詞變?yōu)榉穸ㄐ问健?/span>

如：I don’t think he will come.我認(rèn)為他不會(huì)來。

（2）兩個(gè)表示陳述意義的賓語從句并列時(shí)，有時(shí)省去第一個(gè)從句的連詞that，但第二個(gè)從句的連詞that一般不可以省略。如：

He told me (that)they could not decide what to do and that they asked my advice.

2.由從屬連詞if或whether引導(dǎo)的賓語從句表示“是否（有，能，已經(jīng)……）”等一般疑問句的含義。

例如：I wonder whether (if) he lives here.

3.由連接代詞who,whom,whose,what,which和連接副詞when,where,how,why等引導(dǎo)的賓語從句表示“誰，誰的，什么，哪（個(gè)，些），何時(shí)，何地，怎樣，為什么”等等特殊疑問句的意義。除了連接詞及被修飾的詞提前以外，賓語從句用陳述句語序。

例如：

To masked who could give the message to her mother.

Do you know what he said just now? I wondered how old his brother was.

三.賓語從句的時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng)：“主現(xiàn)則從任，主過則從過，客觀真理一般現(xiàn)”

1．當(dāng)主句是現(xiàn)在時(shí)或?qū)頃r(shí)的時(shí)候，賓語從句可以用所需要的任何時(shí)態(tài)。

2．主句是過去時(shí)，賓語從句一般只能用過去時(shí)的某種形式；當(dāng)從句敘述的是客觀事實(shí)或一般真理時(shí)，賓語從句仍然用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。

3．情態(tài)動(dòng)詞must一般不用于過去時(shí)，但卻可以用于主句是過去時(shí)的賓語從句中。

四.賓語從句的語序

1  賓語從句的連接詞后加陳述語序（主語在前，謂語在后）

如：I want to know if he can come tomorrow

2 當(dāng)連接詞本身又是賓語從句的主語時(shí)，后面直接加謂語動(dòng)詞

如：She asked me who had helped him

英語中,修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞等的句子成分叫狀語。

狀語的功用：狀語說明地點(diǎn)、時(shí)間、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、方向、程度、方式和伴隨狀況等，根據(jù)狀語的功能狀語從句可分為：時(shí)間狀語從句、原因狀語從句、目的狀語從句、結(jié)果狀語從句、條件狀語從句。

一．時(shí)間狀語從句：在一個(gè)句子中作時(shí)間狀語的句子。

時(shí)間狀語的連接詞：when（當(dāng)…時(shí)候）  while（當(dāng)…時(shí)候） as（當(dāng)…時(shí)候） after（在…以后） before（在…以前） as soon as（一…就） since（自從…到現(xiàn)在） till /until（直到…才） by the time（到…為止）依舊是連接詞后加陳述語序。

1.  when  當(dāng)…的時(shí)候（一般情況下：主將從現(xiàn)）

I will become a teacher when I grow up

2.  while  當(dāng)…時(shí)

He visited a lot of places while he was traveling.

3.  as     在…的同時(shí)；一邊…一邊…

He smiled as he stood up.

4.  after   在…之后

He left the classroom after he had finished his homework the other day.

5.  before  在…之前

Mr. Brown had worked in a bank for a year before he came here.

6.  as soon as   一…就…(一般情況下：主將從現(xiàn))

We began to work as soon as we got there.

I will write to you as soon as I get home.

7.  since     自…以來 到現(xiàn)在

表示自過去的一個(gè)起點(diǎn)時(shí)間到目前(說話時(shí)間)為止的一段持續(xù)時(shí)間。主句一般用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，從句用一般過去時(shí)。

Mr Green has taught in that school since he came to China three years ago. (還可以用作介詞，本句從句還可以用短語：since three years ago(自三年前以來)表示。)

8   till /until   直到

都可以作連詞，連接時(shí)間狀語，也可以作介詞，與其它詞構(gòu)成介詞短語，在句中作狀語。

They walked till /until it was dark.

Xiao Ming didn’t leave home till / until his father came back.   

9.  by the time  到…為止 (所在句子的主句應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在或過去完成時(shí))

By the time he gets there , his father has already gone.

By the time I got to school, the class had already began.

二.原因狀語從句：在一個(gè)句子中作時(shí)間狀語的句子。

連接詞：由連詞because, since, as引導(dǎo), 也可由for, now that 等詞引導(dǎo)

1.I didn’t go to school yesterday because I was ill.

2. Since everybody is here, let’s begin our meeting.  既然。。。

3. As you are in poor health, you should not stay up late.   既然。。。

4.I asked her to stay to tea, for I had something to tell her.

三、條件狀語從句

連接詞：if如果, unless (=if not)   如果不、除非(讓步)

1.   If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will go hiking.

2.   I will go to the party unless he goes there too.

3.   You will be late unless you leave immediately.

=If you don’t leave immediately, you will be late.

四、目的、結(jié)果狀語從句

目的狀語從句是指在一個(gè)句子中充當(dāng)目的狀語的句子。

結(jié)果狀語從句是指在一個(gè)句子中充當(dāng)結(jié)果狀語的句子

目的狀語從句連接詞so that, so…that , in order that 引導(dǎo)。

結(jié)果狀語從句連接詞 so…that, such…that, so much/many…that引導(dǎo)。

1.  so…that   如此…以至于

He always studied so hard that he made great progress.

2.  so that    以至于, 以便于

I’ll run slowly so that you can catch up with me. (目的)   

I opened the window so that fresh air might come in. (目的)

3.  such…that   如此…以至

It’s such nice weather that all of us want to go to the park.

4.  in order that=so that  為了

We shall let you know the details soon in order that you can/may make your arrangements.

5.比較：so和 such

其規(guī)律由so與such的不同詞性決定。such 是形容詞，修飾名詞或名詞詞組，so 是副詞，只能修飾形容詞或副詞。 so 還可與表示數(shù)量的形容詞many, few, much, little連用，形成固定搭配。

so nice a flowersuch a nice flower

so many / few flowerssuch nice flowers

so many peoplesuch a lot of people

五、讓步狀語從句 讓步狀語從句是指在句子中作讓步的狀語的句子

連接詞： though, although.，whether…or not

難點(diǎn)：though, although當(dāng)“雖然”講, 都不能和but連用. Although/though…but的格式是不對(duì)的.但是他們都可以同yet (still) 連用. 所以thought (although)…yet(still)的格式是正確的.

Wrong: Although he is rich but he is not happy.       

Right : Although he is rich, yet he is not happy.

雖然他很富有, 然而他并不快樂.

Right : Although we have grown up, our parents treat us as children

Right : Although we have grown up, our parents still treat us as children.

盡管我們已經(jīng)長(zhǎng)大了,可是我們的父母仍把我們看作小孩.

定語是指在句子中用來修飾名詞、代詞的成分

定語從句是指在一個(gè)句子中作定語的句子，定語從句要放在所修飾的詞后

如：I have met the doctor who is in the No.1 hospital.

定語從句的連接詞：

1.連接代詞：who、which、whom、whose、that  

2.連接副詞：when、where、why

選用連接詞的關(guān)鍵是看先行詞(定語從句所修飾的名詞或代詞)

一、連接代詞的選用：

1.who    指人，先行詞為人,在從句中做主語

Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.

2. whom  指人，先行詞為人,在定語從句中充當(dāng)賓語，?？墒÷浴?/span>

Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus.

注意：關(guān)系代詞whom在口語和非正式語體中常用who代替，可省略。

3.which  指物，先行詞為物,在定語從句中做主語或者賓語，做賓語時(shí)可省略

This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.

4. that   指人時(shí)，相當(dāng)于who或者whom；指物時(shí)，相當(dāng)于which。在定語從句中做主語或者賓語，做賓語時(shí)可省略。

The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million.

Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning?

5. whose 通常指人，也可指物，在定語從句中做定語,譯成 '...的'

He has a friend whose father is a doctor.

指物時(shí)，常用以下結(jié)構(gòu)來代替

Do you like the book whose cover is yellow? = Do you like the book the color of which is yellow?

介詞+連接代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句連接代詞在定語從句中做介詞賓語時(shí),從句常由介詞+連接代詞引導(dǎo)

二、連接副詞的選用：

1. when指時(shí)間，在定語從句中做時(shí)間狀語

I still remember the day when I first came to the school.

2. where指地點(diǎn)，在定語從句中做地點(diǎn)狀語

Shanghai is the city where I was born.

3. why指原因，在定語從句中做原因狀語

Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.

三、判斷關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的方法: 準(zhǔn)確判斷先行詞在定語從句中的成分(主、謂、賓、定、狀)

例1. Is this the museum ___ you visited a few days ago?

A. whereB. that C. on which D. the one

例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held?

A. whereB. that C. on whichD. the one

關(guān)系詞的選擇依據(jù)在從句中所做的成分，先行詞在從句中做主、定、賓語時(shí)，選擇關(guān)系代詞 (who, whom, that, which, whose)； 

先行詞在從句中做狀語時(shí)，應(yīng)選擇關(guān)系副詞 ( where 地點(diǎn)狀語，when 時(shí)間狀語，why 原因狀語)

四、介詞+連接詞用法說明

1）介詞后面的關(guān)系詞不能省略。 

2）that前不能有介詞。

3）某些在從句中充當(dāng)時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)或原因狀語的'介詞+關(guān)系詞'結(jié)構(gòu)可以同關(guān)系副詞when ,where和why 互換

如：This is the house in which I lived two years ago.This is the house where I lived two years ago.

Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?Do you remember the day when you joined our club?

This is the reason why he came late.               

This is the reason for which he came late.

五．限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句

限制性定語從句舉例：

china is a country which has a long history.

非限制性定語從句舉例：

 his mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him.

一.一般來說，在主從復(fù)合句中，用作同位語的從句叫同位語從句。

它通常跟在某些名詞之后，用以說明或解釋該名詞表示的具體內(nèi)容?？梢愿徽Z從句的名詞通常有：advice, decision, fact, hope, idea, information, message, news, promise, proposal, reply, report, suggestion, word（消息），problem， question, doubt, thought等。

如：They were delighted at the news that their team had won.

有時(shí)同位語從句可以不緊跟在被說明的名詞后面，而被別的詞隔開。 如：

The thought came to him that Tom might have returned the book.

二.引導(dǎo)詞

1. The news that Mr. Li will be our new English teacher is true.

2. He hasn’t made the decision whether he will go there.

3. The question who should do the work is being discussed at the meeting.

4. I have no idea what the boy is doing in the next room now.

5. We haven’t yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation this year.

6. I have no idea how I can get to the railway station.

7. I have no idea when he will be back．

小結(jié)：① that引導(dǎo)同位語從句時(shí)無詞義，也不充當(dāng)任何成分，但通常不可以省略，如句1；

② whether引導(dǎo)同位語從句時(shí)意為“是否”，通常不能用if來代替, 如句2;

③ 連接代詞who, what等可以引導(dǎo)同位語從句，如句3， 4；

④ 連接副詞where, how, when等可以引導(dǎo)同位語從句， 如句5，6，7。

三. that 引導(dǎo)的同位語從句和定語從句

1. 意義不同：同位語從句用來進(jìn)一步說明前面名詞的內(nèi)容；而定語從句用來修飾、限定前面的先行詞。試比較：

-The news that our team has won the final match is encouraging.

-The news that you told us is really encouraging.

2.that的功能不同：that引導(dǎo)同位語從句時(shí)是一個(gè)純連詞，不充當(dāng)任何成分；而引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí)，不僅起連接作用，而且還指代先行詞并在從句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語等成分。試比較：

-Dad made a promise that he would buy me a CD player if I passed the English test.

-Dad made a promise that excited all his children.

3.可否省略：that在引導(dǎo)同位語從句時(shí)，通常不可省略。在引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí)，若在從句中作賓語，通?？梢允÷裕糇髦髡Z則不可以省略。

一.由連詞that引導(dǎo)的主語從句: 引導(dǎo)詞that無含義,在句中不做成分,不可以省。

That you will win the medal seems unlikely.  你想獲得獎(jiǎng)牌看起來是不可能的。

二.用連詞 whether 引導(dǎo)的主語從句: whether有含義(是否),在句中不做成分,不可以省。

Whether she is coming or not doesn’t matter too much.

她來不來都無關(guān)緊要。

三.用連接代詞引導(dǎo)的主語從句(在由連接代詞who, whose, whom, which, what, whoever, whomever, whichever, whatever引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句中，其連接代詞在句中起名詞性作用，擔(dān)當(dāng)一定成分).

What you need is more practice.

你所需要的是更多的訓(xùn)練。

Whatever we do is to serve the people.

我們無論做什么都是為人民服務(wù)。

四.用連接副詞when, where, why, how引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句(其連接副詞有含義,在句中作狀語。)

Where we should leave it is a problem.

一. 在復(fù)合句中作表語的從句, 就叫做表語從句。

表語從句一般放在系動(dòng)詞之后,結(jié)構(gòu)是“主語+系動(dòng)詞+表語從句”。

連系動(dòng)詞：be動(dòng)詞、表示持續(xù)的系動(dòng)詞（keep, remain, stay）、感官動(dòng)詞feel(摸起來，感覺) , smell(聞起來) , sound(聽起來) , taste(嘗起來，吃起來) 等、表示變化的系動(dòng)詞（become, grow, turn, fall, get, go,）、表終止的系動(dòng)詞prove, turn out(結(jié)果是，證明是)、seem, appear（看起來···）

連系動(dòng)詞通常不用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)和進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)中。

He has become what he wanted to be ten years ago.

他已經(jīng)成為了他10年前想成為的。

His suggestion is that we should stay calm.

他的建議是，我們應(yīng)該保持冷靜。

二．表語從句的引導(dǎo)詞

1.從屬連詞：that / whether /as if /as though/as/because

(1) that引導(dǎo)表語從句本身沒有詞義，在句中只起連接作用，不充當(dāng)句子成分，一般不能省略。

That fact is that more than seventy percent of the earth’s surface is covered by water.

連接詞that一般不能省略，但當(dāng)主句中含動(dòng)詞do的某種形式時(shí)，that可以省略。

What I want to do is (that) I can go up to him and thank him. 

我想做的事是走到身邊去感謝他。

(2) whether引導(dǎo)表語從句表示“是否”,但不充當(dāng)句子的成分。

The question is whether we can finish our work by tomorrow evening.

if 與whether均意為“是否”，但引導(dǎo)表語從句時(shí)，只能用whether, 不能用if。

(3)as if/though“好像”，引導(dǎo)表語從句時(shí)要注意語態(tài).

如果句中的情況與事實(shí)不相符，從句多用虛擬語氣。如果從句表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反,謂語動(dòng)詞用一般過去式；如果從句表示與過去事實(shí)相反時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞要用“had + 過去分詞 ”，如果從句表示將來的可能性不大，用would (might ,could )+動(dòng)詞原形.

-Li Lei is now in a new jacket. He looks as if he were an American boy. (現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反)

-The girl is giving us a vivid description of the moon. It seems as if she had been to the moon many times. （與過去事實(shí)相反）

-It looks as if it might rain. （與將來事實(shí)相反）

但是，如果as if/though引導(dǎo)的表語從句所表示的與事實(shí)相符，從句則用陳述語氣。

The clouds are gathering. It looks as if is going to rain.

(4) as引導(dǎo)表語從句

He looked just as he had looked ten years before.

他看起來還與十年前一樣。

(5) because引導(dǎo)表語從句

常用結(jié)構(gòu)：This/That/It is/was because····

That is because I don’t like Chinese.

2.連接代詞：

who/whom/whose/what/which/whoever/whatever/whichever/whomever

在表語從句中做主語、賓語、表語和定語。

-Tom is no longer what he used to be. (what做表語)

-The problem is who is fit for this job. (who做主語)

-This is what I want to tell you. (what做賓語)

-The problem is whose work is the best. (whose做定語)

3.連接副詞：when/where/how/why，在表語從句中做狀語。

-The question is how he did it.         

問題是他是如何做此事的。

-The question is where we can live.     

問題是我們能住在哪兒。