動(dòng)詞不定式的完成式、進(jìn)行式和完成進(jìn)行式
七、不定式的完成式、進(jìn)行式和完成進(jìn)行式：這三類在考研題中出現(xiàn)的頻率很高，要特別注意不定式的這三種形式
(一)如果不定式所表示的動(dòng)作與主要謂語所表示的動(dòng)作(狀態(tài))同時(shí)(或幾乎同時(shí))發(fā)生或發(fā)生在主要謂語之后，那么用不定式的一般形式
He received a warm welcome from the Australians and from his family who had flown there to meet him.
In 1967, he arrived back in England, where a quarter of a million people were waiting to welcome him.
After all, eighty was a special birthday, another decade lived or endured just as you chose to look at it.
Now suddenly she began to sob, holding herself in as if weeping were a disgrace.
(二) 如果不定式所表示的動(dòng)作(狀態(tài))發(fā)生在主要謂語動(dòng)詞或特定的某時(shí)間之前，那么不定式就要用其完成式
She feels relaxed to have finished writing her thesis before the deadline.
- The Vikings are believed _____ America.
［A］ to have discovered
［B］ in discovering
［C］ to discover
［D］ to have been discovered
- The students were to _____ at the auditorium before 1:30 pm, but the lecture was cancelled at the last minute.
［A］ assembled
［B］ have assembled
［C］ assembling
［D］ be assembled
- He was to _____ the new ambassador, but he fell ill.
［A］ having telephoned
［B］ have telephoned
［C］ has telephoned
［D］ telephoning
(三)不定式進(jìn)行式表示主要謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作(情況)發(fā)生時(shí)，不定式所表示的動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生
When he came in, I happened to be doing my experiment in the lab.
Why do you stand here? You are supposed to be working in the workshop.
(四)不定式完成進(jìn)行式表示其動(dòng)詞所代表的動(dòng)作，在主要謂語動(dòng)詞所代表的動(dòng)作之前一直在進(jìn)行
The students from the Department of Sociology are said to have been investigating the possibility of producing the new product.
They are quite happy to have been cooperating harmoniously with us till now.
不定式完成式具有哪些句法功能
不定式完成式所表的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞之前，它在句子中可以用作以下句子成分：
一、用作主語。如：
To have made the same mistake twice was unforgivable. 兩次犯同樣的錯(cuò)誤是不可原諒的?！ ?/span>
To have told my secret would have given me away. 要是講出了我的秘密就是把我自己出賣了?！ ?/span>
二、用作表語。如：
He seems to have been sick. 他好像生病了?！ ?/span>
I was to have left yesterday. 我本來打算昨天出發(fā)的?！ ?/span>
No harm seems to have been done. 似乎沒有造成損失?！ ?/span>
三、用作賓語。如：
He claimed to have reached the top of the mountain. 他聲稱已攀上那座山的頂峰?！ ?/span>
By 1992，he hopes to have opened a branch overseas. 到1992年，他希望能在海外開一分店?！ ?/span>
四、用作定語。如：
There is no need to have bought a new pair of shoes for me. 沒有必要給我買一雙新鞋?！ ?/span>
She’s the only scientist to have won three Nobel prizes. 她是惟一得過3次諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)的科學(xué)家?！ ?/span>
She was the first woman to have been elected to such a post. 她是第一個(gè)被選到這個(gè)職位的婦女。
五、用作狀語。如：
You’re far too clever to have done that. 你太聰明了不會(huì)這樣做?！ ?/span>
He is too young to have seen the old society. 他太年輕，沒有見過舊社會(huì)。
六、用作賓補(bǔ)。如：
I believe it to have been a mistake. 我認(rèn)為這一直就是錯(cuò)的?！ ?/span>
These letters show him to have been a lovable character. 這些信表明他是一個(gè)可愛的人物?！ ?/span>
His record shows him to have worked hard at school. 他的成績單說明他在學(xué)校很用功?！ ?/span>
七、用作主補(bǔ)。如：
He was later discovered to have been a spy. 后來發(fā)現(xiàn)他原來是間諜(www.hxen.com)?！ ?/span>
The game was originally scheduled to have taken place in Rome. 這場球賽原本定在羅馬舉行?！ ?/span>
不定式的進(jìn)行式可用作哪些成分
不定式進(jìn)行式表示正在進(jìn)行的與謂語動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，它在句子中可以用作以下成分
一、用作主語。如：
It’s nice to be sitting here with you. 和你一起坐在這兒真好。
Just to be doing something was a help. 做點(diǎn)事是有益處的。
二、用作表語。如：
He seems to be saying something. 他似乎在說什么。
Things seem to be going on smoothly. 似乎一切都很順利。
He seems to be following us. 他似乎在跟著我們。
三、用作賓語。如：
You won’t want to be washing at this time of night. 夜里這時(shí)候你不要洗澡。
I hope to be staying with you. 我希望和你住在一起。
四、用作定語。如：
You’ve no need to be fearing. 你沒有必要害怕。
Well, it’s time to be making for home. 好，是回家的時(shí)候了。
五、用作狀語。如：
You are lucky to be going by air. 你挺幸運(yùn)的，能乘飛機(jī)走。
You are too young to be meeting young men. 你太小，不能交男朋友。
六、用作賓補(bǔ)。如：
Let’s be moving, we’re wasting time. 我們走吧，我們在浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。
They thought her to be working in the library. 他們以為她在圖書館學(xué)習(xí)。
七、用作主補(bǔ)。如：
He believed her to be telling the truth. 他相信她講的是真話。
He is believed to be going to the U. S. A. 據(jù)信他正在前往美國。
He is thought to be hiding in the woods. 人們認(rèn)為他躲在林子里。
動(dòng)詞不定式的時(shí)態(tài)
動(dòng)詞不定式有一般式、進(jìn)行式、完成式、完成進(jìn)行式四種時(shí)態(tài)變化形式，一般式和完成式有被動(dòng)語態(tài)變化形式。
動(dòng)詞不定式的時(shí)態(tài)是以句中謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)間為依據(jù)的，具體表現(xiàn)在：
1)不定式的一般式表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)通常發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作之后或同時(shí)發(fā)生。例如：
My parents have made plans to spend their holidays in Hainan next week. (to spend發(fā)生在made plans之后)
2)不定式的進(jìn)行式表示其動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，與謂語動(dòng)詞發(fā)生的動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行。例如：
When her parents came back last night, she happened to be doing her homework.
3)不定式的完成式表達(dá)下列意義：
(1)不定式的完成式表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)通常發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作之前。例如：
They are said to have just finished cleaning their bedrooms. (to have just finished發(fā)生在they are said所表示的時(shí)間之前)
(2)不定式的完成式用在intended, expected, meant, hoped, promised, planned, wished, thought, desired, was, were等詞后，表示未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望、期待、想法、打算或計(jì)劃等。to have+過去分詞表示動(dòng)作，to have been表示狀態(tài)。例如：
I meant to have dropped in at your office. (但沒來)
(3)用在seem, appear, think, consider, believe等后，表示動(dòng)作先于另一個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生。例如：
I seem to have met her at a party before. (met在seem之前發(fā)生)
(4)在should like或would like后用不定式完成式表示沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望。例如：
I would like to have seen her expression when she heard the news. (但沒有看到)
4)不定式的完成進(jìn)行式表示動(dòng)作在謂語動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生，而且一直進(jìn)行著。例如：
He looked too young to have been traveling to several countries.
他看上去太年輕，不像已經(jīng)到過好幾個(gè)國家的人。
2． 動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)語態(tài)
在不定式中，如果不定式的邏輯主語是不定式動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)，不定式要用主動(dòng)語態(tài)；如果不定式的邏輯主語是不定式動(dòng)作的承受者，不定式用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。試比較：
The teacher asked the students to go out for some fresh air. (主動(dòng)式)
The celebrations have to be put off because of the stormy weather. (被動(dòng)式)
難點(diǎn)一、形式上主動(dòng)，意義上被動(dòng)的不定式
1． 在there be+主語中，不定式用作定語修飾名詞或代詞，并同所修飾的名詞或代詞是邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。例如：
There is no money to buy such useless things.
There are a lot of trees to plant.
2． 在“名詞(代詞)+be easy(difficult, fit等形容詞)+不定式結(jié)構(gòu)”中，有時(shí)盡管主語是動(dòng)作的承受者，不定式在意義上是被動(dòng)，形式上卻是主動(dòng)，這時(shí)可以看成省略了動(dòng)詞邏輯主語for us, for me, for you等。例如：The problem is not easy to work out.
The new student is hard to get along with.
3． 如果不定式的邏輯主語是不定式動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，不定式和它所修飾的名詞雖然在邏輯上有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，也必須用主動(dòng)語態(tài)，因?yàn)檫壿嬛髡Z跟不定式的關(guān)系更為直接。例如：
The people there have little to eat or use.
分析：句子主語The people在邏輯上是不定式to eat or use動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，不定式to eat or use和它修飾的名詞little在邏輯上是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。
The old man has a lot to show off.
分析：句子主語the old man在邏輯上是不定式to show off動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，不定式to show off和它修飾的名詞a lot在邏輯上是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。
4． 在too…to和enough to結(jié)構(gòu)中，不定式可以用主動(dòng)語態(tài)表示被動(dòng)意義。例如：
The suitcase is too heavy to carry.
The glass necklace is cheap enough to buy.
5． blame的不定式作表語時(shí)，用主動(dòng)語態(tài)表示被動(dòng)的意義，含義不同。例如：
As the accident is so serious that some leaders are to blame. (=you were in fault你應(yīng)負(fù)責(zé)任)
6． something, little, what, much, a great deal to do等作句子主語，作表語時(shí)，不定式可用主動(dòng)語態(tài)表示被動(dòng)意義。例如：
The couple have just come back from the holiday, so a lot of house- work remains to do.
What is to do tonight?
7． to let表示“出租”，作表語時(shí)，可用“to be let”形式，但含義有些差別。例如：
The empty house is to let. 此房出租。(從房屋主人的立場講話，由房子主人親自向租房人說或登出廣告)
The empty house is to be let. (從房屋本身來說，代理人向租房人講話)
