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高中英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不定式的用法 動(dòng)詞不定式的特征和種類 A． 不定式的一般式 不定式的一般式表示的動(dòng)作通常與主要謂語(yǔ) 的動(dòng)作同時(shí)或幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生，或是在它之后發(fā)生。 He appears to be very happy. 他看起來好像很高興。（同時(shí)發(fā)生） To catch the train, we'd better hurry to the station by taxi. 為了趕上火車，我們最好趕緊乘出租車去車站。（to catch the train發(fā)生在hurry to the station之后） B．不定式的進(jìn)行式 不定式的進(jìn)行式表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。 It happened to be raining when I got there. 我到達(dá)那里的時(shí)候，天碰巧在下雨。 C． 不定式的完成式 不定式的完成式表示的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生。 I'm sorry to have lost your key. 我很抱歉把你的鑰匙弄丟了。 D． 不定式的完成進(jìn)行式 不定式的完成進(jìn)行式表示的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)之前發(fā)生并且一直進(jìn)行著。 He was said to have been living in London for twenty years. 據(jù)說他在倫敦一直住了20年。 比較： 不定式的時(shí)態(tài)意義。 He is said to be studying abroad. 據(jù)說他正在國(guó)外讀書。（不定式的進(jìn)行式表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行） He is said to have studied abroad. 據(jù)說他在國(guó)外學(xué)習(xí)過。（不定式的完成式表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)結(jié)束） E． 不定式的被動(dòng)形式 當(dāng)不定式邏輯上的主語(yǔ)是這個(gè)不定式表示的動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，不定式一般要用被動(dòng)形式。不定式的被動(dòng)形式根據(jù)其與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的先后關(guān)系，有一般式和完成時(shí)兩種。 1．一般式 to be done These are the books to be given out to the students. 這些是要發(fā)給學(xué)生的書。 2．完成式 to have been done The novel is said to have been translated into many languages. 據(jù)說這部小說已被譯成多種語(yǔ)言。 F. 不定式的否定形式------- 不定式的否定形式由not或never加不定式構(gòu)成。 We decided not to go out because of the bad weather. 由于天氣不好，我們決定不出去。 注意：謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的否定和不定式的否定不同的意義 I did not promise to wake him up. 我沒有答應(yīng)叫醒他。 I promised not to wake him up. 我答應(yīng)了不叫醒他。 一、不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作主語(yǔ) To see one time is better than to hear a hundred times. To persevere means victory! 注①：在很多情況下，特別是在口語(yǔ)中，常采用先行it代替主語(yǔ)，而把不定式后置： It’s a great pleasure to be here. It is not an easy thing to master a language. 注②：這種后置不定式的結(jié)構(gòu)也適用于某些謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不是系動(dòng)詞的句子，如： It took us five hours to get there. It made us very angry to hear him talk like that. 注③：不定式結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語(yǔ)通?？稍谔囟ǖ纳舷挛幕蚯榫爸锌闯?，也可以由“ for + 名詞詞組” 來表示，如： It is not hard for one to do a bit of good. It was difficult for me to do the work. 注④：某些形容詞在上述結(jié)構(gòu)中作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，常在不定式之前加上 “of + 名詞詞組” 來說明不定式所指的是誰(shuí)的情況，如： It’s kind of you to think so much of us. It’s very nice of you to be so considerate. It’s unwise of them to turn down the proposal. It was careless of her to make such a mistake. 二、不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作表語(yǔ) 1．主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)都是不定式（其含義往往一是條件，一是結(jié)果），如： To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people. To do that would be to cut the foot to fit the shoe. 2．主語(yǔ)是以aim, duty, hope, idea, intention, mistake, plan, proposal, job, suggestion 等為中心詞的名詞詞組，或以 what 引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句表示，后面的不定式說明其內(nèi)容，如： My idea is to climb the mountain from the north. Your mistake was not to write that letter. My suggestion is to start work at once. What I would suggest is to start work at once. 注：在某些句型中，當(dāng)主語(yǔ)部分有動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞do 時(shí)，作表語(yǔ)的不定式可以省略符號(hào) “to”，如： All we have to do is push the button. The only thing I can do now is go on by myself. All I could do was send him a telegram. 三、不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ) 1．“動(dòng)詞 + 帶 to 的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)”。這類動(dòng)詞常見的有：afford, agree, arrange, ask, choose, decide, demand, desire, expect, hope, learn, manage, offer, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish, like, hate, prefer, continue, try, start, forget, mean, intend, begin, 等，例如： I’ve arranged to meet him at ten o’clock. I didn’t expect to find you here. 2．“動(dòng)詞 + 疑問詞 + 帶 to 的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)”。（這種不定式結(jié)構(gòu)接近一個(gè)名詞從句）。這類動(dòng)詞常見的有：tell, advise, show, teach, find out, decide, discuss, learn, forget, inquire, know, explain, remember, see, understand, wonder 等。 疑問詞（也稱連接代/副詞）有：what, where, who(m), when, how, whether, which（why 除外），如： I don’t know what to do / where to go / who(m) to ask / when to stop / how to get there. I haven’t decided whether to sell it or not. We must find out what to do next / where to put it. 注① ：如果作賓語(yǔ)的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)有自己的補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，則應(yīng)使用先行 it，把不定式后置，例如： I find it difficult to understand him. We thought it wrong not to help her. They found it impossible to get everything ready in time. 注② ：不定式結(jié)構(gòu)一般不可作介詞賓語(yǔ), 只有在個(gè)別場(chǎng)合, 即在含有否定意義的帶有介詞 except 或 but (=except) 的結(jié)構(gòu)中才能這樣用，例如： He seldom comes except to look at my pictures. The child did nothing except weep. She can do anything but sing. He will do anything for you except lend you money. They could do nothing but wait for the doctors to arrive. 注意不定式符號(hào)的省略問題！ 四、不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作定語(yǔ) 1．不定式作定語(yǔ)通常只能放在被修飾的名詞之后，如： It’s time to go to bed. He is not a man to bow before difficulties. Have you anything to declare? She usually has a lot of meetings to attend in the evening. I want to get something to read during the vocation. 2．能帶不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞，轉(zhuǎn)化成名詞時(shí)往往也能帶不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作定語(yǔ)，如： I don’t wish to quarrel with you. →I have no wish to quarrel with you. They will attempt to cross the river tonight. → They will make another attempt to cross the river tonight. She promised not to do that again. → She made a promise not to do that again. 3．某些能帶不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語(yǔ)的形容詞，轉(zhuǎn)化成名詞時(shí)，也能帶不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作定語(yǔ)，如： He was obviously anxious to go. → His anxiety to go was obvious. 4．不定式結(jié)構(gòu)與所修飾的名詞，有時(shí)意義上有著主謂關(guān)系或動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，如： He has a large family to support (= that he must support). 注：處于動(dòng)賓關(guān)系的情況下，如果不定式是不及物動(dòng)詞，它后面應(yīng)加上必要的介詞，如： She has a lot of things to attend to. The nurse has five children to look after. Let’s first find a room to put the things in. 5．有時(shí)為了明確不定式結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯關(guān)系，可以在不定式之前加上for + 名詞詞組，如： Here’s a book for you to read. He gave orders for the visitors to be shown in. 五、不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語(yǔ) 不定式結(jié)構(gòu)可以作狀語(yǔ)，修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞等，表示目的、原因、結(jié)果、條件等。 1．表示目的： They ran over to welcome the delegates. He bought a bicycle to go to town more quickly. He went home to see his mother. 注①：不定式結(jié)構(gòu)表示目的時(shí)，通常句子的主語(yǔ)就是它的邏輯主語(yǔ)(參見以上三句)，但也有例外的情況，例如： I stopped for him to speak to me. He opened the door for the children to come in. He brought a porter to carry the boxes / bags. They sent a man to mend the window. He stood up to be seen better. 注②：為了強(qiáng)調(diào)表示目的的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)，特別是在不定式結(jié)構(gòu)前有否定詞 not 時(shí)，通常可以在不定式符號(hào) to 之前加上 in order 或 so as，如： He came here in order to see Charlie. He shouted and waved so as to be noticed. He went early in order not to miss the train. I turned the radio down so as not to disturb him. 注③：表示目的的不定式可以置于句首，這也是區(qū)別于其他功能的標(biāo)志之一。但是，置于句首表示目的的不定式之前可以加上in order，但卻不可以加上so as ，如： To draw maps properly, you need a special pen. (In order to draw maps properly, you need a special pen.) To get the best results, use clean water. 2. 表示結(jié)果： What have I said to make you so angry? He came round to find himself in hospital. 不定式結(jié)構(gòu)表示結(jié)果更常見于下列句型： ① so …as to … Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle / tell me the time? ② such (…) as to … I’m not such a fool as to believe that. ③ enough to … The boy is old enough to go to school. ④ too … to … His eyesight is too poor to read such small letters. 注意：下列句子中的不表示結(jié)果，也無否定含義： I’m only too glad to go. (= I’m very glad to go.) I shall be only too pleased to get home. (= I shall be very pleased to get home.) 〖 only too (adv.) 極; 非常; 太;很 〗 ☆☆有時(shí)，不定式結(jié)構(gòu)還能表示一個(gè)隨后發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)并列限定動(dòng)詞詞組，這種不定式結(jié)構(gòu)也表示結(jié)果，如： She woke early to find it was raining. He got home to learn that his father was ill. 這種表示結(jié)果的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)具有下列幾個(gè)特點(diǎn)： ① 不定式所表示的動(dòng)作是隨后發(fā)生的，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)限定動(dòng)詞詞組，如： He arrived late to find the others had gone home. He arrived late and found the others had gone home. ② 不定式根據(jù)是否需要停頓而決定與主句是否用逗號(hào)隔開。 He left his native country (,) never to return. He returned home (,) to find his father lying sick in bed. ③ 不定式所表示的結(jié)果往往含有“令人意想不到”的意味，其中以“使人不愉快的結(jié)果”較為常見。（有時(shí)也可以表示令人愉快、驚喜的結(jié)果），如： He went home to find his old friend George waiting for him. ④ 不定式之前有時(shí)可以加上only或but only，以加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣，如： He got to the station only to be told the train had gone. They lifted a rock only to drop it on their own feet. 注：不定式結(jié)構(gòu)表示結(jié)果或表示目的，往往形式相似，這時(shí)，須根據(jù)詞匯意義認(rèn)真加以區(qū)別，試比較： He arrived late to find the others had gone home. ( = He arrived late and found the others had gone home.) He arrived late to avoid meeting Robert. ( = He arrived late in order to avoid meeting Robert.) He got to the station only to be told the train had gone. He went to the station to inquire about the times of trains. ( = He went to the station in order to inquire about the times of trains.) 3. 表示原因：（不定式所表示的動(dòng)作先于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作） She wept to hear the news. I pretend to be happy to know him. He laughed to see such fun. She seemed surprised to meet us. 六、不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) Don’t force yourself to write when you have nothing to say. He believed the earth to be a globe. Did you see a young man enter the house? 1．只能用不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞： ① 表示“希望”“愿望”等心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞，如：wish, desire, expect, love, prefer, encourage, trust 等。 What do you desire me to do? The director preferred her to act the old lady. ② 含有“讓”“允許”“促使”“致使”等祈使意義的動(dòng)詞，如：let, allow, permit, decide, mean, lead, bring, put, hurry, cause, 等。 We mustn’t let this happen again. His father put him to mind the sheep. ③ 帶有“請(qǐng)求”“懇求”等感情色彩的動(dòng)詞，如：ask, desire, invite, beg, request, worry 等。 He begged me not to tell his father about it. She was always worrying her father to take her to Paris. ④ 含有“建議”“勸告”等意義的動(dòng)詞，如：advise, persuade, call on, urge 等。 He urged us to accept the compromise. The dentist advised me to have the bad tooth pulled out. ⑤ 含有“命令”“強(qiáng)迫”“禁止”等意義的動(dòng)詞，如：order, command, require, charge, tell, make, oblige, force, drive, forbid, warn 等。 He required us to keep it a secret. The doctor ordered him to stay in bed for a few days. I warn you not to do that again. ⑥ 其他還有：help, teach, show, assist, report, bear, wait for, train, depend on 等。 He promised to teach me to swim. We should train them to make use of reference books. We are waiting for the train to stop. 2．既能用不定式結(jié)構(gòu)又能用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞： △ see, watch, notice, look at, hear, listen to, observe, feel, have; △ imagine, find, discover, like, want, understand, hate, bring, get, leave, sent Did you see anyone enter the house? Don’t imagine yourself to be always correct. We find him to be dishonest. He sent the boys to carry water. I’ll leave him to solve the problem for himself. 注①：有些動(dòng)詞用不定式與用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，所表達(dá)的意義是有差別的。一般說來，用不定式表示一次性動(dòng)作或動(dòng)作的完成（即全過程）；而用現(xiàn)在分詞則表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，即：謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)，現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，如： Did you see anyone enter the house? He saw his father talking with his teacher. I once heard him sing this song. She heard Mr. White singing in the next room. 注②：使用不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，在有些動(dòng)詞后面，不定式符號(hào)to 應(yīng)當(dāng)省略。 △ 下列動(dòng)詞用不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，必須省去不定式符號(hào)to： let, make, have, see, watch, notice, look at, observe, hear, listen to He observed someone open the door. I watched them get into the car. Did you notice him leave the room? △feel 一詞在使用 to do 型不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，不帶 to；在使用 to be 型不定式時(shí)，要帶 to，如： He felt them to be right. Did you feel the earth shake? △ help 一詞在使用不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，可以帶 to，也可以不帶 to，如： Do you often help your mother (to) do the housework? △使用不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的句子，改為被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)以后，賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)就成了主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，這時(shí)，“to”不可以省略，如： The boss made them work from morning till night. They were made to work from morning till night. 不定式的一般式所表示的動(dòng)作，通常與主要謂語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作（或狀態(tài)）同時(shí)（或幾乎同時(shí)）發(fā)生，或者是在它之后發(fā)生 例如：Who heard him say that? They invited us to go there this summer. 如果不定式所表示的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生，這個(gè)不定式就要用完成式，如： I’m glad to have seen your mother. (cf. I’m glad to see you. ) 七、不定式的完成式有下列用法 1．構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)，如： He is said to have written a new book about workers. (It is said that he has written a new book about workers.) The enemy was reported to have surrendered. (It was reported that the enemy had surrendered.) She seemed to have heard about it already. (It seemed that she had already heard about it.) 2．在某些作表語(yǔ)用的形容詞后作狀語(yǔ)，如： You are lucky to have got tickets to the concert. (=You are lucky that you have got tickets to the concert.) I’m sorry to have given you so much trouble. (=I’m sorry I have given you so much trouble.) She was very glad to have done something for the people. 3．在某些動(dòng)詞后作賓語(yǔ)，如： He pretended not to have seen me. I meant to have told you about it, but I forgot to do so. 4．有時(shí)還可以作主語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)或構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)，如： It was a great satisfaction to have revisited our native village.（主語(yǔ)） So you are the one to have cleaned all these rooms.（定語(yǔ)） They thought it a pity not to have invited her.（復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)） She felt it an honour to have taken part in the work. （復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)） 如果主要謂語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作（或情況）發(fā)生時(shí)，不定式所表示的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，這時(shí)，不定式就要用進(jìn)行式。 八、不定式的進(jìn)行式主要有下列幾種用法 1．構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)，如： They are said to be building another bridge across the river. They seem to be getting along quite well. I happened to be going that way too. 2．在某些動(dòng)詞后構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)，如： We didn’t expect you to be waiting for us here. 3．在某些動(dòng)詞后作賓語(yǔ)，如： He pretended to be listening attentively. 4．有時(shí)可以作主語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)，如： I am glad to be working with you. (狀語(yǔ)) It’s nice of you to be thinking of us. (主語(yǔ)) 九、如果不定式所表示的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)所表示的時(shí)間之前一直在進(jìn)行，就需要用完成進(jìn)行式，如： They are said to have been collecting folk songs in Yunnan. She wished to have been training as hard as the others. It’s a great pleasure to have been working with you. 當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)是不定式所表示的動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，不定式一般要采用被動(dòng)形式。 十、 不定式的被動(dòng)形式有下列用法 1．作主語(yǔ)： It is an honour for me to be asked to speak here. 2．作賓語(yǔ)： She asked to be sent to work in Xinjiang. 3．構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)： He wanted the letter to be typed at once. She didn’t like herself to be praised like that. 4．構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)： The books are not allowed to be taken out of the room. 5．作定語(yǔ)： Are you going to the meeting to be held in the teachers’ office? 6．作狀語(yǔ)： She was too young to be assigned such work. 十一、不定式有時(shí)還可以有完成式的被動(dòng)式，在句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)，或者構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)、復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)等，如： It is a good thing for him to have been criticized.（主語(yǔ)） She preferred to have been given heavier work to do. (賓語(yǔ))） He thought it an honour to have been invited to the party. （復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)） The book is said to have been translated into many languages. （復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)） She was the first woman to have been elected to such a post. （定語(yǔ)） 十二、不定式作插入語(yǔ) 插入語(yǔ)一般對(duì)一句話作一些附加的說明。它是中學(xué)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法的重點(diǎn),也是高考的考點(diǎn)。掌握這一語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象不僅有利于對(duì)句子、篇章的理解,而且也有助于提高書面表達(dá)的寫作水平。 常見的插入語(yǔ)有形容詞(詞組)、副詞、不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)、介詞短語(yǔ)、從句以及固定短語(yǔ)。 常見的不定式有:to tell the truth; to be short(簡(jiǎn)單地);to begin with(首先); to be sure(自然、當(dāng)然、果然);to be honest/frank; to make things worse; to make a long story short; to speak of(值得一提的是),to be fair ,to sum up(概括地說) 等。這些插入語(yǔ)表示說話人的態(tài)度,在句子中作獨(dú)立成份。例如: |
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