非謂語動詞和謂語動詞的相對時間關(guān)系 非謂語動詞
相對謂語動詞的時間意義 例句
一般式不定式
說明行為在謂語動詞所表示的行為之后，多數(shù)是那些表愿望的詞：want; hope; expect; wish等。 I want to go home.
I hope to see you.
說明行為與謂語動詞表示的行為同時發(fā)生，多數(shù)是那些省略不定式符號的詞，一般是復(fù)合賓語。 I saw him come in.
He helped him (to) carry things.
一般式動名詞
表示動作與謂語動詞表示的動作同時發(fā)出。 We enjoyed seeing the film.
I am thinking of taking over the job.
在動詞insist on; rely on; count on(相信)等后表示動作在謂語動詞表示的動作之后發(fā)生。 He insisted on doing that work
在有些明確表示時間先后的動詞和介詞on; upon after代替完成動名詞表示的動作在謂語動詞表示的動作先發(fā)生。 I remember seeing him before.
On arriving Beijing, he went to see his friend.
一般式分詞
現(xiàn)在分詞
持續(xù)性動詞
說明分詞表示的動作和句中謂語動詞表示的動作同時發(fā)生。 He stood there speaking.
Holding a book under his arm, he entered the room.
終止性動詞
說明分詞表示的動作發(fā)生之后，句中謂語動詞表示的動作立刻發(fā)生。 Entering the room, I found nobody in.
Turning to the right, you will find the post office.
過去分詞
持續(xù)性動詞


 
通常說明分詞表示的動作，此句中謂語動詞表示的動作先發(fā)生。 Written in simple English, the book is easy to read.
I can't find my lost pen.
說明分詞表示的動作和句中謂語動詞表示的動作并無先后。 He is a person well-known in this country.
代替完成式現(xiàn)在分詞的被動語態(tài)。 Educated by the party, he became a brave fighter.
完成式不定式
說明行為動詞在謂語動詞表示的行為動詞之前發(fā)生。 I'm sorry to have troubled you.
He is said to have come here.
He is thought to have done it.
He is believed to have done it.
He seemed to have known it.
在wish, hope, expect, intend, mean, suppose等動詞過去時后，說明行為動詞沒有實現(xiàn)。 We wished to have done this.
I expected to have left by then.
(=I had expected to heave by then.)
 
完成式動名詞
說明動名詞表示的動作，此句中動詞表示的動作先發(fā)生。 We regret having told you the news.
After having finished his work, he went home.
He denied having broke the glasses.
完成式分詞
說明分詞表示的動作，此句中謂語動詞表示的動作先發(fā)生。多數(shù)表示一些瞬時間動詞。如果是hear; see或表示位置轉(zhuǎn)移的動詞arrive; leave; turn; open.不用完成時 Having finished his work, he went home.
Sitting down with him, we begun to discuss it.
Hearing this, he rose and went to the door.


非謂語動詞用法對比





知識要點：



一、不定式與動名詞做主語：

1、動名詞做主語往往表示普通的、一般的行為，不定式做主語常表示某次具體的行為。例如：

Collecting information about children’s health is his job. 收集有關(guān)兒童健康的信息是他的工作。

It’s necessary to discuss the problem with an experienced teacher. 與一位有經(jīng)驗的老師討論這個問題是有必要的。

2、常用不定式做主語的句型有：

（1）It’s difficult (important, necessary) for sb. to do

（2）It’s kind (good, friendly, polite, careless, rude, cruel, clever, foolish, brave) of sb. to do.

3、常用動名詞做主語的句型有：

It’s no good (use, fun) doing.

It’s (a) waste of time one’s doing.

It’s worth while doing.



二、不定式、動名詞、分詞做表語：

1、不定式做表語常表示謂語動詞所表示動作之后發(fā)生的動作。

His teaching aim of this class is to train the students’ speaking ability. 他這節(jié)課的教學(xué)目的是要訓(xùn)練學(xué)生說的能力。

2、動名詞做表語是對主語內(nèi)容的解釋，這時主語與表語位置可以互換，動名詞常用于口語中。

Its full-time job is laying eggs. 它的（指蟻后）的專職工作是產(chǎn)卵。

3、現(xiàn)在分詞做表語表示主語的性質(zhì)與特征；進行時表示正在進行的動作。

The task of this class is practising the idioms. （現(xiàn)在分詞做表語）

With the help of the teacher, the students are practising the idioms. （現(xiàn)在進行時）

4、常用作表語的現(xiàn)在分詞有：interesting, amusing, disappointing, missing, puzzling, exciting, inspiring, following等?，F(xiàn)在分詞表示進行與主動。

The joke is amusing .這笑話很逗人。

The problem is puzzling. 這個問題令人不解。

5、過去分詞作表語表示主語所處的被動狀態(tài)或完成某動作的狀態(tài)。而被動語態(tài)表示主語所承受的動作。

The village is surrounded by high mountains.（過去分詞做表語）

The enemy was surrounded by the Red Army.（被動語態(tài)）

He is well educated.（過去分詞做表語）

He has been educated in this college for three years.（被動語態(tài)）

常用在句中做表語的過去分詞有：

used, closed, covered, interested, followed, satisfied, surrounded, done, lost, decided, prepared, saved, shut, won, completed, crowded, dressed, wasted, broken, married, unexpected等。

6、注意如下動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞用法不同：

interest（使…感興趣），surprise（使…吃驚），frighten（使…害怕），excite（使…興奮），tire（使…疲勞），please（使…滿意），puzzle（使…迷惑不解），satisfy（使…滿意），amuse（使…娛樂），disappoint（使…失望），inspire（使…歡欣鼓舞），worry（使…憂慮）

它們的現(xiàn)在分詞常修飾物（有時修飾人），表示主動，過去分詞常修飾人，表示被動（包括某人的look、voice等）。例如：

Climbing is tiring. 爬山很累人。

They are very tired. 他們很疲勞

After hearing the exciting news, he gave a speech in an excited voice.



三、不定式與動名詞做賓語：

1、下列動詞跟不定式做賓語：

want, wish, hope, expect, ask, pretend, care, decide, happen, long, offer, refuse, fail, plan, prepare, order, cause, afford, beg, manage, agree, promise等。

2、在下列動詞或動詞短語后用動名詞做賓語：

enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid, excuse, delay, imagine, keep, miss, appreciate, be busy, be worth, feel like, can’t stand, can’t help, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent…(from), keep…from, stop…(from), protect…from, set about, be engaged in, spend…(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on等。

3、在forget, remember, stop, regret, try, mean等動詞后跟不定式與動名詞意義不同，不定式表示謂語動詞之后的動作，而動名詞表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前，常用一般式doing代替完成式having done.

He forgot to tell me to post the letter.（他忘了叫我發(fā)信。）

I shall never forget finding that rare stamp on an ordinary envelope. 我永遠也忘不了在一個普通信封上發(fā)現(xiàn)了那枚珍貴的郵票。

Remember to write to us when you get there. 到那里，記得給我們寫信。

I don’t remember meeting him. 我不記得見過他。

I regret to tell you that I can’t go to your birth-day party. 我很遺憾告訴你我不能去參加你的生日晚會了。

They regretted agreeing to the plan. 他們后悔同意這個計劃。

He tried to pretend to share in the pleasure with his friend. 他盡力假裝與朋友分享歡樂。

She tried reading a novel, but that couldn’t make her forget her sorrow. 她試著看看小說，但也不能使她忘記傷心事。

I didn’t mean to hurt you. 我沒有企圖傷害你。

A friend indeed means helping others for nothing in return. 真正的朋友意指不圖回報地幫助別人。

4、動名詞作need, want, require, be worth的賓語時，用主動式代替被動式。

The washing-machine needs repairing.（或用：needs to be repaired）這臺洗衣機需要修理。

The point wants referring to. 這一點要提到。

This English novel is worth reading. 這本英文小說值得一讀。

The situation in Russian required studying. 俄國形式需要研究。



四、不定式與分詞在句中做賓語補足語：

1、以下動詞后跟不定式做賓語補足語：

ask, tell, beg, allow, want, like, hate, force, invite, persuade, advise, order, cause, encourage, wait for, call on, permit, forbid

The doctor advised him to stay in bed for another few days. 醫(yī)生囑咐他再臥床休息幾天。

We wish him to remain and accept the post. 我們希望他留下來接受這個職位。（注意hope后不跟不定式做賓補。）

2、有些動詞后的復(fù)合賓語用不帶“to“的不定式，這些動詞有：see, watch, notice, hear, feel, make, let, have等。例如：

We noticed him enter the house. 我們留意到他進了那所房子。

The boss made them work twelve hours a day. 老板讓他們一天干12小時工作。

注意當(dāng)make、have不做“迫使、讓”講，而做“制造、有”解時，跟帶有to的不定式做狀語。

Mother made a cake to celebrate his birthday. 媽媽做了一個蛋糕給他慶賀生日。

He had a meeting to attend. 他有個會要開。

3、下列動詞后的復(fù)合賓語用分詞做賓補：see, watch, notice, observe, hear, feel, make, set, have, leave, keep, find等。用現(xiàn)在分詞還是用過去分詞做賓補，要看分詞與賓語的關(guān)系。例：

We heard him singing the song when we came in. 當(dāng)我們進來的時候，聽見他正唱那首歌。

We have heard the song sung twice. 我們聽過這首歌唱過兩遍了。



五、非謂語動詞做定語：

1、不定式做定語放在所修飾的名詞后，表示在謂語動詞之后發(fā)生的動作或過去的某一特定動作。例如：

He had no house to live in but a lot of work to do. 他沒有房子住卻有好多活要干。

Our monitor is the first to arrive. 我們班長是第一個到的。

2、動名詞與現(xiàn)在分詞做定語的區(qū)別：

動名詞做定語說明所修飾名詞的用途；現(xiàn)在分詞做定語，表示所修飾名詞進行的動作。

a walking stick 拐杖（動名詞做定語，意為a stick for walking）

a sleeping car 臥鋪車廂（動名詞做定語，意為a car for sleeping）

the rising sun 正在升起的太陽（現(xiàn)在分詞做定語，意為the sun which was rising）

the changing world 變化中的世界（現(xiàn)在分詞做定語，意為the world which is changing）

3、現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞做定語的區(qū)別：過去分詞做定語表示完成或被動的動作，現(xiàn)在分詞做定語表示主動或進行的動作。如：

a piece of disappointing news 使人失望的消息（意同a piece of news which disappointed us）

in the following years 在后來的幾年中（意同in the years that followed）

a well dressed woman 衣著講究的女士（意同a woman who is dressed well）

a car parked at the gate 停在門口的小汽車（意同a car which was parked at the gate）



六、不定式與分詞做狀語：

1、不定式做狀語，只表示目的、結(jié)果或原因：

He hurried home only to find his money stolen. 他匆忙趕到家中，發(fā)現(xiàn)錢被盜了。（結(jié)果狀語）

To make himself heard, he raised his voice. 為了被聽清楚，他提高了嗓門。（目的狀語）

All of us are surprised to see his rapid progress. 看到他的進步，我們都很吃驚。(原因狀語)

2、分詞做狀語可表示時間、條件、原因、伴隨、讓步、方式：

Seen from the top of the hill, the town is beautiful. 從山上看，這座城市很美。（條件狀語）

Coming into the room, he found his father angry. 當(dāng)走進房間時，他發(fā)現(xiàn)父親生氣了。（時間狀語）

Being tired, they went on working. 雖然累了，但他們繼續(xù)工作。（讓步狀語）

Having been hit by the big boy on the nose, the little boy began to cry. 由于被大孩子打了鼻子，那個小男孩哭了。（原因狀語）

He put a finger in his mouth, tasted it and smiled, looking rather pleased. 他把一個手指放進嘴里，嘗了嘗，笑了，看起來挺高興。（伴隨狀語）