這是我的第343篇原創(chuàng)文章 2023年11月21日,也就是在美國(guó)感恩節(jié)的前夕,伯克希爾官網(wǎng)發(fā)布了一篇新聞稿,巴菲特在其中談到了自己的身后事。很多媒體或大V動(dòng)輒以“巴菲特的遺囑”為標(biāo)題來(lái)談?wù)摯耸?,但我查閱了原文,新聞稿只是談到了巴菲特?duì)遺囑有關(guān)事項(xiàng)的安排,并非是遺囑本身。嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)起見,我將這份新聞稿提及的內(nèi)容概括為巴菲特的“遺囑”而非巴菲特的遺囑。 1 Today, Warren E. Buffett converted 1,600 A shares into 2,400,000 B shares in order to give these B shares to four family foundations: 1,500,000 shares to The Susan Thompson Buffett Foundation and 300,000 shares to each of The Sherwood Foundation, The Howard G. Buffett Foundation and NoVo Foundation. These donations have been delivered today. 今天(2023年11月21日),沃倫·巴菲特將1600股伯克希爾A股轉(zhuǎn)換為240萬(wàn)股B股,并將這些B股捐贈(zèng)至四個(gè)家族基金會(huì):其中,蘇珊·湯普森·巴菲特基金會(huì)收到150萬(wàn)股,舍伍德基金會(huì)、霍華德·巴菲特基金會(huì)和諾沃基金會(huì)各收到30萬(wàn)股。這些捐款已于今日送達(dá)。 解讀:1996年5月,伯克希爾首次發(fā)行了517500股B股,A股可以轉(zhuǎn)換成B股,反之則不可以。A股和B股的兌換比例是1:30,但是投票權(quán)是1:200;2010年1月,B股1拆50,目前A股和B股的兌換比例是1:1500。 巴菲特每次在捐贈(zèng)前,都會(huì)將自己持有的A股先轉(zhuǎn)成B股。此次捐贈(zèng),巴菲特亡妻蘇珊的基金會(huì)收到了150萬(wàn)股,巴菲特三個(gè)子女的基金會(huì)各收到了30萬(wàn)股,合計(jì)240萬(wàn)股。按照伯克希爾目前的股價(jià)計(jì)算,此次捐贈(zèng)金額約8.8億美元。 2 Mr. Buffett’s comments to his fellow shareholders follow: 巴菲特先生對(duì)他的股東伙伴想說(shuō)的話如下: The donations itemized above repeat those made at Thanksgiving last year. They supplement certain of the lifetime pledges I made in 2006 and that continue until my death (at 93, I feel good but fully realize I am playing in extra innings). The 2006 pledges, available at berkshirehathaway.com, include various conditions, all of which continue to be met by the recipients. 上述列出的捐款,和我在去年感恩節(jié)的捐款如出一轍。它們充實(shí)了我在2006年做出的某些終身承諾,并將一直持續(xù)到我去世(我已經(jīng)93歲了,現(xiàn)在感覺(jué)很好,但完全意識(shí)到自己是在打“加時(shí)賽”)。2006年的認(rèn)捐承諾,大家可以在伯克希爾官網(wǎng)berkshirehathaway.com上查閱,其中包括各種條件,各受捐贈(zèng)主體將繼續(xù)滿足所有這些條件。 解讀:巴菲特說(shuō)了,本次捐贈(zèng)只是常規(guī)操作,去年感恩節(jié)的時(shí)候,他也是這么做的。事實(shí)上,巴菲特的捐贈(zèng)時(shí)間點(diǎn)并不限于感恩節(jié)前夕。比如說(shuō),2023年6月,他也向比爾&梅琳達(dá)·蓋茨基金會(huì)、蘇珊·巴菲特基金會(huì)、霍華德·巴菲特基金會(huì)、舍伍德基金會(huì)、諾沃基金會(huì)捐出1370萬(wàn)股伯克希爾B股,捐贈(zèng)金額超過(guò)46億美元。 巴菲特說(shuō)的“終身承諾”,是指2006年6月26日這一天,他在世人面前莊嚴(yán)承諾,將其擁有的價(jià)值逾300億美元的財(cái)富捐給世界上最大的慈善機(jī)構(gòu)——比爾&梅琳達(dá)·蓋茨基金。從那以后,巴菲特一直在忠實(shí)地履行當(dāng)年的諾言。 巴菲特說(shuō)自己在打“加時(shí)賽”,是因?yàn)?3歲的高齡,已經(jīng)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超出了美國(guó)男性的平均壽命。用楊絳先生的話說(shuō),巴菲特現(xiàn)在是“走在人生邊上”。無(wú)論從哪個(gè)角度衡量,巴菲特都稱得上是絕對(duì)意義上的高壽。人活到這個(gè)年齡,已經(jīng)花了數(shù)十年的時(shí)間適應(yīng)衰老,心態(tài)是非常平和的。 3 My three children are now – and this is hard for their father to believe – between 65 and 70 years of age. For some years, their foundations have distributed substantial sums, occasionally to the same donee. Usually, however, the three follow different paths. 讓我難以置信的是,現(xiàn)在我的三個(gè)孩子都已經(jīng)是65歲~70歲的年齡。多年以來(lái),他們的基金會(huì)已經(jīng)捐贈(zèng)了大量資金,偶爾也會(huì)捐贈(zèng)給同一位受贈(zèng)人。然而,三個(gè)孩子通常走的是不同的路線。 解讀:巴菲特有三個(gè)孩子:長(zhǎng)女蘇茜生于1953年7月,今年70歲;長(zhǎng)子霍華德生于1954年12月,今年69歲;次子彼得生于1958年,今年65歲?;蛟S是連子女們都漸次走到了古稀之年,讓巴菲特也不得不自我感慨:歲月不饒人??! 4 My children, along with their father, have a common belief that dynastic wealth, though both legal and common in much of the world including the United States, is not desirable. Moreover, we have had many opportunities to observe that being rich does not make you either wise or evil. We also agree that capitalism – whatever its weaknesses, including the vast disparities in wealth and political influence that it delivers somewhat capriciously to its citizens – has worked wonders and continues to work wonders. 我的孩子們和我都有一個(gè)共同的信念:雖然在包括美國(guó)在內(nèi)的世界大部分地區(qū),巨額財(cái)富的代際傳承都是合法且普遍的,但并不可取。此外,我們有很多機(jī)會(huì)觀察到,富有并不會(huì)使你變得聰明或邪惡。我們也贊同這樣的觀點(diǎn):資本主義雖然有其固有的弱點(diǎn),包括它在財(cái)富分配上存在著巨大的鴻溝,以及政策對(duì)公民的影響有點(diǎn)反復(fù)無(wú)常,不過(guò)它已經(jīng)創(chuàng)造了奇跡,并將繼續(xù)創(chuàng)造奇跡。 解讀:巴菲特及其子女的三觀很正,他們都并不認(rèn)為巨額財(cái)富的代際傳承是件好事。巴菲特對(duì)財(cái)富的看法是中性的,財(cái)富本身并不會(huì)讓你變得更聰明或更邪惡,只取決于你如何利用財(cái)富。我非常贊同巴菲特的觀點(diǎn),在我看來(lái),認(rèn)為“錢是萬(wàn)能的”或者“錢是萬(wàn)惡之源”的論調(diào),都沒(méi)有認(rèn)識(shí)到錢的本質(zhì)——錢只是人用以交換其他資源的一般等價(jià)物。 5 The United States is exhibit A for that belief, and the four of us feel lucky that we beat very long odds when we were born in the U.S. 美國(guó)是資本主義的“試驗(yàn)田”,我們一家四口感到非常幸運(yùn)。因?yàn)槲覀兂錾诿绹?guó),基本上就站在了勝利的一邊。 解讀:自始至終,巴菲特對(duì)美國(guó)的未來(lái)充滿信心。 6 My three children are the executors of my current will as well as the named trustees of the charitable trust that will receive 99%-plus of my wealth pursuant to the provisions of the will. They were not fully prepared for this awesome responsibility in 2006, but they are now. 我的三個(gè)孩子是我當(dāng)前的遺囑執(zhí)行人,也是慈善信托的指定受托人。根據(jù)遺囑的規(guī)定,該信托將獲得我99%以上的財(cái)富。在2006年的時(shí)候,他們還沒(méi)有為肩負(fù)這一神圣的責(zé)任做好充分準(zhǔn)備;但是現(xiàn)在,他們已經(jīng)做好了準(zhǔn)備。 解讀:巴菲特一生的中心課題都是在“掙錢”,他給三位子女留下的中心課題是:如何更有效率地“花錢”。 7 In administering the testamentary trust, the three must act unanimously. Because of the random nature of mortality, successors must always be designated. The trust’s charter will be broad. Laws in respect to philanthropy will change from time to time, and wise trustees above ground are preferable to any strictures written by someone long gone. Whatever the rules – and rules are necessary – private philanthropy will always have an important place in America. 在管理遺囑信托時(shí),三個(gè)孩子必須一致行動(dòng)。由于死亡率具有隨機(jī)性,必須始終指定繼任者。信托的章程會(huì)寫得很寬泛。有關(guān)慈善事業(yè)的法律會(huì)不時(shí)發(fā)生變化,明智的受托人比那些早已去世的人擬寫的任何限制都更可取。規(guī)則是必要的,但無(wú)論規(guī)則是怎么定的,私人慈善事業(yè)在美國(guó)都將占有重要地位。 解讀:巴菲特遺囑信托的條款內(nèi)容寫得很寬泛,是因?yàn)槊绹?guó)的慈善政策不時(shí)在變。如果現(xiàn)在把各項(xiàng)條款寫得死死的,無(wú)異于自縛手腳,還不如因時(shí)、因勢(shì)而變。 8 The testamentary trust will be self-liquidating after a decade or so and operate with a lean staff. To the extent possible, it will be funded by Berkshire shares. Berkshire – one of the largest and most diversified companies in the world – will inevitably encounter human errors in judgment and behavior. These occur at all large organizations, public or private. But these mistakes are unlikely to be serious at Berkshire and will be acknowledged and corrected. We have the right CEO to succeed me and the right Board of Directors as well. Both are needed. 大約再過(guò)10年左右,遺囑信托將自動(dòng)變現(xiàn),并由精干的團(tuán)隊(duì)運(yùn)作。在可能的范圍內(nèi),它將由伯克希爾的股票提供資金。伯克希爾是世界上最為龐大、最多元化的公司之一,在決策和行動(dòng)上不可避免地會(huì)遇到人為的錯(cuò)誤。在所有的大型組織中,無(wú)論是公共機(jī)構(gòu)還是私人機(jī)構(gòu),這種情況都會(huì)發(fā)生。但在伯克希爾,這些錯(cuò)誤不會(huì)太嚴(yán)重,它們會(huì)得到確認(rèn)和糾正。我們有合適的CEO來(lái)接替我,也有合適的董事會(huì)人選。兩者都非常重要。 解讀:巴菲特認(rèn)為,再大的公司,都不免犯錯(cuò)。伯克希爾已經(jīng)做好了充分準(zhǔn)備,確保不犯大錯(cuò)。按照巴菲特之前的設(shè)想,大概率會(huì)由格雷格·阿貝爾擔(dān)任CEO,由霍華德代表巴菲特家族出任非執(zhí)行董事長(zhǎng)。 9 In the short-term, Berkshire’s distinctive characteristics and behavior will be supported by my large Berkshire holdings. Before long, however, Berkshire will earn whatever reputation it then deserves. Decay can occur at all types of large institutions, whether governmental, philanthropic or profit-seeking. But it is not inevitable. Berkshire’s advantage is that it has been built to last. 短期而言,由于我持有伯克希爾的大量股票,伯克希爾會(huì)有鮮明的特征和行為。然而,不久之后,伯克希爾將獲得其應(yīng)有的聲譽(yù)。衰退可能發(fā)生在所有類型的大型機(jī)構(gòu),無(wú)論是政府機(jī)構(gòu)、慈善機(jī)構(gòu)還是營(yíng)利機(jī)構(gòu)。但這并非是不可避免的。伯克希爾的優(yōu)勢(shì)在于,它具有持久的生命力。 解讀:伯克希爾的護(hù)城河究竟是不是巴菲特?連巴菲特本人都近乎給出了明確答案:巴菲特在世時(shí),他已經(jīng)建立起一套行之有效的企業(yè)文化;在他離開后,伯克希爾的繼承者會(huì)繼續(xù)秉持伯克希爾的企業(yè)文化,因而伯克希爾會(huì)是超越巴菲特的存在。 10 After my death, the disposition of my assets will be an open book – no “imaginative” trusts or foreign entities to avoid public scrutiny but rather a simple will available for inspection at the Douglas County Courthouse. 在我去世后,我的財(cái)產(chǎn)分配方案將公之于眾,不會(huì)有“異想天開”的信托或國(guó)外實(shí)體來(lái)逃避公眾審查,有的只是一份簡(jiǎn)簡(jiǎn)單單的遺囑,存檔于道格拉斯縣法院,可供查證之用。 解讀:一些持“陰謀論”的人,特別喜歡一種觀點(diǎn):巴菲特捐贈(zèng)99%的財(cái)富,并非是為了做慈善,而是為了避稅。怎么說(shuō)呢?我只能用兩句話來(lái)評(píng)價(jià):一句是“以小人之心度君子之腹”,另一句是“燕雀安知鴻鵠之志哉”。 11 At Thanksgiving I have much to be thankful for. And to all of my partners in ownership of Berkshire, I wish you and your families the best in health and happiness. 在感恩節(jié)(2023年11月23日)即將到來(lái)之際,我有很多想感謝的人和事。我祝愿我在伯克希爾的所有合伙人,祝你們和你們的家人身體健康,幸福快樂(lè)。 解讀:巴菲特的心量真的很大。明明是所有股東都應(yīng)感謝他,但他卻一直表示要感謝股東。而且,伯克希爾雖然是公司制,但巴菲特卻把它當(dāng)成合伙制,以合伙人的心態(tài)對(duì)待股東。 12 About Berkshire 關(guān)于伯克希爾 Berkshire Hathaway and its subsidiaries engage in diverse business activities including insurance and reinsurance, utilities and energy, freight rail transportation, manufacturing, retailing and services. Common stock of the company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange, trading symbols BRK.A and BRK.B. 伯克希爾-哈撒韋公司及其子公司從事多種商業(yè)活動(dòng),包括保險(xiǎn)和再保險(xiǎn)、公用事業(yè)和能源、鐵路貨運(yùn)、制造、零售和服務(wù)業(yè)。伯克希爾的普通股在紐約證券交易所上市,交易代碼為BRK.A和BRK.B。 |
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