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快速眼動(dòng)睡眠行為障礙

 slg藏書 2023-08-03 發(fā)布于山東
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文獻(xiàn)評審有效期至: 2023-07.
專題最后更新日期: 2023-07-05.
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引言 — 快速眼動(dòng)睡眠行為障礙(rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder, RBD)是一種異態(tài)睡眠,特征為在快速眼動(dòng)(rapid eye movement, REM)睡眠期間肌張力降低的狀態(tài)消失時(shí),出現(xiàn)夢境表演行為。RBD夢境表演的嚴(yán)重程度不一,輕則出現(xiàn)良性的手部動(dòng)作,重則出現(xiàn)暴力的揮動(dòng)手臂、拳打腳踢?;颊咄ǔ?dān)心此類行為會(huì)造成或可能造成自己和/或床伴受傷而就醫(yī)。

自發(fā)性出現(xiàn)時(shí),RBD是α-突觸核蛋白神經(jīng)變性疾病的前驅(qū)綜合征。因此,通常經(jīng)過較長一段時(shí)間后,絕大多數(shù)RBD患者最終會(huì)出現(xiàn)帕金森病(parkinson disease, PD)或相關(guān)疾病[如多系統(tǒng)萎縮(multiple system atrophy, MSA)或路易體癡呆(dementia with Lewy bodies, DLB)]的癥狀和體征。出現(xiàn)帕金森綜合征前,患者可能有輕微的感覺、運(yùn)動(dòng)和認(rèn)知功能障礙(包括嗅覺喪失和便秘),這與即將發(fā)生的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病一致。

仔細(xì)詢問病史應(yīng)該能鑒別RBD與相關(guān)異態(tài)睡眠,例如睡行。采用實(shí)驗(yàn)室內(nèi)視頻多導(dǎo)睡眠監(jiān)測(polysomnography, PSG),可排除其他睡眠障礙、定量評估REM肌張力降低和捕捉夢境表演行為,從而確認(rèn)診斷。治療重點(diǎn)是減少行為事件和防止睡眠相關(guān)損傷,這可通過改變睡眠環(huán)境以及必要時(shí)給予藥物(褪黑素、氯硝西泮)來實(shí)現(xiàn)。

本專題將總結(jié)成人RBD的臨床特征、評估和治療。睡眠期間異常動(dòng)作和行為的處理方法,以及成人的其他特定異態(tài)睡眠詳見其他專題。(參見 “睡眠時(shí)異常動(dòng)作和行為的概述”“成人非快動(dòng)眼睡眠覺醒障礙”“Nightmares and nightmare disorder in adults”)

流行病學(xué) — RBD的患病率在一般人群中為0.5%-1.25%,在老年人群中約為2%[1-4]。這意味著全球預(yù)計(jì)有4000萬至1億患者,但絕大多數(shù)病例未被發(fā)現(xiàn)[2]。

在較年輕成人中(<40歲),RBD最常發(fā)生于使用抗抑郁藥或有發(fā)作性睡病時(shí)[5,6]。RBD在兒童中罕見,大多與1型發(fā)作性睡病和使用抗抑郁藥有關(guān),偶爾與腦干腫瘤和多種神經(jīng)精神疾病有關(guān)[6-8]。有時(shí),患者存在單純性夢境表演或夢境表演伴非快速眼動(dòng)(non-rapid eye movement, NREM)異態(tài)睡眠(如睡行)[9,10]。(參見 “兒童期睡行及其他異態(tài)睡眠”)

由于單純性RBD是α-突觸核蛋白神經(jīng)病變的前驅(qū)綜合征,其普遍存在于PD患者(33%-50%)、MSA患者(80%-95%)和DLB患者(80%)[5,11-15]。RBD的環(huán)境危險(xiǎn)因素和行為危險(xiǎn)因素大多與PD相同。確診或疑診RBD的患者更可能有以下情況:吸煙;受教育年限較短;自述大量飲酒;合并心境障礙;使用抗抑郁藥;自述有創(chuàng)傷性腦損傷、焊接作業(yè)和農(nóng)藥暴露史[16-18]。

雖然已發(fā)表的研究顯示RBD明顯多見于男性(男女患病比高達(dá)9:1),但女性病例很可能漏報(bào)和漏診[3]。這種差異可能主要由轉(zhuǎn)診偏倚導(dǎo)致,因?yàn)榕c女性相比,男性的RBD發(fā)作通常更具攻擊性、更加暴力[3,19]。女性RBD患者也更年輕,更常存在相關(guān)的自身免疫性疾病或5-羥色胺能RBD[20]。老年女性的RBD不太可能有目擊證實(shí),因?yàn)榕缘膲勖ǔ1饶行源舶楦L[21]。

發(fā)病機(jī)制 — 生理上,REM睡眠期間骨骼肌張力降低,繼而產(chǎn)生麻痹。這種保護(hù)措施可防止人們在做夢狀態(tài)下表演出夢境。REM睡眠期間運(yùn)動(dòng)活動(dòng)的靜止也可能促進(jìn)睡眠相關(guān)記憶鞏固。

REM睡眠期間運(yùn)動(dòng)活動(dòng)的生理抑制是多個(gè)神經(jīng)元回路的累積結(jié)果,這些回路主要起源于腦橋,終止于脊髓運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)元。尚不清楚引起RBD的確切病變,但證據(jù)表明,在單純性和藥物誘導(dǎo)性RBD中,REM睡眠期間肌張力降低的狀態(tài)消失與腦橋嘴側(cè)中藍(lán)斑下區(qū)復(fù)合體的功能障礙有關(guān)[5,22]。

發(fā)作性睡病中,食欲素介導(dǎo)的下丘腦病變與機(jī)體未能抑制REM睡眠相關(guān)運(yùn)動(dòng)活動(dòng)有關(guān)。這些情況下,食欲素這種神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)的功能障礙可引起RBD[23]。食欲素由下丘腦外側(cè)區(qū)分泌,可促進(jìn)各個(gè)狀態(tài)(覺醒、NREM、REM)的穩(wěn)定,防止不同狀態(tài)之間頻繁轉(zhuǎn)換。與發(fā)作性睡病相關(guān)的食欲素缺乏會(huì)導(dǎo)致REM-覺醒狀態(tài)不穩(wěn)定,從而促成REM夢境期間的覺醒樣運(yùn)動(dòng)活動(dòng)[24-26]。

病因 — RBD是多種中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)病變的臨床表現(xiàn),這些病變均可導(dǎo)致機(jī)體無法抑制脊髓運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)元,其中包括:α-突觸核蛋白和其他形式的神經(jīng)變性疾病、食欲素缺乏(發(fā)作性睡病)、腦橋結(jié)構(gòu)性病變,以及藥物所致毒性作用或可能的顯露作用。

α-突觸核蛋白神經(jīng)變性疾病 — α-突觸核蛋白病變可見于PD、MSA和DLB,是RBD的最常見原因。不存在致病藥物或未合并神經(jīng)變性疾病時(shí),α-突觸核蛋白病變可能是所有單純性RBD(舊稱特發(fā)性RBD)的原因[27]。

在突觸核蛋白病的自然病程中,早期靶點(diǎn)是控制REM睡眠的腦橋核及延髓核[5]。因此,此類患者最初因激烈的夢境表演行為而就診,最終表現(xiàn)為PD、MSA或DLB。

經(jīng)視頻PSG確診RBD是PD最有力的早期預(yù)測指標(biāo)之一[28,29]。PD的其他非運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn),例如嗅覺喪失和便秘,通常與RBD同時(shí)發(fā)生,并且是嗅球和腸神經(jīng)叢中α-突觸核蛋白病變的表現(xiàn)[30-33]。然而,這些癥狀通常要么被視為無臨床意義,要么被錯(cuò)誤歸咎于其他病因。

從RBD發(fā)作到出現(xiàn)帕金森三聯(lián)征(靜止性震顫、運(yùn)動(dòng)遲緩和齒輪樣強(qiáng)直)的間隔時(shí)間為數(shù)月至數(shù)十年不等。有患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的個(gè)體開始出現(xiàn)疾病的典型臨床特征時(shí),該過程稱為表型轉(zhuǎn)換。一項(xiàng)規(guī)模最大的多中心研究納入1000余例單純性RBD患者,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)每年的表型轉(zhuǎn)換率為6%,診斷RBD后12年內(nèi)的表型轉(zhuǎn)換率為74%[34]。即使在看似持續(xù)的極少數(shù)單純性RBD病例中,神經(jīng)影像學(xué)生物標(biāo)志物也表明了即將發(fā)生神經(jīng)變性疾病[35],尸檢也發(fā)現(xiàn)了α-突觸核蛋白變性中典型的彌漫性路易體病變[36]。(參見下文'預(yù)后和咨詢’)

甚至在神經(jīng)變性綜合征發(fā)病前,RBD患者就已存在彌漫性和進(jìn)行性神經(jīng)病變的證據(jù)。

●多巴胺轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白(dopamine transporter, DAT)顯像等神經(jīng)影像學(xué)檢查顯示,RBD患者在出現(xiàn)運(yùn)動(dòng)癥狀前就同時(shí)存在進(jìn)行性多巴胺能異常[33,35,37-39]。

●另據(jù)報(bào)道,RBD患者腦部存在膽堿能去神經(jīng)支配;與PD中的膽堿能障礙類似,這些表現(xiàn)與認(rèn)知功能下降有關(guān)[40,41]。

●MRI、功能性MRI和腦電圖顯示,RBD患者的皮質(zhì)異常與PD和DLB患者相似[38,42-44]。

●在RBD患者及PD和DLB患者中,皮膚活檢可在皮神經(jīng)纖維中直接檢測到磷酸化α-突觸核蛋白沉積[45-49]。

非突觸核蛋白性神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病 — 少數(shù)情況下,RBD發(fā)生于非突觸核蛋白神經(jīng)變性疾病中,例如進(jìn)行性核上麻痹、額顳葉癡呆、肌萎縮側(cè)索硬化癥、阿爾茨海默病(Alzheimer disease, AD)、脊髓小腦性共濟(jì)失調(diào)3型、亨廷頓病、強(qiáng)直性肌營養(yǎng)不良2型[5,50-53]。

對于這些患者,尚不確定此類疾病的各種特征性神經(jīng)病變是否也會(huì)引起RBD。其中部分疾病會(huì)影響控制REM睡眠的腦橋區(qū)域,提示其有統(tǒng)一的發(fā)病機(jī)制。但一些調(diào)查提示,存在RBD表示合并有α-突觸核蛋白病變。例如,一項(xiàng)研究納入了推測由阿爾茨海默病變引起的認(rèn)知功能障礙患者,詳細(xì)尸檢評估顯示腦干有彌漫性α-突觸核蛋白病變[54]。

對于輕度認(rèn)知功能障礙(mild cognitive impairment, MCI)患者,若醫(yī)生擔(dān)憂可能即將發(fā)生AD,詢問夢境表演有所幫助。通過簡單詢問,例如“是否有人告訴過您,您把自己的夢表演出來了,比如揮動(dòng)手臂、拳打腳踢?”,有助于區(qū)分患者最終會(huì)進(jìn)展為DLB(答案為肯定時(shí))還是AD(答案為否定時(shí))[55]。此外,區(qū)分DLB與AD時(shí),RBD癥狀比震顫(PD體征)更具特異性[56]。

除脊髓小腦性共濟(jì)失調(diào)3型外,這些疾病引起的RBD患病率明顯低于α-突觸核蛋白疾病。此外,這些病例的RBD癥狀通常始于其他神經(jīng)功能障礙出現(xiàn)之后,而非之前[57]。

據(jù)報(bào)道,RBD也見于副腫瘤性和自身免疫性腦炎,例如IgLON5腦病、抗富亮氨酸膠質(zhì)瘤失活1蛋白(leucine rich glioma inactivated 1, LGI1)抗體腦炎、抗接觸蛋白相關(guān)蛋白2(contactin-associated protein-like 2, Caspr2)抗體腦炎、肝豆?fàn)詈俗冃?、小腦變性[58-61]。(參見 “副腫瘤性和自身免疫性腦炎”)

創(chuàng)傷后應(yīng)激障礙可增加退伍軍人發(fā)生RBD的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)即使未合并創(chuàng)傷性腦損傷,也可能存在這種關(guān)聯(lián)[62]。(參見 “創(chuàng)傷性腦損傷患者的睡眠-覺醒障礙”,關(guān)于'睡眠期間的異常運(yùn)動(dòng)或行為’一節(jié))

發(fā)作性睡病和狀態(tài)邊界調(diào)控 — 約50%的發(fā)作性睡病患者有RBD。這種關(guān)聯(lián)在1型發(fā)作性睡病(伴猝倒的發(fā)作性睡病)患者中最突出,其發(fā)病機(jī)制(食欲素缺乏)與其他類型的RBD不同。(參見上文'發(fā)病機(jī)制’)

在1型發(fā)作性睡病中,食欲素缺乏導(dǎo)致整個(gè)24小時(shí)期間睡眠和覺醒混合的現(xiàn)象。無法將覺醒與睡眠分開可導(dǎo)致典型的臨床特征,包括白天睡眠過多、夜間睡眠片段化、睡眠麻痹、猝倒、入睡前幻覺和初醒幻覺。(參見 “成人發(fā)作性睡病的臨床特征和診斷”)

發(fā)作性睡病相關(guān)RBD的夢境表演是由于食欲素?zé)o法穩(wěn)定REM睡眠,導(dǎo)致REM睡眠時(shí)出現(xiàn)清醒時(shí)的肌張力[24,26]。發(fā)作性睡病相關(guān)RBD患者無α-突觸核蛋白生物標(biāo)志物,這提示其發(fā)生神經(jīng)變性疾病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)未升高[45]。

腦橋病變 — 血管性、脫髓鞘性、腫瘤性和創(chuàng)傷性病因引起的腦干結(jié)構(gòu)性病變可觸發(fā)夢境表演[36,63-65]。此類病例的腦部影像學(xué)檢查通常顯示腦橋被蓋部病變。

藥物 — 約半數(shù)RBD患者在啟用5-羥色胺能抗抑郁藥后出現(xiàn)夢境表演;此類藥物通常為選擇性5-羥色胺再攝取抑制劑(selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, SSRI)、5-羥色胺-去甲腎上腺素再攝取抑制劑(serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, SNRI)或5-羥色胺調(diào)節(jié)劑[66,67]。5-羥色胺能RBD似乎是年輕患者(<40歲)最常發(fā)生的RBD類型[20,66]。

尚不完全清楚與SSRI和SNRI相關(guān)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)大小。一項(xiàng)回顧性研究根據(jù)10,000余次PSG檢查發(fā)現(xiàn),12%的SSRI或SNRI使用者存在RBD的一種PSG標(biāo)志,即REM睡眠期骨骼肌失弛緩現(xiàn)象(REM sleep without atonia, RSWA),而整個(gè)研究人群中該比例僅為2%,意味著前者的相對風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是后者的10倍[68]。在抗抑郁藥相關(guān)RSWA患者中,僅7例(0.5%)有RBD的臨床診斷。SSRI與SNRI之間的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)未見差異,該研究的檢驗(yàn)效能不足以區(qū)分特定藥物之間的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)差異。臨床上,基于安非他酮的獨(dú)特作用機(jī)制,歷來認(rèn)為它是引起或加重RBD風(fēng)險(xiǎn)最低的抗抑郁藥,但至少一項(xiàng)研究顯示,安非他酮使用者與其他抗抑郁藥使用者發(fā)生RSWA的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)相同[69]。

腦橋內(nèi)的5-羥色胺能中縫核可激活REM-關(guān)閉核,這似乎是外源性5-羥色胺能藥物誘發(fā)夢境表演的病理機(jī)制[5]。此外,5-羥色胺能RBD可能不是一種新誘導(dǎo)的RBD,而是反映此類個(gè)體易患帕金森綜合征。例如,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)5-羥色胺能RBD患者還有α-突觸核蛋白神經(jīng)變性疾病的其他前驅(qū)標(biāo)志,包括嗅覺喪失、便秘、色覺異常、輕微運(yùn)動(dòng)障礙等[70]。這些缺陷不能通過5-羥色胺能機(jī)制充分解釋,并且提示在有神經(jīng)變性疾病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的個(gè)體中,5-羥色胺能抗抑郁藥可能使RBD顯露。

其他較少報(bào)道的RBD誘發(fā)藥物包括已知會(huì)影響REM睡眠的幾類藥物。據(jù)報(bào)道,PD患者在蘇沃雷生治療期間可出現(xiàn)RBD;蘇沃雷生是一種治療失眠的雙重食欲素受體拮抗劑[71]。其他偶爾會(huì)誘發(fā)RBD的藥物包括β受體阻滯劑和膽堿酯酶抑制劑[2,72,73]。酒精戒斷、停用苯二氮卓類和停用巴比妥類也可能誘發(fā)RBD。

臨床特征 — RBD患者可在REM睡眠期間出現(xiàn)異常夢境和一系列運(yùn)動(dòng)行為。視頻PSG的頦肌電圖或肢體肌電圖通常顯示REM睡眠期間有異常的持續(xù)性或時(shí)相性肌肉活動(dòng)。大多數(shù)情況下,癥狀逐漸發(fā)作并進(jìn)展,癥狀發(fā)作后數(shù)年才做出診斷。

夢境表演 — RBD的典型癥狀是REM睡眠期間有反復(fù)發(fā)作的睡眠相關(guān)發(fā)聲和/或復(fù)雜運(yùn)動(dòng)行為,與夢境相對應(yīng)。

RBD運(yùn)動(dòng)的持續(xù)時(shí)間較短(<60秒),看似有目的,例如扔球或揮舞手臂以保護(hù)自己。其嚴(yán)重程度不一,輕則出現(xiàn)良性的手部動(dòng)作,重則出現(xiàn)暴力的揮動(dòng)手臂、拳打腳踢。睡眠相關(guān)發(fā)聲可能響亮、充滿咒罵?;颊咛麓不虼虼舶榭蓪?dǎo)致睡眠相關(guān)損傷。涉及離床或在地板上醒來的事件最可能造成自傷。

一項(xiàng)隊(duì)列研究納入某家三級(jí)睡眠醫(yī)學(xué)中心的203例RBD連續(xù)患者,中位隨訪5年發(fā)現(xiàn),略過半數(shù)的患者意識(shí)到自己有異常睡眠行為[74]。大多數(shù)患者出現(xiàn)過至少1次以下行為:猛擊(87%)、踢踏(82%)、跌下床(77%,大部分患者<5次)、比劃(73%)或踢床頭柜(67%)。幾乎所有患者還報(bào)告有發(fā)聲,最常見的是說話(96%)、尖叫(90%)和呻吟(64%)。無論男女,大約60%的患者和20%的床伴曾經(jīng)受傷。

癥狀主要發(fā)生在睡眠后半段,此時(shí)以REM睡眠為主。事件發(fā)作頻率從一年1次到一晚1次不等[2,75]。

通常,患者在輕度事件中保持睡眠狀態(tài),而在較激烈的夢境表演時(shí)短暫醒來,然后再次入睡?;颊哂X醒時(shí)往往能回憶起夢境內(nèi)容,這些內(nèi)容通常令其不快,例如夢見被襲擊或追趕、與某人爭論、墜落懸崖[74]?;颊叱跣褧r(shí)可能有短暫的意識(shí)模糊,但很快能恢復(fù)對周圍環(huán)境的定向力。

盡管RBD患者在睡眠期間有暴力行為,但其夢境內(nèi)容的暴力程度并不高于正常個(gè)體。RBD患者并不比對照者更易出現(xiàn)日間暴力行為或人格障礙[76,77]。

在發(fā)作性睡病伴RBD患者中,夢境表演常出現(xiàn)在睡眠較早期,由不太暴力的較簡單動(dòng)作構(gòu)成。

臨床病程 — RBD的癥狀通常始于成年期的后期,中位診斷年齡為60-70歲[78-81]。大多數(shù)情況下,癥狀逐漸發(fā)作并進(jìn)展,癥狀發(fā)作后數(shù)年才做出診斷?;颊咄ǔ?dān)心此類行為會(huì)造成或可能造成自己和/或床伴受傷而就醫(yī)。

神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)表現(xiàn) — 單純性RBD患者常有符合早期神經(jīng)變性疾病的特征,即輕微的進(jìn)行性運(yùn)動(dòng)和認(rèn)知功能障礙。典型表現(xiàn)包括輕度姿勢不穩(wěn)和步態(tài)異常(包括步態(tài)凍結(jié)),與輕微帕金森綜合征一致。定量運(yùn)動(dòng)試驗(yàn)可發(fā)現(xiàn)體格檢查時(shí)難以察覺的構(gòu)音障礙和肢體運(yùn)動(dòng)遲緩[82,83]。

RBD患者的認(rèn)知功能障礙與PD和DLB患者類似,包括進(jìn)行性的視覺構(gòu)建技能障礙、面部表情識(shí)別障礙、辨色障礙和執(zhí)行功能障礙[5,83-87]。許多患者稱其出現(xiàn)了空想性錯(cuò)視(傾向于將模糊的視覺特征解讀為熟悉的事物,例如沙子里的人臉),該表現(xiàn)與潛在的枕區(qū)功能障礙有關(guān),提示即將發(fā)生路易體病[88]。

在單純性RBD病例中,常見共存的嗅覺障礙、便秘和直立性低血壓[31,83,89,90]。與運(yùn)動(dòng)和認(rèn)知功能障礙一樣,這些障礙也與PD患者的表現(xiàn)相似[33]。(參見 “帕金森病的臨床表現(xiàn)”)

與無RBD的PD患者相比,有RBD的PD患者臨床負(fù)擔(dān)更重,表現(xiàn)為認(rèn)知功能障礙進(jìn)展更快、精神共病更多、治療反應(yīng)更差、腦萎縮更廣泛[91-95]。存在RBD似乎明確預(yù)示更易發(fā)生步態(tài)凍結(jié),RBD病理生理學(xué)涉及的許多腦干區(qū)域也介導(dǎo)步態(tài)凍結(jié)的發(fā)病[96]。

診斷 — 對于臨床病史顯示有反復(fù)夢境表演的患者,應(yīng)懷疑RBD并通過視頻PSG確診[2,97]。

評估 — 臨床評估應(yīng)包括:詳細(xì)回顧睡眠-覺醒的主訴、神經(jīng)精神病史、全面的體格檢查和神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)檢查。床伴的報(bào)告也特別有用,因?yàn)樵S多患者無法充分回憶起睡眠相關(guān)事件。

通常可詢問床伴一個(gè)問題來發(fā)現(xiàn)RBD:“您曾見過患者睡覺時(shí)像在扮演夢鏡嗎,例如向空中猛擊或揮動(dòng)雙臂、呼喊或尖叫?”[57]。

詢問病史時(shí),還應(yīng)特別注意夜間異常發(fā)聲或行為的出現(xiàn)時(shí)間。該特征有助于區(qū)分RBD與其他異態(tài)睡眠,例如覺醒混淆、睡行和睡驚,因?yàn)镽BD更可能發(fā)生在睡眠后半段()。(參見下文'鑒別診斷’)

應(yīng)詢問患者是否使用了可能致病的藥物,例如抗抑郁藥(),以及有無α-突觸核蛋白神經(jīng)變性疾病的伴隨癥狀,例如嗅覺異常、暈厥、腸動(dòng)力異常、幻視和震顫。當(dāng)慢性、不明原因的嗅覺喪失、直立性低血壓和便秘與RBD同時(shí)存在時(shí),這些癥狀很可能提示即將發(fā)生α-突觸核蛋白疾病,例如PD[5]。年輕患者出現(xiàn)RBD的癥狀時(shí),應(yīng)考慮合并發(fā)作性睡病。

實(shí)驗(yàn)室內(nèi)視頻PSG是確診RBD的必要檢查。即使檢查時(shí)未發(fā)生異常行為,RSWA仍是特征性表現(xiàn)和診斷必需條件。PSG也有助于排除其他干擾睡眠的疾病,例如阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停、夜間癲癇發(fā)作、周期性肢動(dòng)(periodic limb movement, PLM)[2,98]。家庭睡眠呼吸暫停監(jiān)測對評估RBD幫助。(參見下文'視頻多導(dǎo)睡眠監(jiān)測’)

進(jìn)一步證據(jù)提示神經(jīng)變性疾病時(shí),才需進(jìn)行更多檢查,例如神經(jīng)影像學(xué)檢查、腦電圖和神經(jīng)心理學(xué)成套測驗(yàn)[99]。一些檢查能發(fā)現(xiàn)中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的多巴胺功能障礙(如DAT顯像),或突觸核蛋白病變的其他標(biāo)志物[如123-I-間碘芐胍(metaiodobenzylguanidine, MIBG)心臟閃爍成像],這些對于診斷RBD并非必需,但臨床上可用于預(yù)測和監(jiān)測病程[5,100,101]。(參見 “帕金森病的診斷和鑒別診斷”“路易體癡呆的臨床特征和診斷”“多系統(tǒng)萎縮的臨床特征和診斷”)

視頻多導(dǎo)睡眠監(jiān)測 — 為確診RBD和排除其他類似于RBD的睡眠障礙,需行視頻PSG檢查。

RBD的特征性PSG表現(xiàn)為RSWA,即頦肌電圖和/或肢體肌電圖發(fā)現(xiàn)REM睡眠期間肌張力升高()[97,98,102]。美國睡眠醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)等機(jī)構(gòu)制定的RSWA正式PSG標(biāo)準(zhǔn)詳見其他專題。(參見 “多導(dǎo)睡眠監(jiān)測在睡眠異態(tài)和癲癇評估中的應(yīng)用”,關(guān)于'REM睡眠行為障礙’一節(jié))

存在RSWA時(shí),其常見于每個(gè)REM周期,但最主要見于夜間最后的REM期。雖然PSG表現(xiàn)的嚴(yán)重程度與臨床癥狀之間幾乎無關(guān),但在單純性RSWA患者中,RSWA隨時(shí)間推移的顯著進(jìn)展可能與進(jìn)展為RBD有關(guān)[103,104]。PSG監(jiān)測期間很少捕獲到顯著行為,但常觀察到提示夢境表演、看似有目的、較輕微的手部運(yùn)動(dòng),稱為REM睡眠行為事件。

有時(shí)可在未述夢境表演史的個(gè)體中發(fā)現(xiàn)RSWA,尤其是使用5-羥色胺能抗抑郁藥的患者[68,69,105]和老年患者[106]。據(jù)報(bào)道,無RBD史成人的單純性RSWA患病率為10%-15%,具體數(shù)值隨RSWA的定義不同而異[68,106-109]。尚未確定單純性RSWA患者中有多大比例后續(xù)會(huì)發(fā)生RBD;一項(xiàng)小型研究顯示,平均8.6年期間,14例RSWA患者中有1例進(jìn)展為RBD[103]。有學(xué)者提出了前驅(qū)性RBD的視頻PSG標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[102]。(參見 “多導(dǎo)睡眠監(jiān)測在睡眠異態(tài)和癲癇評估中的應(yīng)用”,關(guān)于'REM睡眠行為障礙’一節(jié))

在合并發(fā)作性睡病的患者中,PSG也可能顯示REM與NREM睡眠之間的頻繁轉(zhuǎn)換,以及相應(yīng)的睡眠狀態(tài)邊界調(diào)控功能障礙[24]。(參見 “成人發(fā)作性睡病的臨床特征和診斷”)

診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn) — 根據(jù)《睡眠障礙國際分類第三版》(the third edition of the International Classification of Sleep Disorders, ICSD-3),診斷RBD需要滿足以下所有條件[2]:

●反復(fù)發(fā)生睡眠相關(guān)發(fā)聲和/或復(fù)雜運(yùn)動(dòng)行為

●PSG記錄到這些行為發(fā)生在REM睡眠期間,或根據(jù)夢境表演的臨床病史推斷這些行為發(fā)生在REM睡眠期間

●PSG顯示有RSWA(參見上文'視頻多導(dǎo)睡眠監(jiān)測’)

●REM睡眠期間無癲癇樣活動(dòng),除非可以明確區(qū)分RBD與共存的REM睡眠相關(guān)癲癇發(fā)作

●其睡眠紊亂不能用其他睡眠障礙、內(nèi)科或神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病、精神障礙或物質(zhì)使用障礙更好地解釋

鑒別診斷 — RBD的鑒別診斷包括:覺醒障礙、其他REM相關(guān)異態(tài)睡眠(如夢魘)、干擾睡眠的疾病(如PLM、阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停、夜間癲癇發(fā)作和分離性精神障礙)。盡管這些疾病有時(shí)可通過病史相互鑒別,但確診需要整夜PSG。

NREM異態(tài)睡眠–需要與RBD鑒別的最常見疾病是NREM異態(tài)睡眠,包括覺醒混淆、睡行和睡驚。與RBD不同,NREM異態(tài)睡眠通常出現(xiàn)在兒童期,但與RBD一樣,成年期睡行與PD發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更高有關(guān)[110]。以下病史內(nèi)容有助于鑒別NREM異態(tài)睡眠與RBD:

·事件的持續(xù)時(shí)間和發(fā)生時(shí)間–RBD表現(xiàn)為睡眠后半段發(fā)生短暫的夢境表演(<60秒),隨后醒來時(shí)恢復(fù)警覺性和定向力。這種表現(xiàn)與睡行不同,后者常有睡眠前半段出現(xiàn)長時(shí)間、遺忘性、復(fù)雜、非暴力活動(dòng)的終生病史。同樣,覺醒混淆的持續(xù)時(shí)間更長(>60秒)且更常出現(xiàn)在上半夜()。(參見 “成人非快動(dòng)眼睡眠覺醒障礙”,關(guān)于'覺醒混淆’一節(jié))

·覺醒時(shí)反應(yīng)–睡行患者難以被喚醒,僅少數(shù)能夠復(fù)述夢境內(nèi)容。相比之下,RBD患者被喚醒時(shí)常能回憶起夢境內(nèi)容,之后恢復(fù)警覺性和定向力。

·發(fā)聲特征–RBD的睡眠相關(guān)發(fā)聲可能響亮、充滿咒罵。而正常夢囈表現(xiàn)為更典型的日間談話,在NREM和REM睡眠期間均可發(fā)生[100]。睡驚可能伴有響亮發(fā)聲,但也有其他不同于RBD的特征。睡驚通常僅見于青春期前,特征為開始時(shí)突然尖叫并有強(qiáng)烈恐懼發(fā)作,但事后不能記起。睡驚可能持續(xù)數(shù)分鐘,在此期間安慰患者無效。父母/照料者常會(huì)感到害怕,但患者并不記得睡驚事件[100]。(參見 “兒童期睡行及其他異態(tài)睡眠”,關(guān)于'臨床特征’一節(jié))

異態(tài)睡眠重疊障礙–這種障礙的特征為存在RBD,并且存在覺醒障礙、睡眠相關(guān)進(jìn)食障礙、睡眠性交癥或節(jié)律性運(yùn)動(dòng)障礙[2]。與RBD相比,異態(tài)睡眠重疊障礙的發(fā)病年齡更早(通常在兒童期或青春期),且可能合并多種神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病和精神障礙,例如發(fā)作性睡病和多發(fā)性硬化。(參見 “成人非快動(dòng)眼睡眠覺醒障礙”,關(guān)于'異態(tài)睡眠重疊障礙’一節(jié))

夢魘–夢魘是由令人不安的夢境組成的REM相關(guān)現(xiàn)象,患者能夠生動(dòng)地回憶細(xì)節(jié)。與RBD不同,夢魘不會(huì)導(dǎo)致運(yùn)動(dòng)活動(dòng)或睡眠相關(guān)損傷[100]。事實(shí)上,夢魘通常表現(xiàn)為睡眠麻痹、無法移動(dòng)、自我防衛(wèi)或尖叫。(參見 “Nightmares and nightmare disorder in adults”)

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停–當(dāng)阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停使REM睡眠片段化時(shí),可出現(xiàn)類似于RBD的行為。然而,一旦睡眠呼吸障礙得到有效治療,這些異態(tài)睡眠樣行為就會(huì)消失[5,99]。該現(xiàn)象稱為假性RBD。

周期性肢動(dòng)–PLM是指下肢的“三屈反射”(踝關(guān)節(jié)背屈、膝關(guān)節(jié)和髖關(guān)節(jié)屈曲)以及腳趾背屈,與巴賓斯基征相似。與RBD不同,PLM主要發(fā)生在NREM睡眠期間,呈周期性(大約每45秒重復(fù)1次),且與夢境無關(guān)[2,97]。據(jù)報(bào)道,少數(shù)病例在NREM和REM睡眠期間均出現(xiàn)頻繁而激烈的PLM,與RBD類似[56]。這些假性RBD患者通常對治療有反應(yīng),例如常用于治療PLM的多巴胺能藥物。(參見下文'治療’“多導(dǎo)睡眠監(jiān)測評估睡眠期間異常運(yùn)動(dòng)”,關(guān)于'睡眠期周期性肢動(dòng)’一節(jié))

睡眠相關(guān)分離障礙–這種障礙的行為往往持續(xù)較長時(shí)間,腦電圖顯示整個(gè)發(fā)作期間處于覺醒狀態(tài)?;颊咄ǔ:喜⑷臻g分離障礙。(參見 “睡眠時(shí)異常動(dòng)作和行為的概述”,關(guān)于'驚恐性或分離性事件’一節(jié))

睡眠相關(guān)過度運(yùn)動(dòng)性癲癇–RBD偶爾會(huì)與睡眠相關(guān)過度運(yùn)動(dòng)性癲癇(舊稱夜間額葉癲癇)混淆。該綜合征可為家族性或散發(fā)性,特征為刻板、反復(fù)發(fā)作(一晚發(fā)作可達(dá)20次)的異常行為。腦電圖可能顯示癲癇活動(dòng),但這一表現(xiàn)并不普遍。與RBD相比,睡眠相關(guān)過度運(yùn)動(dòng)性癲癇患者更年輕(通常在青春期發(fā)病),且對夜間行為毫無意識(shí)[99]。(參見 “睡眠相關(guān)性癲癇綜合征”,關(guān)于'睡眠相關(guān)性局灶性癲癇’一節(jié))

治療 — 建立安全的睡眠環(huán)境是首要治療目標(biāo),方法包括改變睡眠環(huán)境以及必要時(shí)給予藥物治療()。

由于尚未開展大型臨床試驗(yàn),當(dāng)前推薦主要基于觀察性研究的結(jié)果及累積的臨床經(jīng)驗(yàn),這些數(shù)據(jù)來源于可能發(fā)生致命性損傷的相關(guān)患者[100,111,112]。盡管小型對照試驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)藥物治療不一定能改善病情,但作者的經(jīng)驗(yàn)表明,褪黑素和氯硝西泮均能有效抑制大多數(shù)患者的RBD行為,而且褪黑素的耐受性可能更好,特別是對于有神經(jīng)變性疾病的老年患者()。以下推薦與美國睡眠醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)的臨床實(shí)踐指南基本一致[113,114]。

安全的睡眠環(huán)境 — 夢境表演的發(fā)生頻率不能預(yù)測是否出現(xiàn)損傷,故應(yīng)建議所有RBD患者及其床伴改變睡眠環(huán)境以預(yù)防損傷。輕癥患者使用這種方法可能就已足夠。

RBD的猛擊、踢踏和跳躍行為可能導(dǎo)致血腫、骨折、撕裂傷和關(guān)節(jié)脫位[115]。床伴通常是暴力夢境表演的目標(biāo),RBD患者偶爾會(huì)受到家庭暴力的指控[116,117]。

應(yīng)將火器置于不易觸及的地方,并移走睡眠區(qū)域附近鋒利或易碎的家具和物品(如燈具)。如果患者有持續(xù)的激烈行為,建議單獨(dú)睡覺。許多患者使用有軟墊的床欄,或在睡袋中睡覺[100]。

其他新型治療策略還在研發(fā)中。夢境表演時(shí)離床是一種高危行為,可能導(dǎo)致創(chuàng)傷性損傷[116]。床頭警報(bào)設(shè)備可在患者發(fā)生夢境表演時(shí)播放定制的安撫信息,這可防止患者離床,避免睡眠相關(guān)損傷[118]。

可逆因素 — RBD患者應(yīng)盡可能停用或不用已知會(huì)加重RBD的藥物,包括5-羥色胺能抗抑郁藥()[119]。許多藥物相關(guān)夢境表演病例在停用致病藥物后呈自限性。

值得注意的是,尚無安非他酮誘發(fā)RBD的報(bào)道,該藥是一種多巴胺能/去甲腎上腺素能再攝取抑制劑。因此,對于合并抑郁且需藥物治療的RBD患者,只要無禁忌證,首選的抗抑郁藥是安非他酮。(參見上文'藥物’)

對于存在阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停等睡眠片段化疾病的患者,治療基礎(chǔ)疾病后,夢境表演通常消失[5,100]。還應(yīng)改善睡眠的持續(xù)時(shí)間和晝夜節(jié)律。

藥物治療 — 頻繁出現(xiàn)破壞性或損傷性行為的患者均應(yīng)接受藥物治療,以減少行為和降低損傷風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

褪黑素(首選) — 對于頻繁出現(xiàn)破壞性或損傷性行為的患者,首選的一線治療是褪黑素()。其耐受性往往優(yōu)于另一種一線藥物氯硝西泮,尤其是對于有神經(jīng)變性疾病的老年患者[113,120]。

褪黑素是一種內(nèi)源性激素,正常情況下在夜間黑暗刺激下由松果體分泌,可調(diào)節(jié)晝夜節(jié)律。睡前給予大劑量褪黑素(6-18mg)可促進(jìn)REM睡眠期肌張力降低并改善RBD癥狀,但其機(jī)制不明[120-122]。較小的劑量通常無效[123]。

一些觀察性研究和一項(xiàng)小型隨機(jī)試驗(yàn)顯示,大多數(shù)褪黑素治療者的RBD癥狀發(fā)生頻率和嚴(yán)重程度至少部分改善,并且損傷風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低[120-122,124-126]。一項(xiàng)回顧性研究納入45例RBD患者,發(fā)現(xiàn)褪黑素和氯硝西泮同樣有效,但褪黑素的耐受性更好[126]。約2/3的褪黑素治療者報(bào)告癥狀至少輕度改善,12%獲得RBD行為完全緩解。與氯硝西泮治療者相比,褪黑素治療者報(bào)告的跌倒和損傷更少。

抑制RBD行為所需的褪黑素劑量因人而異。根據(jù)我們的經(jīng)驗(yàn),采用每晚6-18mg劑量時(shí),大多數(shù)患者可獲得顯著改善。我們常用的起始劑量為每晚3mg,然后以3mg的幅度增加,直至破壞性和損傷性行為停止()。相比常釋褪黑素,緩釋褪黑素具有理論優(yōu)勢但未經(jīng)證實(shí)。緩釋褪黑素的建議起始劑量為5mg,每1-2周增加5mg,最大劑量為每晚15mg。

這些劑量的褪黑素往往耐受性良好,偶有患者因胃腸道不適或頭痛導(dǎo)致劑量受限。報(bào)道的其他副作用通常輕微,包括嗜睡、乏力、頭暈、身體不穩(wěn)和認(rèn)知改變[120]。褪黑素不受美國FDA監(jiān)管,市面上有多種非處方制劑。由于使用不同類型的制劑和輔料,不受監(jiān)管的非處方產(chǎn)品有很大差異。根據(jù)我們的經(jīng)驗(yàn),美國的大部分劑型在臨床上等效。褪黑素經(jīng)肝臟代謝,肝功能受損者應(yīng)慎用。

褪黑素減量或停用時(shí),RBD行為通常會(huì)重現(xiàn),大部分患者需終生治療。如果褪黑素不能充分抑制RBD行為,小劑量氯硝西泮可用作有效的輔助或替代療法。

氯硝西泮 — 長期以來,小劑量氯硝西泮(起始劑量0.25-0.5mg,睡前口服)用于治療RBD[113]。治療RBD的常用有效劑量范圍是每晚0.5-1mg。與褪黑素一樣,氯硝西泮用于RBD的治療機(jī)制尚不完全清楚,不過氯硝西泮可能降低令人不快的夢境發(fā)生頻率,從而減少暴力性夢境表演[127]。

4項(xiàng)大型病例系列研究顯示,氯硝西泮使55%-79%的患者RBD癥狀完全消退,另有11%-32%的患者RBD癥狀部分減輕[74,78,79,128]。令人欣慰的是,每晚使用氯硝西泮持續(xù)多年的情況下,即使不顯著增加劑量仍然有效[128]。但隨訪研究的結(jié)果差異較大,既有無需增加劑量就有持續(xù)效果的報(bào)道,也有常需增加劑量及最終治療失敗的報(bào)道[124,127,129-131]。兩項(xiàng)前瞻性研究顯示,氯硝西泮并未改善初治患者的癥狀[132,133]。

盡管小劑量氯硝西泮(睡前0.5-1mg)通常足以抑制RBD行為,但副作用可能限制其應(yīng)用。一項(xiàng)隊(duì)列研究納入167例氯硝西泮治療者(平均有效劑量為1mg),39%的患者報(bào)告有副作用,最常見的是晨間鎮(zhèn)靜和頭暈,導(dǎo)致9%的患者停藥[74]。

副作用在老年人中和晚期神經(jīng)變性疾病中可能特別嚴(yán)重,此時(shí)該藥較長的作用時(shí)間可導(dǎo)致晨間鎮(zhèn)靜、步態(tài)障礙和認(rèn)知功能障礙[118,134]。對于這些患者,建議采用更低的起始劑量(如0.125mg或0.25mg),并密切監(jiān)測毒性反應(yīng)()。氯硝西泮經(jīng)肝臟代謝,肝功能受損者應(yīng)慎用。

膽堿能藥物 — 乙酰膽堿酯酶抑制劑(如多奈哌齊卡巴拉汀)似乎可減少RBD患者的夢境表演,即使患者沒有認(rèn)知功能障礙和認(rèn)知癥狀也如此。對于合并輕度認(rèn)知功能障礙、PD或DLB的RBD患者,可選擇此類藥物同時(shí)治療兩種疾病[113]。

一項(xiàng)安慰劑對照交叉試驗(yàn)顯示,合并RBD的PD患者經(jīng)卡巴拉汀治療后,夢境表演發(fā)作次數(shù)減少(根據(jù)床伴的觀察結(jié)果)[135]。卡巴拉汀通過透皮貼給藥,起始劑量通常為4.6mg,每24小時(shí)1次。可逐漸增加劑量,最大劑量為每日13.3mg。多奈哌齊也是一種膽堿酯酶抑制劑,報(bào)告顯示該藥在3例患者中也改善了RBD癥狀[136]。

其他 — 盡管多巴胺能藥物(如左旋多巴、普拉克索、羅匹尼羅)是PD日間運(yùn)動(dòng)癥狀的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療,但很少對單純性RBD有效。

據(jù)報(bào)道,在NREM睡眠期間頻繁發(fā)生PLM的患者中,普拉克索可有效治療RBD。對于此類患者,其作用機(jī)制可能是幫助減少夜間運(yùn)動(dòng)活動(dòng),以及治療導(dǎo)致睡眠片段化的疾病,即周期性肢動(dòng)障礙(periodic limb movement disorder, PLMD)[137-139]。因此,我們推薦不要使用普拉克索治療RBD,除非PSG顯示頻繁伴發(fā)多巴胺能反應(yīng)性運(yùn)動(dòng)活動(dòng)。

報(bào)道稱有一定療效的其他藥物包括:丙米嗪、卡馬西平、羥丁酸鈉三唑侖、佐匹克隆(在美國之外已上市)、喹硫平氯氮平[111,124,130,140]。

手術(shù)治療PD不能改善RBD的癥狀和RBD的PSG表現(xiàn)。4項(xiàng)有關(guān)PD患者的病例系列研究顯示,在丘腦底核進(jìn)行腦深部電刺激,可改善主觀睡眠質(zhì)量和PSG記錄到的睡眠結(jié)構(gòu),但對夢境表演和REM睡眠肌張力降低幾乎無改善[141-144]。

預(yù)后和咨詢

神經(jīng)變性疾病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn) — 大多數(shù)單純性RBD患者最終會(huì)出現(xiàn)α-突觸核蛋白神經(jīng)變性疾病,表型為PD、DLB或MSA[115,145-147]。從發(fā)生夢境表演到診斷PD或相關(guān)疾病的間隔時(shí)間為數(shù)月至數(shù)十年不等,但每年的表型轉(zhuǎn)換率約為6%,診斷RBD后12年的表型轉(zhuǎn)換率約為74%[34,148]。

現(xiàn)已充分研究α-突觸核蛋白病表型轉(zhuǎn)換的危險(xiǎn)因素[148],但難以進(jìn)行個(gè)體化的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評估。對于RBD患者的表型轉(zhuǎn)換,尚無某一種生物標(biāo)志物具備理想的精確度、準(zhǔn)確度、可用性和成本效果[27]。一些生物標(biāo)志物可能早期出現(xiàn)且很緩慢地變化(如嗅覺、辨色力),而另一些生物標(biāo)志物在快要發(fā)生表型轉(zhuǎn)換時(shí)出現(xiàn)(如運(yùn)動(dòng)征象、認(rèn)知功能障礙)。一項(xiàng)多中心前瞻性隊(duì)列研究納入1280例單純性RBD患者,平均隨訪4.6年發(fā)現(xiàn),轉(zhuǎn)換為神經(jīng)變性疾病的最強(qiáng)危險(xiǎn)因素包括:定量運(yùn)動(dòng)測試異常(HR 3.2)、客觀運(yùn)動(dòng)檢查結(jié)果異常(HR 3.0)、嗅覺障礙(HR 2.6)、男性陰莖勃起功能障礙(HR 2.1)、色覺異常(HR 1.7)、便秘(HR 1.7)[34]。存在注意力或視覺空間功能障礙可能預(yù)示著早期出現(xiàn)癡呆表型,而不是運(yùn)動(dòng)表型[149]。

DAT顯像、組織α-突觸核蛋白檢測等輔助檢查也可預(yù)測早期出現(xiàn)表型轉(zhuǎn)換的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是否增加[39,46,47,101,150,151],但其敏感性和特異性不夠高,故不支持在臨床試驗(yàn)之外常規(guī)用于單純性RBD患者。最好將這些檢查結(jié)果與神經(jīng)變性疾病的伴隨表現(xiàn)(尤其是嗅覺功能障礙)結(jié)合起來判斷[152]。(參見上文'α-突觸核蛋白神經(jīng)變性疾病’'神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)表現(xiàn)’)

前驅(qū)期的皮膚活檢 — 在診斷DLB、PD或MSA之前,突觸核蛋白病變通常已擴(kuò)散到整個(gè)周圍神經(jīng)系統(tǒng),皮神經(jīng)中有異常的磷酸化α-突觸核蛋白聚集[49]。在單純性RBD患者中,皮膚活檢可對潛在神經(jīng)變性進(jìn)行直接的組織病理學(xué)證實(shí)[45,47]。一種市售診斷工具可用于識(shí)別皮神經(jīng)中的突觸核蛋白病變[49],如果患者愿意了解相關(guān)信息以便判斷預(yù)后和參與臨床試驗(yàn),其可能是篩查前驅(qū)疾病證據(jù)的理想工具。(參見下文'告知預(yù)后’)

存在皮膚磷酸化α-突觸核蛋白對系統(tǒng)性突觸核蛋白病的特異性接近100%[45-49]。橫斷面研究顯示,單純性RBD患者的陽性率為60%-90%,而健康對照者和發(fā)作性睡病相關(guān)RBD或AD患者的陽性率為0[27]。需注意,在單純性RBD患者中,皮膚沉積物常在沒有其他生物標(biāo)志(如路易體型認(rèn)知功能障礙、臨床帕金森運(yùn)動(dòng)障礙)的情況下檢出[45-49]。

告知預(yù)后 — 通常可以討論RBD診斷相關(guān)的神經(jīng)變性風(fēng)險(xiǎn),但必須權(quán)衡不確定因素(特別是患者特異性風(fēng)險(xiǎn))和患者對信息告知的意愿[153-155]。醫(yī)生應(yīng)牢記,診斷為RBD不一定預(yù)示將來發(fā)生神經(jīng)變性疾病,而是提示易感性增加。風(fēng)險(xiǎn)估計(jì)值來源于特定人群,并不等同于患者個(gè)體的確切風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

醫(yī)生有理由擔(dān)心,告知中老年RBD患者可能發(fā)生神經(jīng)變性疾病會(huì)引起過度焦慮。一些專家建議僅向愿意了解相關(guān)信息的患者予以告知。然而,不告知風(fēng)險(xiǎn)信息可能損害醫(yī)患關(guān)系,因?yàn)榛颊吆驼樟险吆芸赡芡ㄟ^互聯(lián)網(wǎng)搜索發(fā)現(xiàn)這種關(guān)聯(lián)。這方面還需更多研究。一項(xiàng)研究納入100余例接受調(diào)查的PD確診患者,要求患者考慮是否希望在診斷前幾年就獲知自己的PD風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[156]?;颊咴诓煌薅l件下的回答差異很大:僅46%的患者表示即使無可用治療,仍希望知曉自己的PD風(fēng)險(xiǎn);而85%的患者表示,如果事先獲得指導(dǎo)了解到生活方式調(diào)整可能改變病程,就希望知曉自己的PD風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

醫(yī)生可先分享一般信息并評估患者的接受度和痛苦水平,然后告知更多具體細(xì)節(jié)。溝通應(yīng)因人而異,考慮因素包括年齡、合并癥、檢查結(jié)果、照料者的支持、醫(yī)學(xué)素養(yǎng)、社會(huì)文化背景。另一種方法是向初級(jí)保健醫(yī)生提供有關(guān)RBD中神經(jīng)變性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的信息,因?yàn)槌跫?jí)保健醫(yī)生可能與患者存在長期關(guān)系、更熟悉患者的價(jià)值觀和意愿。

信息告知可在幾次就診中逐步完善。在此期間應(yīng)監(jiān)測神經(jīng)變性的早期跡象,這可能進(jìn)一步提示風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。討論風(fēng)險(xiǎn)時(shí),必須提供經(jīng)權(quán)衡的信息,包括愿意調(diào)整生活方式的患者可能采取的可行步驟。

與患者、家屬和照料者公開討論這種關(guān)聯(lián)有幾個(gè)潛在益處。期間患者可以提問,從而避免在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上獲得錯(cuò)誤信息。還可告知患者PD及其他疾病是可治療的。如果發(fā)現(xiàn)針對α-突觸核蛋白神經(jīng)變性疾病的神經(jīng)保護(hù)治療有效,盡早治療可使RBD患者獲益。例如,越來越多的證據(jù)表明,間歇性高強(qiáng)度有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)可降低PD風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[157]。鑒于有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)對心血管功能有益,應(yīng)鼓勵(lì)所有RBD患者保持積極的生活方式,每周進(jìn)行3-4次高強(qiáng)度有氧運(yùn)動(dòng),每次至少30分鐘。

作為α-突觸核蛋白神經(jīng)退行性病變的生物生理學(xué)標(biāo)志,RBD的獨(dú)特地位有望引領(lǐng)人們發(fā)現(xiàn)阻礙或停止PD發(fā)病的神經(jīng)保護(hù)治療。國際快速眼動(dòng)睡眠行為障礙研究小組是由多國研究者構(gòu)成的合作組織,每年召開一次會(huì)議,以促進(jìn)協(xié)作臨床試驗(yàn)的開展[158]。對于感興趣的患者,北美前驅(qū)性突觸核蛋白病聯(lián)盟[North American Prodromal Synucleinopathy (NAPS) Consortium]正在招募RBD患者參加潛在疾病修正治療的試驗(yàn)。

學(xué)會(huì)指南鏈接 — 部分國家及地區(qū)的學(xué)會(huì)指南和政府指南的鏈接參見其他專題。(參見 “Society guideline links: Parasomnias, hypersomnias, and circadian rhythm disorders”)

患者教育 — UpToDate提供兩種類型的患者教育資料:“基礎(chǔ)篇”和“高級(jí)篇”。基礎(chǔ)篇通俗易懂,相當(dāng)于5-6年級(jí)閱讀水平(美國),可以解答關(guān)于某種疾病患者可能想了解的4-5個(gè)關(guān)鍵問題;基礎(chǔ)篇更適合想了解疾病概況且喜歡閱讀簡短易讀資料的患者。高級(jí)篇篇幅較長,內(nèi)容更深入詳盡;相當(dāng)于10-12年級(jí)閱讀水平(美國),適合想深入了解并且能接受一些醫(yī)學(xué)術(shù)語的患者。

以下是與此專題相關(guān)的患者教育資料。我們建議您以打印或電子郵件的方式給予患者。(您也可以通過檢索“患者教育”和關(guān)鍵詞找到更多相關(guān)專題內(nèi)容。)

●基礎(chǔ)篇(參見 “患者教育:快動(dòng)眼相睡眠行為障礙(基礎(chǔ)篇)”)

也可向患者和照料者介紹NAPS聯(lián)盟的網(wǎng)站(NAPS Consortium),以獲取教育材料和研究機(jī)會(huì)的信息。

總結(jié)與推薦

定義–快速眼動(dòng)睡眠行為障礙(RBD)是一種異態(tài)睡眠,特征為在快速眼動(dòng)(REM)睡眠期間肌張力降低狀態(tài)消失后出現(xiàn)夢境表演。此類行為短暫,與夢境相關(guān),主要出現(xiàn)在后半夜,發(fā)生暴力行為時(shí)可能損傷患者或床伴。(參見上文'夢境表演’)

患病率–一般人群的RBD患病率估計(jì)為0.5%-1.25%,老年人以及帕金森病(PD)、多系統(tǒng)萎縮(MSA)和路易體癡呆(DLB)患者的RBD患病率更高。(參見上文'流行病學(xué)’)

病因–大多數(shù)RBD病例由α-突觸核蛋白神經(jīng)變性引起??挂钟羲?)、發(fā)作性睡病及腦橋病變(如腦卒中或多發(fā)性硬化)也可引起RBD。(參見上文'病因’)

診斷–RBD的診斷依據(jù)是存在夢境表演病史,以及多導(dǎo)睡眠監(jiān)測(PSG)記錄到REM睡眠期骨骼肌失弛緩現(xiàn)象(RSWA)。(參見上文'診斷’)

鑒別診斷–RBD的鑒別診斷包括:非快速眼動(dòng)(NREM)異態(tài)睡眠(覺醒混淆、睡行和睡驚)、夢魘、良性夢囈、夜間額葉癲癇、睡眠片段化疾病[如阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停和周期性肢動(dòng)(PLM)]。(參見上文'鑒別診斷’)

治療()

·建立安全的睡眠環(huán)境–應(yīng)告知所有RBD患者及其床伴如何改變睡眠環(huán)境以防止損傷。(參見上文'安全的睡眠環(huán)境’)

·可逆因素–應(yīng)盡可能停用或不用已知會(huì)加重RBD的藥物,包括5-羥色胺能抗抑郁藥。應(yīng)診斷和治療睡眠障礙,例如阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停。(參見上文'可逆因素’)

·藥物治療–對于頻繁發(fā)生破壞性或損傷性行為的患者,我們推薦藥物治療(Grade 1B)。建議初始治療使用褪黑素,而不是氯硝西泮(Grade 2C)。

褪黑素治療RBD的起始劑量通常為睡前3mg,以3mg的幅度增加劑量,直至這些行為消退()。大多數(shù)患者使用6-18mg就會(huì)緩解。(參見上文'褪黑素(首選)’)

小劑量氯硝西泮(0.25-1mg)是有效的輔助或替代治療,但患者耐受性可能較差,特別是合并神經(jīng)變性疾病時(shí)。(參見上文'氯硝西泮’)

預(yù)后和咨詢–大多數(shù)單純性RBD患者最終會(huì)出現(xiàn)PD或另一種α-突觸核蛋白神經(jīng)變性疾病。RBD向PD的轉(zhuǎn)換率為每10年約50%。存在嗅覺喪失、便秘和直立性低血壓會(huì)增加早期轉(zhuǎn)換的可能性。(參見上文'預(yù)后和咨詢’)

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