0 前言
流行病學(xué)調(diào)查指出,腦卒中是我國成年人致死和致殘的首位原因,其中,缺血性腦卒中約占發(fā)病總數(shù)的80%,其發(fā)病率呈上升趨勢[1, 2]。缺血性腦卒中發(fā)病時血管狹窄或閉塞,血流灌注減低,腦組織出現(xiàn)不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的梗死核心區(qū)域;但在其周圍存在血流灌注水平低于維持正常腦功能但不至于引起腦組織形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)改變的區(qū)域,該區(qū)域被稱為缺血半暗帶(ischemic penumbra, IP),這一概念是由ASTRUP等[3]首次提出?!都毙阅X梗死缺血半暗帶臨床評估及治療中國專家共識》[4]指出,及時恢復(fù)IP區(qū)域的血流,該區(qū)域即可恢復(fù)正常,否則會惡化成為梗死灶而加重腦損害,因此IP是缺血性腦梗死治療的關(guān)鍵靶點(diǎn)[5]。另外,多項臨床研究發(fā)現(xiàn)部分超過時間窗并存在IP的患者仍可從再灌注治療中獲益,成為拓寬血管內(nèi)治療時間窗的最新證據(jù)。早期、全面和精準(zhǔn)地識別IP對臨床治療至關(guān)重要,MRI以其多參數(shù)、多序列成像以及軟組織分辨率高的優(yōu)勢在中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病的成像中應(yīng)用廣泛,MRI不匹配模型也是IP評估中主要方法之一,目前對梗死核心的診斷價值基本達(dá)成共識,對于如何區(qū)分血流異常灌注的區(qū)域,仍是IP研究的熱點(diǎn),多種不匹配模型的研究以及基于圖像大數(shù)據(jù)的影像組學(xué)及人工智能技術(shù)的應(yīng)用以期更為早期和精準(zhǔn)地評估IP,為臨床進(jìn)行再灌注治療提供影像證據(jù),本文就應(yīng)用較多的MRI技術(shù)對IP的識別與評估的研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述,旨在為今后的研究提供方向。
1 基于傳統(tǒng)MRI影像學(xué)“不匹配”對IP的識別和評估
1.1 液體衰減反轉(zhuǎn)恢復(fù)-擴(kuò)散加權(quán)成像不匹配模型
當(dāng)擴(kuò)散加權(quán)成像(diffusion weighted imaging, DWI)上出現(xiàn)高信號區(qū)域,而液體衰減反轉(zhuǎn)恢復(fù)(fluid attenuated inversion recovery, FLAIR)像該區(qū)域信號改變不明顯時,即FLAIR-DWI不匹配;FLAIR-DWI不匹配的出現(xiàn)表明患者發(fā)病時間在4.5 h之內(nèi)[6, 7],該發(fā)現(xiàn)有助于指導(dǎo)醒后卒中及發(fā)病時間不明的患者進(jìn)行安全有效的靜脈溶栓治療[8, 9]。但FLAIR-DWI不匹配的判斷存在主觀差異[10]。FLAIR血管高信號征(FLAIR vascular hyperintensity, FVH)是MRI上比較常見的一種征象,主要表現(xiàn)為MRI FLAIR序列上沿腦溝或腦表面分布的點(diǎn)狀、線狀的高信號影[11],該征象的出現(xiàn)與血栓引起大血管狹窄或閉塞繼而導(dǎo)致缺血區(qū)內(nèi)血流緩慢有關(guān)[12],但這一表現(xiàn)大多在有側(cè)支循環(huán)建立時才可見。LEGREND等[13, 14]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),DWI所示梗死核心和FVH出現(xiàn)區(qū)域存在不匹配,并且與灌注加權(quán)成像(perfusion weighted imaging, PWI)-DWI不匹配相比,F(xiàn)VH-DWI不匹配可以識別更大范圍的IP且具有高度敏感性;更進(jìn)一步的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),F(xiàn)VH-DWI不匹配可以快速識別最有可能從血管再通及血運(yùn)重建中獲益的患者,提示臨床存在FVH-DWI不匹配的患者可能會有較好的臨床預(yù)后,這與WANG等[15]研究結(jié)果一致。但FVH-DWI不匹配敏感度雖高,特異度只有中等[14],認(rèn)為所顯示的不匹配區(qū)域不僅僅是IP,其原因仍值得進(jìn)一步探討。
1.2 MR血管成像-DWI不匹配模型
急性缺血性腦卒中(acute ischemic stroke, AIS)的發(fā)生與病變區(qū)域供血血管的狹窄或閉塞有關(guān)。MR血管成像(MR angiography, MRA)是MRI檢查序列中常用的一種技術(shù),可無損傷、多角度旋轉(zhuǎn)顯示腦血管血流情況。目前MRA在AIS的應(yīng)用多集中在診斷責(zé)任血管及評估側(cè)支循環(huán),對于IP評估中應(yīng)用較少。LANSBERG等[16]發(fā)現(xiàn)前循環(huán)大動脈閉塞或狹窄而DWI所示梗死部位體積越小的患者可以從6 h內(nèi)的再灌注中獲益;DEGUCHI等[17]發(fā)現(xiàn)MRA-DWI不匹配可以用來預(yù)測IP并指導(dǎo)溶栓治療及預(yù)后評估。付志勇等[18]研究急性后循環(huán)腦梗死患者發(fā)現(xiàn)存在MRA-DWI不匹配者容易發(fā)生早期神經(jīng)功能惡化,而早期的血管再通治療可以改善這一情況,認(rèn)為這與IP的存在有一定聯(lián)系,但仍需要更多的研究及更大的樣本量進(jìn)一步證明。
1.3 PWI-DWI不匹配模型
動態(tài)磁敏感對比增強(qiáng)PWI(dynamic susceptibility contrasts enhanced PWI, DSC-PWI)在臨床中應(yīng)用較多,主要基于團(tuán)注順磁性對比劑追蹤技術(shù)來反映組織血管灌注情況,并可以通過擬合得到腦血容量(cerebral blood volume, CBV)、腦血流量(cerebral blood flow, CBF)、平均通過時間(mean transit time, MTT)、達(dá)峰時間(time to peak, TTP)及殘余功能達(dá)峰時間(time to maximum of the residual function, Tmax)等血流動力學(xué)參數(shù)。PWI和DWI之間的不匹配是臨床上運(yùn)用MRI技術(shù)評估IP的最經(jīng)典的模式,一般認(rèn)為以Tmax>6 s或相對MTT(relative MTT, rMTT)>145%區(qū)域代表低灌注區(qū),DWI高信號區(qū)域[表觀擴(kuò)散系數(shù)(apparent diffusion coefficient, ADC)<620×10-6 mm2/s]代表梗死核心[19],兩者的不匹配的范圍即為IP。雖然PWI-DWI不匹配模式預(yù)測IP已被廣泛使用,但隨著研究的深入[20],發(fā)現(xiàn)PWI-DWI不匹配模型評價IP有一定不足:一方面是PWI常常包括了可逆性缺血區(qū)域;另一方面,部分DWI擴(kuò)散受限高信號區(qū)域在早期溶栓后是可逆的。也有學(xué)者[21]對經(jīng)典的不匹配模型進(jìn)行改進(jìn),并提高了IP評估的準(zhǔn)確性。但是,此模型僅適用于前循環(huán)腦卒中的患者,說明該模型有一定的局限性。
1.4 動脈自旋標(biāo)記成像-DWI不匹配模型
動脈自旋標(biāo)記成像(arterial spin labeling, ASL)技術(shù)是近些年發(fā)展起來的MRI灌注技術(shù),利用動脈血內(nèi)水質(zhì)子作為內(nèi)源性標(biāo)記物,將標(biāo)記前后采集的圖像進(jìn)行減影而獲得CBF圖像,避免了注射釓對比劑所致認(rèn)知障礙和腎纖維化的潛在風(fēng)險[22, 23],研究發(fā)現(xiàn)該技術(shù)與傳統(tǒng)的PWI技術(shù)對血流動力學(xué)異常區(qū)域的檢出有良好的一致性[24, 25],可以作為替代手段應(yīng)用于不適于注射釓對比劑的患者。LIU等[26]發(fā)現(xiàn)ASL-DWI和PWI-DWI兩種不匹配模型對IP的評估同樣具有良好的一致性;NIIBO等[27]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)當(dāng)ASL<20 mL/100g·min-1以及MTT>10 s時,ASL-DWI不匹配與PWI-DWI不匹配具有100%一致性。但ASL也有一定的不足,KOHNO等[28]發(fā)現(xiàn)ASL僅對大面積腦梗死血流灌注敏感,對低血流灌注區(qū)域或小梗死灶的敏感性較差。侯聰?shù)?sup>[29]認(rèn)為由于技術(shù)因素ASL測量值會低于真實(shí)灌注值,或許高估了缺血區(qū)域;但值得注意的是,相對于DSC-PWI,ASL所獲得的參數(shù)僅有CBF,而沒有CBV、MTT、Tmax等指標(biāo),故ASL-DWI不匹配模型在評估IP時具有一定局限性。
1.5 磁敏感加權(quán)成像-DWI不匹配模型
磁敏感加權(quán)成像(susceptibility weighted imaging, SWI)是一種利用組織磁敏感性的差異而成像的技術(shù)。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),SWI在缺血區(qū)域內(nèi)出現(xiàn)明顯減低、管徑明顯增粗的低信號血管影,稱為突出血管征(prominent vessel sign, PVS)[30, 31],一般認(rèn)為PVS可以反映側(cè)支血管形成情況。和PWI(ASL)-DWI不匹配模型從血流動力學(xué)變化的角度反映IP不同,SWI-DWI主要從側(cè)支血管形成程度方面評估[32, 33];WANG等[34]發(fā)現(xiàn)SWI-DWI不匹配與傳統(tǒng)的PWI-DWI不匹配在識別IP方面能力相近。LU等[35]使用SWI相位圖與幅值圖結(jié)合、過濾后的SWI mapping圖對IP的體積進(jìn)行了測量,發(fā)現(xiàn)SWIvolume-DWI不匹配與PWI-DWI具有很好的一致性,這或許為識別IP提供了新的方法。但JIANG等[36]研究 發(fā)現(xiàn)并非所有缺血性卒中病人都出現(xiàn)PVS,只有前循環(huán)梗死、大血管閉塞及心源性梗死的患者更容易出現(xiàn)PVS征。而且目前SWI尚不能精準(zhǔn)量化,PVS征象的評價需要較為豐富的臨床經(jīng)驗(yàn),所以SWI-DWI不匹配模型僅能作為輔助手段提高對IP評估的準(zhǔn)確性。
2 基于組織代謝成像對IP的識別和評估
2.1 基于磁共振波譜成像對IP識別與評估
磁共振波譜(magnetic resonance spectroscopy, MRS)是一種利用MRI化學(xué)位移現(xiàn)象來測定組成物質(zhì)的分子成分進(jìn)而無創(chuàng)性檢測活體組織代謝產(chǎn)物的MRI技術(shù)。根據(jù)腦卒中的病理生理改變,當(dāng)缺血時,缺血腦組織由無氧酵解功能,使得該區(qū)域pH值減低,而組織缺血程度不同,其發(fā)生無氧酵解的程度也不同,一般認(rèn)為,缺血區(qū)腦組織發(fā)生代謝異常是早于組織梗死出現(xiàn)的,這使得從代謝層面可以更早地識別和評估IP。ZOLLNER等[37]應(yīng)用MRI磷譜研究腦卒中發(fā)現(xiàn),梗死區(qū)存在不同程度酸中毒的區(qū)域,認(rèn)為該技術(shù)可能具有評價IP和梗死核心的能力;LI等[38]基于新型磁共振光譜成像(MRS imaging, MRSI)技術(shù)獲得了N-乙酰天門冬氨酸(N-acetyl-aspartate, NAA)和乳酸(lactate, Lac)的3D地圖,發(fā)現(xiàn)3D高分辨率MRSI可以將PWI-DWI失配區(qū)區(qū)分為酸性半暗帶區(qū)(高Lac和NAA正常或減低)和良性低血區(qū)(低Lac和NAA正常);DEUCHAR等[39]發(fā)現(xiàn)MRS聯(lián)合血氧水平依賴磁共振成像(blood oxygen level-dependent MRI, BOLD MRI)識別具有代謝活性半暗帶的潛力;另有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)急性腦梗死的恢復(fù)可能與IP區(qū)代謝產(chǎn)物氨基丁酸明顯下降有關(guān)[40],這可作為識別IP的一個診斷指標(biāo)。盡管MRS可以從代謝層面評估IP,但是具有采集時間長、空間分辨率差、覆蓋范圍窄且不能做到可視化等缺點(diǎn),因此,其臨床上用于評估IP仍存在挑戰(zhàn)。
2.2 基于酰胺質(zhì)子轉(zhuǎn)移加權(quán)成像技術(shù)對IP的評估
基于酰胺質(zhì)子轉(zhuǎn)移加權(quán)(amide proton transfer weighted, APTw)成像是一種基于化學(xué)交換飽和轉(zhuǎn)移(chemical exchange saturation transfer, CEST)原理,能夠反映受檢組織pH值、微摩爾甚至納摩爾的游離蛋白或多肽內(nèi)酰胺質(zhì)子濃度分子影像新技術(shù)[41],且可以構(gòu)建出基于pH值及酰胺質(zhì)子濃度的可視化圖像。SUN等[42]應(yīng)用包含APTw技術(shù)在內(nèi)的多序列MRI研究腦梗死大鼠模型時發(fā)現(xiàn)APTw成像可以早于常規(guī)T1WI、T2WI檢出缺血腦組織,且可進(jìn)一步細(xì)分PWI-DWI不匹配區(qū),并認(rèn)為APTw-DWI不匹配區(qū)可能為IP,APTw-PWI不匹配區(qū)可能為良性缺血區(qū);WANG等[43]應(yīng)用弛豫校準(zhǔn)后的APTw技術(shù)研究急性腦梗死大鼠模型得到的結(jié)果與SUN等一致。TIETZE等[44]應(yīng)用APTw技術(shù)研究超急性腦梗死病例發(fā)現(xiàn)APTw低信號范圍與最終梗死范圍一致;HARSTON等[45]對急性腦梗死患者進(jìn)行APTw成像,發(fā)現(xiàn)梗死核心區(qū)、梗死進(jìn)展區(qū)以及良性低灌注區(qū)的APTw信號依次增高,提示APTw技術(shù)有區(qū)分不同缺血程度腦區(qū)的潛力。譚月發(fā)[46]通過研究亞急性期缺血性腦卒中患者發(fā)現(xiàn),APTw在臨床試驗(yàn)中同樣可以進(jìn)一步細(xì)分PWI-DWI不匹配區(qū)。CBF灌注和APTw信號均減低而DWI信號正??赡転镮P,而CBF低灌注而APTw與DWI均正常的區(qū)域?qū)?yīng)良性缺血區(qū)。但APT成像影響因素較多,第一是核奧氏效應(yīng)[47],是指兩個空間位置很近的質(zhì)子相互之間存在弛豫現(xiàn)象,當(dāng)其中一個質(zhì)子受到激發(fā)而飽和時,會將能量傳遞給另一個靠近的質(zhì)子,導(dǎo)致其共振信號增加,繼而產(chǎn)生干擾性的磁化傳遞效應(yīng),影響APTw成像結(jié)果的準(zhǔn)確性;第二,場強(qiáng)的要求較高,目前僅適合用于場強(qiáng)3.0 T的MRI機(jī)器;第三,掃描時間仍相對較長。相信隨著技術(shù)的進(jìn)步,這些問題都會得到有效解決。
3 基于影像組學(xué)與人工智能技術(shù)在IP識別與評估中的應(yīng)用
影像組學(xué)是近年來新興的圖像后處理技術(shù),借助于計算機(jī)軟件對醫(yī)學(xué)影像圖像進(jìn)行處理,然后通過定量分析得出最有價值的影像組學(xué)特征,進(jìn)而提高疾病診斷準(zhǔn)確率。一些學(xué)者將該技術(shù)應(yīng)用于IP的評判中。BOUTS等[48]在自發(fā)或重組組織纖溶酶原激活劑(recombinant tissue plasminogen activator, rt-PA)誘導(dǎo)再灌注的栓塞性卒中大鼠模型發(fā)現(xiàn)廣義線性模型(generalized linear model, GLM)在區(qū)分梗死核心與IP組織中的準(zhǔn)確性最高,Dice相似指數(shù)為0.79。KUO等[49]開發(fā)了一種基于擴(kuò)散張量成像(diffusion tensor imaging, DTI)衍生指標(biāo)的2-level分類模型,用來預(yù)測AIS階段的可搶救組織。結(jié)合平均擴(kuò)散率(mean diffusivity, MD)和相對腦血流量參數(shù)圖(relative cerebral blood flow maps)可以區(qū)分卒中半球的梗死核心、IP和正常組織區(qū)域。ZHANG等[50]將影像組學(xué)引入急性腦卒中患者的研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)通過提取ADC圖的最佳影像組學(xué)特征構(gòu)建的影像組學(xué)評分模型對AIS患者的IP識別具有較高的價值,并在此基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)一步構(gòu)建了ADC低信號區(qū)域及周圍大腦區(qū)域的影像組學(xué)模型,發(fā)現(xiàn)基于ADC圖低信號區(qū)域的影像組學(xué)模型的診斷效能優(yōu)于基于ADC圖病灶周圍區(qū)域的影像組學(xué)模型。因此,影像組學(xué)可通過提取影像信息成為提供AIS演變的生物標(biāo)志物,并且未來或能成為判斷IP的一種有效的工具。
4 小結(jié)與展望
總之,在急性腦梗死患者IP的評估中,MRI不匹配模型分別從結(jié)構(gòu)、血流動力學(xué)變化、側(cè)支循環(huán)建立及代謝等方面有效的識別IP這一治療靶點(diǎn),為臨床干預(yù)提供了有效的影像學(xué)證據(jù)支持,特別是基于圖像大數(shù)據(jù)的影像組學(xué)和人工智能算法的引入,提高了IP識別和評估的準(zhǔn)確性。相信隨著MRI技術(shù)的革新以及研究的深入,MRI對IP的評估將會越來越精準(zhǔn),越來越多的卒中患者會因此而受益。
本文引用格式:
王燕停, 于昊. MRI識別和評估急性腦梗死缺血半暗帶的研究進(jìn)展[J]. 磁共振成像, 2023, 14(1): 161-165.
Cite this article as:
WANG Y T, YU H. Research progress of magnetic resonance imaging in the identification and evaluation of ischemic penumbra in acute cerebral infarction[J]. Chin J Magn Reson Imaging, 2023, 14(1): 161-165.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 82001805); Doctoral Research Foundation of Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical Universitiy (No. 2018-BS-010).
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