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2022高考英語語法考情分析及真題感悟02:構(gòu)詞法(下)

 江湖留傳說 2021-11-28

派生法



派生法通過在詞根上加前綴或者后綴構(gòu)成一個新詞的方法,用派生法構(gòu)成的詞叫做派生詞。如:happy — unhappy,like — dislike, success — successful,home — homeless
常用前綴
1.表否定 
un-: unhappy, uncomfortable, unconscious, undoubtedly(毋庸置疑地), unlock(開··...·鎖), undress(脫衣),  unpack(打開行李),unsay(收回說過的話) 
in-: incorrect, informal, indifferent(漠不關(guān)心的), invaluable(極有價值的;極寶貴的) 
im-: impossible,impolite,imperfect,impatient,immoral(不道德的)
il-: illegal(違法的),illogical(不合邏輯的) 
ir-: irregular(不規(guī)則的), irresistible(不可抗拒的),irrelevant(不相關(guān)的) 
dis-: discover, disagree, disappear, dislike, disbelief, dishonest, dishonorable(不體面的) 
mis-: misunderstand,misjudge, misread,mislead(誤導(dǎo)), misfortune (不幸)
non-: non-smoker, nonstop, nonsense(胡說),  non-drinker不喝酒的人
2.表重復(fù)
re-: retell, reconsider,rearrange,react(作出反應(yīng)),renew(更新),reusable(可再用的),refresh(使恢復(fù)精力)
3.表中間
mid-: midnight,midpoint(中點(diǎn)),midway(中途),mid-July(七月中旬) 
4.表超出
extra- : extraordinary,extracurricular(課外的),extra-official(非官方的) 
5.表超級
super- : supermarket,superstar(超級明星),superpower(超級大國) 
6.表微小
micro-: microscope(顯微鏡),microcomputer(微機(jī))
7.表小的
mini- : miniskirt,minibus(小型巴士:面包車)
8.表遠(yuǎn)
tele-: telescope,telephone,television,telephotograph(傳真照片) 
9.表千
kilo- : kilometer(千米),kilogram(千克),kilowatt(千瓦) 
10.表變化
trans- : translate,transform,transport,transformer(變壓器)
11.表后于
post-: postpone(延遲),postgraduate(研究生),postwar(戰(zhàn)后的) 
12.先于
pre-: pre-school(學(xué)齡前的),pre-war(戰(zhàn)前的),prehistoric(史前的) 
13.相互
inter- : international,interview,interchange(互換)
14.前部; 預(yù)先
fore-: forehead,foreword(序言),foreman(領(lǐng)班),forearm(前臂),foresee,forecast,foretell(預(yù)言;預(yù)料) 
15.自動
auto- : automatic,automobile(汽車),autopilot(自動駕駛儀) 
16.半
semi-: semicircle,semisolid(半固體的),semiconductor(半導(dǎo)體) 
17.副 
vice-: vice-chairman,vice-manager,vice-president(副總統(tǒng)) 
18.過多
over- :overeat(吃得過多),overexcited,overpopulated(人口過多的) 
19.使成為; 把...放入 
en- : encourage(鼓勵),endanger(危及),enable(使能夠),enrich(使富裕),empower(授權(quán)), encase(把······裝入箱),encage(把······關(guān)在籠)
20.構(gòu)成形容詞或副詞
a-: asleep, alive, alike, awake, alone, apart, aloud, ahead 

常用名詞后綴
1.表示行為者 
-er: worker, teacher, painter,waiter, performer, winner,  Londoner(倫敦人), northerner(北方人),container(容器),cooker(炊具),opener(開啟的人或工具),heater(取熱器),timer(計(jì)時員;計(jì)時器),cutter(切割者;切割工具) 
-or : visitor, actor, sailor, inventor, conductor, director, translator, operator,survivor(幸存者)
-ar: liar(說謊者),beggar(乞丐),scholar(學(xué)者) 
-ist: scientist, physicist, artist, tourist, novelist,specialist,medalist(獎牌獲得者) 
-ant/ent: assistant, accountant, president
-(i)an: librarian(圖書管理員), historian(史學(xué)家), politician(政治家), musician(音樂家),African,American 
-ee : employee(受雇者),trainee(受訓(xùn)者),interviewee(被面試者)
2.表過程性質(zhì)狀態(tài)結(jié)果等抽象概念 
-ation: information, invitation, education, explanation, motivation, hesitation(猶豫) 
-(t)ion: action, construction, direction, introduction, invention, collection, attraction, connection
-sion : conclusion, division, discussion, expression, possession 
-ssion: permission, admission
-ance : allowance, importance, appearance, assistance, performance, resistance 
-ence: existence, preference, reference, difference, existence, absence, independence
-ment: advertisement, agreement, amusement, argument, arrangement, development
-ness: illness, sickness,happiness, kindness, sadness, goodness(善良;美德)
-hood : childhood,neighbourhood(鄰居關(guān)系),brotherhood(兄弟關(guān)系;手足之情) 
-th : truth,strength,depth,length,growth,warmth,width(寬度) 
-ship: friendship, relationship, scholarship, membership, citizenship(國籍;公民的身份) 
-(a)bility : possibility,disability,responsibility,flexibility(靈活性;柔韌性)
-y: difficulty, recovery 
-(i)ty : reality,nationality,safety,cruelty(殘酷行為), certainty(確實(shí)的事情) 
-ery: bravery,bakery(面包房),cookery(烹調(diào)法) 
-al : approval,arrival,survival,refusal(拒絕) 
-age: marriage, shortage(不足;短缺 ), storage(儲存)
-ing : feeling,hearing, building,meeting,opening,suffering,cooling(冷卻) 
-ful :handful,spoonful,mouthful(一口),glassful(一杯的容量)plateful(滿盤;一盤) 
-cy: fluency, accuracy(準(zhǔn)確性)
-dom: freedom; wisdom, kingdom(王國)

常用形容詞后綴
-ful: successful, careful, hopeful, helpful, useful, harmful, beautiful, wonderful,colourful
-y: guilty, stormy, healthy, wealthy, dirty, noisy, sleepy,foggy,muddy 
-less : breathless, tasteless, useless, hopeless, helpless, endless, stainless, meaningless
-able: comfortable, reasonable, suitable, admirable, knowledgeable, remarkable(不尋常的)
-al:  personal, national, traditional, natural, cultural, agricultural, fictional, additional, musical 
-ical: political,physical,practical,grammatical,historical(歷史上的) 
-ly: friendly(友好的), monthly(每月的),daily(日常的), timely(及時的) 
-en: golden,woollen,wooden,earthen(泥土做的) 
-ous : dangerous, anxious, famous, poisonous, religious, mountainous,nervous,ambitious
-ive: active, expensive, attractive, subjective, representative, creative, impressive
-ish : foolish, selfish, childish, British
-some: troublesome,fearsome(可怕的),burdensome(難于負(fù)擔(dān)的) 
-ed: interested, ashamed, disappointed, furnished, talented, aged,strong-minded(意志堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的)
-ing :amazing, boring, interesting, surprising, disturbing, freezing(冰冷的), shocking 
常用動詞后綴
-en: deepen,sharpen,shorten,lessen(變少),worsen(使惡化),strengthen,weaken 
-ize: realize, apologize, recognize, modernize, legalize, commercialize,popularize
-(i)fy : satisfy,beautify,simplify,signify(表示;意味),terrify(使害怕)
常用副詞后綴
-ly: quickly, simply, angrily, stupidly,hopefully,hopelessly,truly,smilingly,decidedly(堅(jiān)決地;斷然地),namely(即;就是), scientifically
-ward(s): upward(s), downward(s), forward (s), backward(s), Southward(s),inward(s)outward(s),homeward(s)(向家:在歸途上)

2

合成法



合成名詞:bookmark (書簽);guidebook (指南手冊);workshop (研討會;車間);sunset (日落) 
合成形容詞 :lifelong (終身的;畢生的);heartbreaking (令人心碎的);absent-minded (心不在焉的) 
合成動詞:whitewash (用石灰水刷白);overcome (戰(zhàn)勝);overthrow (推翻) 
合成副詞:anyway (無論如何);everywhere (到處);however (盡管如此);forever (永遠(yuǎn)) 
合成介詞:inside (在......里);outside (在......外);throughout (遍及);within (在......之內(nèi)) 

3

轉(zhuǎn)化法



動詞→名詞:change 改變;找零 →變化 ;walk 步行→散步;stop 停止→車站 ;record 錄音 →記錄
名詞→動詞:place 地點(diǎn) → 放置;taste 味道→ 嘗起來;hand 手 → 傳遞;遞交;seat 座位 → 使……坐下          
形容詞→動詞:clean 干凈→使干凈,打掃;clear 清楚→清理;dirty 臟→弄臟;dry 干燥→烘干,曬干;empty 空的→倒空

4

截短法縮略法



截短法:telephone→phone, aeroplane→plane, advertisement→ad. , laboratory→lab, influenza→flu , smog (smoke + fog) 煙霧;brunch (breakfast +lunch) 早午餐;newscast (news + broadcast) 新聞廣播;sci-fi (science + fiction) 科幻小說
縮略法:television→ TV (讀字母音)電視;very important person→ VIP (讀字母音)要人;Testing of English as a Foreign Language→ TOEFL(作為一個單詞讀音)托福

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