英語(yǔ)的構(gòu)詞法主要有:合成法,轉(zhuǎn)化法,派生法,混成法,截短法和詞首字母縮略法.
1.轉(zhuǎn)化法 英語(yǔ)中，有的名詞可作動(dòng)詞，有的形容詞可作副詞或動(dòng)詞，這種把一種詞性用作另一種詞性而詞形不變的方法叫作轉(zhuǎn)化法。
1)動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞
很多動(dòng)詞可以轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞，大多意思沒(méi)有多大的變化(如下①)；有時(shí)意思有一定變化(如下②)；有的與一個(gè)動(dòng)詞和不定冠詞構(gòu)成短語(yǔ)，表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作(如下③)。例如：
?、貺et's go out for a walk.我們到外面去散散步吧。
?、贖e is a man of strong build.他是一個(gè)體格健壯的漢子。
③Let's have a swim.咱們游泳吧。
2)名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞
很多表示物件(如下①)、身體部位(如下②)、某類人(如下③)的名詞可以用作動(dòng)詞來(lái)表示動(dòng)作，某些抽象名詞(如下④)也可作動(dòng)詞。例如：
①Did you book a seat on the plane?你訂好飛機(jī)座位了嗎?
?、赑lease hand me the book.請(qǐng)把那本書遞給我。
?、跾he nursed her husband back to health.她看護(hù)丈夫，使他恢復(fù)了健康。
?、躓e lunched together.我們?cè)谝黄鸪粤宋绮汀?br> 3)形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞
有少數(shù)形容詞可以轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞。例如：
We will try our best to better our living conditions.我們要盡力改善我們的生活狀況。
4)副詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞
有少數(shù)副詞可以轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞。例如：
Murder will out.(諺語(yǔ))惡事終必將敗露。
5)形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞
表示顏色的形容詞?？赊D(zhuǎn)化為名詞(如下①)；某些形容詞如old, young, poor, rich, wounded, injured等與the連用，表示一類人，作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)(如下②)。例如：
You should be dressed in black at the funeral.你在葬禮中該穿黑色衣服。
The old in our village are living a happy life.我們村的老年人過(guò)著幸福的生活。
在詞根前面加前綴或在詞根后面加后綴構(gòu)成一個(gè)與原單詞意義相近或截然相反的新詞叫作派生法。
1)前綴
除少數(shù)前綴外，前綴一般改變單詞的意義，不改變?cè)~性；后綴一般改變?cè)~類，而不引起詞義的變化。
(1)表示否定意義的前綴常用的有dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, mis-, non-, un-等，在單詞的前面加這類前綴常構(gòu)成與該詞意義相反的新詞。例如：
appear出現(xiàn)→disappear消失
correct正確的→incorrect不正確的
lead帶領(lǐng)→mislead領(lǐng)錯(cuò)
stop停下→non-stop不停
(2)表示其他意義的前綴常用的有a-(多構(gòu)成表語(yǔ)形容詞), anti- (反對(duì)；抵抗), auto- (自動(dòng)), co- (共同), en- (使), inter- (互相), re- (再；又), sub- (下面的；次；小), tele- (強(qiáng)調(diào)距離)等。例如：
alone單獨(dú)的antigas防毒氣的
autochart自動(dòng)圖表
cooperate合作enjoy使高興
internet互聯(lián)網(wǎng)reuse再用
subway地鐵telephone電話
2)后綴
英語(yǔ)單詞不僅可以通過(guò)加前綴構(gòu)成新詞，也可加后綴構(gòu)成新詞。后綴通常會(huì)改變單詞的詞性，構(gòu)成意義相近的其他詞性；少數(shù)后綴還會(huì)改變?cè)~義，變?yōu)榕c原來(lái)詞義相反的新詞。
(1)構(gòu)成名詞的后綴常用的有-ence，-(e)r/ -or (從事某事的人),-ese (某地人)，-ess (雌性)，-ful (一……)，-ian (精通……的人)，-ist (專業(yè)人員)，-ment (性質(zhì)；狀態(tài))，-ness (性質(zhì)；狀態(tài))，-tion(動(dòng)作；過(guò)程)等。例如：
differ不同于→difference區(qū)別
write寫→writer作家
Japan日本→Japanese日本人
act表演→actress女演員
mouth口→mouthful一口
music音樂(lè)→musician音樂(lè)家
(2)構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞的后綴常用的有-(e)n (多用于形容詞之后)，-fy (使……化)，-ize (使……成為)。例如：
wide→widen加寬
beauty→beautify美化
pure→purify提純
real→realize意識(shí)到
organ→organize組織
(3)構(gòu)成形容詞的后綴常用的有-al，
-able (有能力的)，-(a)n(某國(guó)人的)，-en (多用于表示材料的名詞后)，-ern (方向的)，-ese(某國(guó)人的)，-ful，-(ic)al，-ish，-ive，-less (表示否定)，-like (像……的)，-ly，-ous，-some，-y (表示天氣)等。例如：
nature自然→natural自然的
reason道理→reasonable有道理的
America美國(guó)→American美國(guó)的
China中國(guó)→Chinese中國(guó)人的
gold金子→golden金的
east東→eastern東方的
child孩子→childish孩子氣的
snow雪→snowy雪的
(4)構(gòu)成副詞的常用后綴有-ly (主要用于形容詞之后表示方式或程度)，-ward(s) (主要用于表示方位的詞之后表示方向)。例如：
angry生氣的→angrily生氣地
to到→towards朝……，向……
east東方→eastward向東
(5)構(gòu)成數(shù)詞的后綴有-teen (十幾)，-ty (幾十)，-th (構(gòu)成序數(shù)詞)。例如：
six六→sixteen十六→sixteenth第十六
four四→forty四十→fortieth第四十
1)合成名詞
構(gòu)成方式例詞
名詞＋名詞weekend周末
名詞＋動(dòng)詞daybreak黎明
名詞＋動(dòng)名詞handwriting書法
名詞＋及物動(dòng)詞＋er／or pain-killer止痛藥
名詞＋介詞＋名詞editor-in-chief總編輯
代詞＋名詞she-wolf母狼
動(dòng)詞＋名詞typewriter打字機(jī)
動(dòng)名詞＋名詞reading-room閱覽室
現(xiàn)在分詞＋名詞flying-fish飛魚
形容詞＋名詞gentleman紳士
副詞＋動(dòng)詞outbreak爆發(fā)
介詞＋名詞afternoon下午
2)合成形容詞
名詞＋形容詞snow-white雪白的
名詞＋現(xiàn)在分詞English-speaking講英語(yǔ)的
名詞＋to＋名詞face-to-face面對(duì)面的
名詞＋過(guò)去分詞man-made人造的
數(shù)詞＋名詞one-way單行的
數(shù)詞＋名詞＋形容詞two-year-old兩歲的
數(shù)詞＋名詞＋ed five-storeyed五層的
動(dòng)詞＋副詞see-through透明的
形容詞＋名詞high-class高級(jí)的
形容詞＋名詞＋ed noble-minded高尚的
形容詞＋形容詞light-blue淺藍(lán)色的
形容詞＋現(xiàn)在分詞good-looking相貌好看的
副詞＋形容詞ever-green常青的
副詞＋現(xiàn)在分詞hard-working勤勞的
副詞＋過(guò)去分詞well-known著名的
副詞＋名詞fast-food專門提供快餐服務(wù)的
介詞＋名詞downhill下坡的
3)合成動(dòng)詞
名詞＋動(dòng)詞sleep-walk夢(mèng)游
形容詞＋動(dòng)詞white-wash粉刷
副詞＋動(dòng)詞overthrow推翻
4)合成副詞
形容詞＋名詞hotfoot匆忙地
形容詞＋副詞everywhere到處
副詞＋副詞however盡管如此
介詞＋名詞beforehand事先
介詞＋副詞forever永遠(yuǎn)
5)合成代詞
代詞賓格＋self herself她自己
物主代詞＋self myself我自己
形容詞＋名詞anything任何東西
6)合成介詞
副詞＋名詞inside在……里面
介詞＋副詞within在……之內(nèi)
副詞＋介詞into進(jìn)入
截短法，即將單詞縮寫，詞義和詞性保持不變，主要有截頭、去尾、截頭去尾等形式。
1)截頭
telephone→phone
aeroplane→plane
omnibus→bus
2)去尾
mathematics→maths
co-operate→co-op
examination→exam
kilogram→kilo
laboratory→lab
taxicab→taxi
3)截頭去尾
influenza→flu
refrigerator→fridge
prescription→script
混合法，即將兩個(gè)詞混合或各取一部分緊縮而成一個(gè)新詞。后半部分表示主體；前半部分表示屬性。
news broadcast→newscast新聞廣播
television broadcast→telecast電視播送
smoke and fog→smog煙霧
helicopter airport→heliport直升飛機(jī)場(chǎng)
首尾字母縮略法，即用單詞首尾字母組成一個(gè)新詞。讀音主要有兩種形式，即各字母分別讀音；作為一個(gè)單詞讀音。
very important person→VIP (讀字母音)要人；大人物
television→TV (讀字母音)電視
Testing of English as a Foreign Language→TOEFL托福
Nato
1.That man was________enough not to tell the manager that he would not do the job.
A.care B.careful C.careless D.carelessness
2.The soldier died for saving the child，so his________ is heavier than Mount Tai.
A.die B.dead C.died D.death
3.The child looked________at his brother who was badly wounded.
A.sadly B.sadness C.sadly D.sad
4.He is an expert at chemistry.We all call him a ________.
A.chemistry B.chemical
C.chemist D.physician
5.The three- ________chair isn’t suitable for a young child.He may fall off.
A.legging B.legged C.legs D.leged
6.Stephenson became the________railway engineer in the world.
A.lead B.leader C.leading D.leadership
7.When the teacher praised him for working out the maths problem，Jack looked________about at his classmates.
A.proud B.proudly C.pride D.pridely
8.To everyone’s ________，the girl finished the job quite well.
A.satisfied B.satisfactory
C.satisfying D.satisfaction
9.—What are you doing here?
—Oh，my teacher asked me to write a passage about ________in English.
—You can write________passage in English?
A.600 words；a 600-words
B.600-word；a 600-words
C.600 words；a 600-word
D.600 words；a 600-words
10.No one should enter the spot without the________of the police.
A.permit B.permission
C.permitting D.permittence
11.You must come with us to the police ________.Our head is waiting for you.
A.headquarters B.headline
C.headmaster D.headache
12.Letting that animal escape was no accident；you did it ________.
A.intend B.intention
C.intentionally D.intentional
13.The shop owner welcomed all the guests with a________smile.
A.practice B.practise
C.practical D.practiced
14.The________ordered him to pay a 0 fine.
A.judger B.judgment
C.judge D.judgement
15.My TV is out of order.Can you tell me what is the________news about Iraq War?
A.lately B.latest
C.later D.latter
16.The Great Wall is more than 6000 li in ________.
A.longer B.length
C.long D.longing
17.To my ________，I passed the exam easily.
A.joy B.joyful
C.joyless D.joyness
18.Canada is mainly an________country.
A.English-speaking B.speak-English
C.spoken-English D.English-spoken
19.How________ he is! He is always acting________.He is really a ________.
A.foolish；foolishly；fool
B.fool；foolish；fool
C.foolish；fool；fool
D.foolishly；foolish；fool
20.The necklace that she lost is very expensive.It’s of great ________.
A.valuable B.value
C.valueless D.unvaluable
21.There were________fish in the river in South America.
A.in danger B.danger
C.dangerous D.dangerless
22.The letter “b” in the word “doubt” is________.
A.sound B.silent
C.silence D.sounded
23.The child looked at me________.
A.stranger B.strangely
C.strange D.strangeless
24.The black people were against slavery and fought for their________bravely.
A.free B.freely
C.freedom D.frees
25.What you said sounded________ but in fact it was untrue.
A.reasonable B.reasonful
C.reasonless D.unreason
26.We have to learn________technology from other countries.
A.advance B.advancing
C.advantage D.advanced
27.The children live in a village ________.They come here almost every day.
A.nearby B.near
C.nearly D.near by
28.Mr Black is an ________in the army，not an________in the government.You can not easily find him in his________.
A.official；officer；office
B.officer；office；official
C.official；official；official
D.officer；official；office
29.You’d better give up smoking if you want to keep ________.
A.health B.healthy
C.healthily D.healthier
30.________ speaking，I didn’t do it on purpose.
A.Honestly B.Honest C.Honesty D.Dishonest
[參考答案]1-5 BDACB 6-10 CBDCB 11-15 ACDCB 16-20 BAAAB
