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SCI論文寫(xiě)作離不開(kāi)前人的研究，在自己的論文中引用別人的研究也是一個(gè)很有技巧的工作。但是，你知道該如何正確引用他人的研究嗎？本期，筆者就來(lái)和大家聊一聊SCI論文寫(xiě)作的另一個(gè)套路——如何在自己SCI論文中轉(zhuǎn)述和總結(jié)別人的論文和成果。 這里我們需要先說(shuō)明引用、轉(zhuǎn)述、總結(jié)都是我們?cè)谧约赫撐闹惺褂盟苏撐暮统晒姆椒?，更多的是用在SCI論文的Introduction中。同時(shí)，引用、轉(zhuǎn)述、總結(jié)有很大的區(qū)別，靈活運(yùn)用好這三個(gè)方法對(duì)我們做文獻(xiàn)調(diào)研、寫(xiě)論文都大有裨益！ 更多SCI寫(xiě)作套路，請(qǐng)看文末推文鏈接 轉(zhuǎn)述和總結(jié)在科學(xué)論文中是必不可少的環(huán)節(jié)，因?yàn)樗鼈兡茏屇愀玫匾盟说挠^點(diǎn)，而不會(huì)因?yàn)橐枚鼓愕恼撐幕靵y不堪（寫(xiě)作風(fēng)格不統(tǒng)一造成的）。 轉(zhuǎn)述是指用自己的語(yǔ)言以大致相同的細(xì)節(jié)水平重申別人的觀點(diǎn)，有點(diǎn)類似重新組織。 總結(jié)是指把別人的工作中最重要的部分精簡(jiǎn)為一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)短的語(yǔ)句，這需要加入你自己的理解。一篇論文的Introduction和Abstract是我們用于轉(zhuǎn)述和總結(jié)的重要資源。在選擇使用轉(zhuǎn)述或總結(jié)時(shí)，首先要考慮你的寫(xiě)作原則和你所從事的寫(xiě)作類型。例如，科學(xué)報(bào)告中的文獻(xiàn)綜述幾乎完全依賴參考文獻(xiàn)里的摘要Abstract。轉(zhuǎn)述和總結(jié)的技巧可以幫助你更好地掌控自己的論文。當(dāng)一篇論文中某個(gè)觀點(diǎn)對(duì)你的論文很重要，但它的措辭卻不重要的時(shí)候，你可以使用轉(zhuǎn)述和總結(jié)技巧。如果你只需要讀者了解一個(gè)梗概，那么你可以嘗試總結(jié)。雖然轉(zhuǎn)述和總結(jié)通常比引用更可取，但也不要過(guò)分依賴它們，因?yàn)镾CI論文更看重的是你的創(chuàng)新點(diǎn)。下面給出筆者總結(jié)的四點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)述小經(jīng)驗(yàn)： 當(dāng)你在做筆記的時(shí)候，遇到一篇可能對(duì)你的論文有用的文章，不要逐字抄寫(xiě)，除非你認(rèn)為你會(huì)想引用它。 如果你想轉(zhuǎn)述一篇文章，那么只需記下原作者的基本觀點(diǎn)，甚至不需要使用原文完整的句子。 你應(yīng)該已經(jīng)把原文轉(zhuǎn)換成自己的話了，重要的是抓住核心。 一定要記下轉(zhuǎn)述原文的來(lái)源，以免后期再找出處。
注意：當(dāng)你寫(xiě)論文的時(shí)候，依靠的是你的筆記而不是一堆參考文獻(xiàn)的原件。做好筆記，你會(huì)盡可能避免查找原文,提高你的寫(xiě)作效率。下面讓我們來(lái)看看一些合理和不合理的轉(zhuǎn)述例子，引用Sacks的文章《An Anthropologist on Mars》中的一段話。The cause of autism has also been a matter of dispute. Its incidence is about one in a thousand, and it occurs throughout the world, its features remarkably consistent even in extremely different cultures. It is often not recognized in the first year of life, but tends to become obvious in the second or third year. Though Asperger regarded it as a biological defect of affective contact—innate, inborn, analogous to a physical or intellectual defect—Kanner tended to view it as a psychogenic disorder, a reflection of bad parenting, and most especially of a chillingly remote, often professional, “refrigerator mother.” At this time, autism was often regarded as “defensive” in nature, or confused with childhood schizophrenia. A whole generation of parents—mothers, particularly—were made to feel guilty for the autism of their children.The cause of the condition autism has been disputed. It occurs in approximately one in a thousand children, and it exists in all parts of the world, its characteristics strikingly similar in vastly differing cultures. The condition is often not noticeable in the child’s first year, yet it becomes more apparent as the child reaches the age of two or three. Although Asperger saw the condition as a biological defect of the emotions that was inborn and therefore similar to a physical defect, Kanner saw it as psychological in origin, as reflecting poor parenting and particularly a frigidly distant mother. During this period, autism was often seen as a defence mechanism, or it was misdiagnosed as childhood schizophrenia. An entire generation of mothers and fathers (but especially mothers) were made to feel responsible for their offspring’s autism (Sacks 247-48)（引用）.這個(gè)不合理的轉(zhuǎn)述段落中，主要有兩個(gè)問(wèn)題：第一，大多數(shù)句子只不過(guò)是把一個(gè)短語(yǔ)替換成另一個(gè)短語(yǔ)而已；第二，唯一的引用出現(xiàn)在這段的最后一句（黃色標(biāo)記），這句引用極易誤導(dǎo)讀者——前面的句子不是源自Sacks，而是作者的觀點(diǎn)。轉(zhuǎn)述應(yīng)該具有幾個(gè)基本原則： 要在轉(zhuǎn)述中明確提到作者。上面的文章明確說(shuō)明了這些想法來(lái)自于Sacks，即段落結(jié)尾的括號(hào)注釋，說(shuō)明這句話的來(lái)源。 光轉(zhuǎn)述是不夠的，還要分析。Sacks的解釋是，把原文分成兩個(gè)部分：轉(zhuǎn)述部分和分析部分，新的段落不僅重申了他的觀點(diǎn)，而且列出了他的論點(diǎn)。 轉(zhuǎn)述不需要包含所有來(lái)自原文的細(xì)節(jié)，適當(dāng)?shù)氖÷詫?duì)自己論文意義不大的細(xì)節(jié)是沒(méi)問(wèn)題的。 轉(zhuǎn)述必須用你自己的話，不僅僅是替換單詞和短語(yǔ)，還必須創(chuàng)造新的句子。當(dāng)然，轉(zhuǎn)述不需要改變每個(gè)單詞。
當(dāng)你總結(jié)一篇文章時(shí)，你首先需要理解它的內(nèi)容，然后用你自己的語(yǔ)言捕捉原文中最重要的元素，將這些元素凝聚成一句或者一段話。簡(jiǎn)單說(shuō)，總結(jié)就是先理解，然后提煉關(guān)鍵詞，最后組合語(yǔ)句，總結(jié)需要不斷地練習(xí)和學(xué)習(xí)，才能熟練掌握。下面是“An Anthropologist on Mars”的一段總結(jié)，請(qǐng)大家自己領(lǐng)會(huì)總結(jié)的妙用。In “An Anthropologist on Mars,” Sacks notes that although there is little disagreement on the chief characteristics of autism, researchers have differed considerably on its causes. As he points out, Asperger saw the condition as an innate defect in the child’s ability to connect with the external world, whereas Kanner regarded it as a consequence of harmful childrearing practices (247-48).本期，筆者給大家分享了一些關(guān)于SCI論文中轉(zhuǎn)述和總結(jié)他人成果和論文的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和方法，轉(zhuǎn)述和總結(jié)不是單純的引用，大家要加以區(qū)分并熟練應(yīng)用轉(zhuǎn)述、總結(jié)和引用這三種方式，為自己的SCI論文的內(nèi)容作支撐和添彩。希望本文對(duì)大家的SCI論文寫(xiě)作有所幫助！下一期筆者將告訴大家如何在SCI論文寫(xiě)作中避免剽竊嫌疑。近期，筆者分享了一些值得收藏的SCI論文寫(xiě)作干貨推文，在此附上鏈接方便大家溫習(xí)：
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