本期推送的是哈佛大學(xué)社會學(xué)系2019年春季課程《質(zhì)化社會分析》的課程大綱。授課教師為Michèle Lamont。

質(zhì)化方法經(jīng)常被我們提到。一方面，它看起來“酷酷的”；另一方面，很多人似乎摸不到它的線索……質(zhì)化方法是不是就是找人聊天，或者說，質(zhì)化研究真的有方法嗎？

推送這份課程大綱，初心有二。

第一，因?yàn)樗依舜蟛糠仲|(zhì)化研究的入門基礎(chǔ)文獻(xiàn)。當(dāng)然，這些文獻(xiàn)浩如煙海，可以嘗試讀讀你感興趣的部分；

第二，哪怕用手指在手機(jī)上向下劃兩下，我們也能感受到，在世界一流大學(xué)中，一門課程的閱讀量有多么大。道理直接而殘酷：不管是哪個(gè)學(xué)科，閱讀量都是硬通貨。

（1）為學(xué)生提供定性研究的基本訓(xùn)練。這就需要讓學(xué)生了解概念化、理論、研究設(shè)計(jì)和提問策略等問題。

（2）讓學(xué)生理解社會學(xué)定性研究中做出重大貢獻(xiàn)的領(lǐng)域。這包括對闡釋、描述和解釋性研究中使用定性方法的反思。

（3）質(zhì)性研究者與'研究對象'和'信息提供者'的接觸比其他研究人員更密切。因此，需要學(xué)生理解定性研究的倫理責(zé)任。

（4）幫助學(xué)生對學(xué)術(shù)寫作進(jìn)行整體的、批判的思考，并掌握專業(yè)的論文演示技巧，以便向同行和公眾展示他們的定性研究。

Salsa Dancing into the 

Social Sciences: 

Research in an Age of Info-glut. 

《薩爾薩舞般的社會科學(xué)：

信息過剩時(shí)代的研究》

Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Luker, Kristin. 2010. 

 Learning from Strangers: 

The Art and Method of 

Qualitative Interview Studies. 

《向陌生人學(xué)習(xí)：

質(zhì)性訪談研究的藝術(shù)與方法》

New York: Free Press.

Weiss, Robert S. 1994. 

 必讀： 

Sayer, Andrew. 1992. Method in Social Science (社會科學(xué)中的方法). A Realist Approach. London: Routledge. Pp. 11-46.

Swedberg Richard. 2016. “Before Theory Comes Theorizing or How to Make Social Science More Interesting.” (理論化在理論之前，或如何讓社會科學(xué)更加有趣) British Journal of Sociology. 67 (1): 5-22.

Cartwright, Nancy. 2007. “Are RCTs the Gold Standard?”(隨機(jī)對照試驗(yàn)是黃金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)嗎？). Bioscience 2: 11-20.

 選讀： 

Alford, Robert. 1998. The Craft of Inquiry. New York: Oxford University Press, 1-86.

Luker, Kristin. 2008. Salsa Dancing into the Social Sciences. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1-39.

Isaac. Jeffrey C. 2015. “Varieties of Empiricism in Political Science.” Perspectives on Politics. 13 (4): 929-234.

Elman, Colin, ed. 2012. “Symposium on Qualitative Research Methods in Political Science.” () The Journal of Politics. 70 (1): PP. 272- 292.

必讀:

Abend, Gabriel. 2013. “Styles of Causal Thought: An Empirical Investigation.” (因果思維的風(fēng)格：一項(xiàng)實(shí)證調(diào)查) American Journal of Sociology. 119 (3): 602-654.

Lamont, M. (2008). The Evaluation of Systematic Qualitative Research in the Social Sciences  (社會科學(xué)中系統(tǒng)定性研究的評估) 141-174.

Lamont, Michèle. 2009. How Professors Think (教授如何思考). Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 159-201.

Gerring, John. 2012. “Mere Description.” (純粹的描述) British Journal of Political Science, 42: 721- 746.

選讀:

Lamont, Michèle and Patricia White. 2008. The Evaluation of Systematic Qualitative Research in the Social Sciences. Washington, D.C.: National Science Foundation, 23-140.

National Science Foundation Sociology Program. 2004. Workshop on Scientific Foundations of Qualitative Research. Washington, D.C.: National Science Foundation, 9- 21, 55-58, 71-78, 121-126, and 133-136.

必讀

Read a few essays from the Sociologica symposium on “How Do Sociologists Discover a Research Topic?” (社會學(xué)者如何發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)研究問題？) https://sociologica./article/view/8428/8240

Luker, Kristin. 2008. Salsa Dancing into the Social Sciences (薩爾薩舞般的社會科學(xué)). Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 51-75.

Small, Mario Luis. 2009. “How Many Cases Do I Need: On Science and the Logic of Case Selection in Field-Based Research.” (我需要多少案例：論基于田野研究的案例選擇的科學(xué)和邏輯) Ethnography 10 (1): 5 – 38.

Timmermans, Stefan and Iddo Tavory. 2014. Abductive Analysis: Theorizing Qualitative Research (溯因分析：質(zhì)化研究的理論化). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Pp. 1-66.

Spillman, Lyn. 2014. “Mixed Methods and the Logic of Qualitative Inference.” (混合方法與質(zhì)化推理的邏輯) Qualitative Sociology. 37:189-205.

選讀

Emigh Rebecca Jean. 1997. “The Power of Negative Thinking: The Use of Negative Case Methodology in the Development of Sociological Theory.” Theory and Society. 26 (5): 649-684.

Hannerz, Ulf, 2003. “Being There... and There... and There! Reflections on Multi-Site Ethnography.” Ethnography 4 (2): 201-216.

Ragin, Charles and Howard S. Becker (eds). 1992. What is a Case? Exploring the Foundations of Social Inquiry. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1-15 and 121- 137.

Snow, David A. Calvin Morill, and Leon Anderson. 2003. “Elaborating Analytic Ethnography.” Ethnography 4 (2): 181-200.

Tope, Daniel, Lindsey Joyce Chamberlain, Martha Crowley, and Randy Hodson. 2005. “The Importance of Being There.” Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 34 (4): 470- 493.

Wagensknecht, Susann and Jessica Pfluger. 2018. Making Cases: On the Processuality of Casing in Social Research.” Zeitschrift für Soziologie. 47(5): 289–305

Yin, Robert. 1994. Case Study Research: Design and Methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1-65.

必讀：

Geertz, Clifford. 2001. “Thick Description: Toward an Interpretive Theory of Culture.” (深描：走向文化的解釋性理論) Pp. 55-75 in Contemporary Field Research: Perspectives and Formulations, edited by R. Emerson. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press.

Emerson, Robert. 2001. Contemporary Field Research: Perspectives and Formulations 2nd Edition. (當(dāng)代田野研究：視角與規(guī)劃) Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press, 1-54.

Goffman, Erving. 2001. “On Fieldwork.” (論田野工作) Pp. 153-158 in Contemporary Field Research: Perspectives and Formulation, edited by R. Emerson. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press.

Lareau, Annette. 2003. “Appendix--Common Problems in Field Work: A Personal Essay,' (附錄——田野工作中的常見問題：一篇基于個(gè)體經(jīng)歷的文章) Home Advantage. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, pp. 187-223

Small, Mario Luis. 2011. “How To Conduct A Mixed Methods Study: Recent Trends In A Rapidly Growing Literature.” (如何進(jìn)行混合方法研究：快速增長的文獻(xiàn)及其近期趨勢) Annual Review of Sociology 37: 57-86.

選讀：

Adler, Patricia A. & Peter Adler. 1998. “Observational Techniques.” Pp. 377-392 in Collecting and Interpreting Qualitative Materials, edited by Norman Denzin and Yvonna Lincoln. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publishing.

Charmaz, Kathy, 2001. “Grounded Theory.” Pp. 335-352 in Contemporary Field Research: Perspectives and Formulations, edited by R. Emerson. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press.

Doerr, Nicole and Noa Millman. 2014. “Working with Images.” Pp. 418-45 In Methodological Practices in Social Movement Research, edited by Donatella della Porta. New York: Oxford University Press.

Emerson, Robert, et al. 1995. “Writing Up Fieldnotes I: From Field to Desk” and “Writing Up Fieldnotes 2: Creating Scenes on the Page.” Pp. 39-107 in Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. [On reserve]

Katz, Jack. 2001. “Ethnography's Warrants.” Pp. 361-382 Contemporary Field Research: Perspectives and Formulations, edited by R. Emerson. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press.

Nielsen, Laura Beth. 2012. “The Need for Multi-Method Approaches in Empirical Legal Research.” in The Oxford Handbook of Empirical Legal Research, edited by Peter Cane and Herbert M Kritzer. New York: Oxford University Press.

Lareau, Annette and Jeffrey Shultz, 1996. Journeys Through Ethnography. Realistic Accounts of Fieldwork. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. [On reserve]

Lichterman, Paul and Isaac Reed. 2015. “Theory and Contrastive Explanation in Ethnography.” Sociological Methods and Research 44(4): 585-635.

Morgan, David L. 1996. “Focus Groups.” Annual Review of Sociology 22: 129-52. Trouille David and Iddo Tavory, 2016. “Shadowing: Warrants for Intersituational

Variation in Ethnography,” Sociological Methods and Research 1-27.

必讀：

Guests post from Ali, Syed and Philip Cohen, eds. 2016. “How to do Ethnography Right,” (如何正確地做民族志研究) Contexts https:///blog/how-to-do-ethnography-right/- Deluca, Stefanie, Susan Clampet-Lundquist and Kathryn Edin. “Want to Improve your Qualitative Research? Try Using Representative Sampling and Working in Teams”

Weiss, Robert S. 1994. Learning from Strangers: The Art and Method of Qualitative Interview Studies. (向陌生人學(xué)習(xí)：質(zhì)性訪談研究的藝術(shù)與方法) New York: Free Press, vii-120.

Luker, Kristin. 2008. Salsa Dancing into the Social Sciences.  (薩爾薩舞般的社會科學(xué)) Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 99-190.

Rubin, Herbert and Irene Rubin. 2005. “Designing Main Questions and Probes.” (設(shè)計(jì)主要的問題和調(diào)查) Pp. 152- 72 in Qualitative Interviewing: The Art of Hearing Data (second edition). California: Sage.

Lamont, Michèle, and Ann Swidler. 2014. “Methodological Pluralism and the Possibilities and Limits of Interviewing”. (方法多元主義，以及訪談的可能性與局限性) Qualitative Sociology 37 (2):153-171.

選讀：

Jerolmack, Colin and Shamus Kahn. 2014. “Talk is Cheap: Ethnography and the Attitudinal Falacy.” Sociological Methods and Research 43(2): 178–209

Newman, Katherine S. 2002. “Qualitative Research on the Frontlines of Controversy.” Sociological Methods and Research 31 (2): 123-130.

Biernacki, Patrick, and Dan Waldorf, 1981. “Snowball Sampling: Problems and Techniques in Chain Referral.” Sociological Methods and Research 10 (2): 141-163.

Hammer, Dean and Aaron Wildavsky. 1993. “The Open-Ended, Semistructured Interview.” Pp. 57-101 in Craftways: On the Organization of Scholarly Work, edited by Aaron Wildavsky. New Brunswick, Canada: Transaction Publishers.

Pugh, Alison. 2013. “What good are interviews for thinking about culture? Demystifying interpretive analysis.” American Journal of Cultural Sociology 1(1): 42-68.

Watters, John K. and Patrick Biernacki, 1989. “Targeted Sampling: Options for the Study of Hidden Populations.” Social Problems 36 (4): 416-430.

McClintock, Charles C., Diane Brannon and Steven Maynard-Moody. 1979. “Applying the Logic of Sample Surveys to Qualitative Case Studies: The Case Cluster Method,” Administrative Science Quarterly 24(4): 612-62.

Assignment 5: Develop your interview guide based on the feedback you will have received on your blueprint and on the readings. The questions should be open-ended and intended to elicit narrative accounts pertinent to your research concern

必讀：

Weiss, Robert S. 1994. Learning from Strangers: The Art and Method of Qualitative Interview Studies. (向陌生人學(xué)習(xí)：質(zhì)性訪談研究的藝術(shù)與方法) New York: Free Press, 121-151.

Cobb, Jessica S and Kimberly Kay Hoang. 2015. “Protagonist-Driven Urban Ethnography.” (主要人物驅(qū)動的城市民族志) City and Community. 14(4):348-51.

Moore, Mignon. 2018. “Challenges, Triumphs, and Praxis: Collecting Qualitative Data on Less Visible and Marginalized Populations.” (挑戰(zhàn)、勝利和實(shí)踐：如何收集隱性或邊緣化人群的定性數(shù)據(jù)) Pp 169-184 in Other, Please Specify: Queer Methods in Sociology. D. L. Compton, T. Meadow and K. Schilt. Oakland, University of California Press.

Stuart, Forrest. 2018. “Reflexivity : Introspection, Positionality, and the Self as Research Instrument – Toward a Model of Abductive Reflexivity.” (反身性:作為研究工具的內(nèi)省、定位和自我——一種溯因反身性模型) In Approaches to Ethnography: Analysis and Representation in Participant Observation, edited by Colin Jerolmack and Shamus Kahn. New York: Oxford University Press.

Lamont, Michèle. 2004. “A Life of Hard but Justified Choices: Interviewing Across (too) Many Divides.' (生活中艱難卻合理的選擇：跨越[太多]分歧的采訪) Pp. 162-171 in Researching Race and Racism, edited by Martin Bulmer and John Solomos. London: Routledge.

選讀：

Bloor, Michael. 2001. “Techniques of Validation in Qualitative Research: A Critical Commentary.” Pp. 383-396 in Contemporary Field Research. 2nd Edition. Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press.

Peshkin, Alan. 1988. “In Search of Subjectivity – One’s Own.” Educational Researcher 17: 17-21.

Young, Alford A. 2004. “Experiences in Ethnographic Interviewing about Race: The Inside and Outside of it.” Pp. 187-202 in Researching Race and Racism, edited by Martin Bulmer and John Solomos. London: Routledge.

必讀：

Guests posts from Ali, Syed and Philip Cohen, eds. 2016. “How to do Ethnography Right,” (如何正確地做民族之研究) Contexts https:///blog/how-to-do-ethnography-right/-Fisher, Dana R. “Doing Qualitative Research as if Counsel is Hiding in the Closet.”; -Cameron, Abigail E. 2016 “The Unhappy Marriage of IRBs and Ethnography.”

Humphreys, Laud. 1975. “Postscript.” Tearoom Trade. (《茶室貿(mào)易》后記) New York: Aldine de Gruyer. Pages 167-174.

Fine, Gary Alan. 1993. “Ten Lies of Ethnography: Moral Dilemmas of Field Research.” (民族志的十個(gè)謊言:田野研究的道德困境) Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 22: 267-294.

Van Maanen, John. 2001 1983. “The Moral Fix: On the Ethics of Field Work.” (道德定勢：關(guān)于田野工作的道德規(guī)范) Pp 269- 287 in Contemporary Field Research. 1st Edition. Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press.

American Sociological Association. 2017. Code of Ethics and Policies and Procedures of the ASA Committee on Professional Ethics.  (美國社會學(xué)學(xué)會職業(yè)道德委員會道德規(guī)范、政策及程序) Washington, DC: ASA. http://www./sites/default/files/asa_code_of_ethics-june2018.pdf

Heimer, Carol A. and JuLeigh Petty. “Bureaucratic Ethics: IRBs and the Legal Regulation of Human Subjects Research,” (《官僚倫理：IRBS與人類主體研究的法律規(guī)范》) Annual Review of Law and Social Science 6: 601-26.

 選讀：

Stark, Laura. 2011. Behind Closed Doors: IRBs and the Making of Ethical Research. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1-19.

Allen, Charlotte. 1997. “Spies Like Us: When Sociologists Deceive their Subjects.” Lingua Franca (November): 1-8.

Cassell, Joan. 1978. “Risks and Benefits to Subjects of Fieldwork.” The American Sociologist 13: 134-43.

Shea, Christopher. 2000. “Don’t Talk to the Humans: The Crackdown on Social Science Research.” Lingua Franca (September): 27-34.

必讀：

Luker, Kristin. 2008. Salsa Dancing into the Social Sciences. (薩爾薩舞般的社會科學(xué)) Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 198-216.

Weiss, Robert. 1994. Learning from Strangers.  (向陌生人學(xué)習(xí)：質(zhì)性訪談研究的藝術(shù)與方法) New York City: The Free Press, 151- 182.

Saldana, Johnny M. 2015. The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers. (質(zhì)化研究編碼手冊) Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Nicole M. Deterding and Mary C. Waters. 2018. “Flexible Coding of In-Depth Interviews; A 21st Century Approach.” (深度訪談的靈活編碼：一種21世紀(jì)的取向) Online First, Sociological Methods and Research

Guetzkow, Joshua, Michèle Lamont and Grégoire Mallard. 2004. “What is Originality in the Social Sciences and the Humanities?”  (社會科學(xué)與人文科學(xué)的原創(chuàng)性在哪里？) American Sociological Review 69:190-212. Consult appendix and tables only.

Miles, Michael and A. Michael Huberman, 1994. Qualitative Data Analysis. (定型數(shù)據(jù)分析) Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 3-16, 69-104

選讀：

Altheide, David L. 1987. “Ethnographic Content Analysis.” Qualitative Sociology 10: 65-77.

Eliasoph, Nina. 2011. “Appendix 2: Methods of Taking Field Notes and Making Them Tell a Story.” Pp. 261-363 in Making Volunteers: Civic Life After Welfare’s End. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Emerson, Robert, Rachel Fretz, and Linda Shaw, 1995. “Processing Fieldnotes: Coding and Memoing.” Pp. 142-166 in Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

McLellan, Eleanor, Kathleen MacQueen and Judith Neidig. 2003. “Beyond the Qualitative Interview: Data Preparation and Transcription.” Field Methods 15(1): 63-84.

Ryan, Gery and H. Russell Bernard. 2003. “Techniques to Identify Themes.” Field Methods 15(1): 85-109.

Weston, Cynthia, et al. 2001. “Analyzing Interview Data: The Development and Evolution of a Coding System.” Qualitative Sociology 24: 381-400 and 107-120.

必讀：

Joli Jensen. 2017. Write No Matter What: Advice for Academics.  (無論如何都要寫：給學(xué)者的建議) Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Brunsma, David, Monica Prasad and Ezra Zuckerman. 2013. Strategies for Reviewing Manuscripts (ASA Report). (審閱手稿的策略) Albany, NY: American Sociological Association: 1-46.

ASR reviewer guidelines (ASR評閱人指南): https://journals./page/asr/help/reviewer-guidelines

選讀：

Becker, Howard. 1986. Writing for Social Scientists: How to Start and Finish Your Thesis, Book or Article. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. [On Reserve]

Erikson, Kai. 1989. “On Sociological Prose.” Yale Review 78 (1): 525-538. Kilbourn, Brent. 2006. “The Qualitative Doctoral Dissertation Proposal.” Teachers

College Record 108: 529-76.Sword, Helen. 2017. Air & Light & Time & Space. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Part 4: Emotional Habits (pp. 153-194).

Van Maanen, John 2011. Tales of the Field. 3rd Ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press: xiii-xx, 45-72, and 145-182.

Booth, Wayne C. Gregory G. Colomb, and Joseph M. Williams, 1995. The Craft of Research. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Camic, Charles, Neil Gross, Michèle Lamont, eds. 2011. Social Knowledge in the Making. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Elder, Glen, Elizabeth K. Pavalko, and Elizabeth H. Cliff, 1993. Working with Archival Data: Studying Lives. Newbury Park: Sage.

Firestone, W.A. 1993 “Alternative Arguments for Generalizing from Data as Applied to Qualitative Research”, Educational Researcher 22(4): 16-23.

Hermanowicz, Joseph C. 2013. “The Longitudinal Qualitative Interview.” Qualitative Sociology 36: 189-208.

Krueger, Richard. 1988. Focus Groups. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Lieberson, Stanley. 2000. “Small N’s and Big Conclusions: An Examination of the Reasoning in Comparative Studies Based on a Small Number of Cases.” Social Forces, 70(2): 307-320.

Luttrell, Wendy. 2000. “Good Enough Methods for Ethnographic Research.” Harvard Educational Review. 70 (4): 499-523.

Mathison, Sandra. 1988. “Why Triangulate?” Educational Researcher 17(2): 13-17. Platt, Jennifer, 1996. A History of Sociological Research Methods in America, 1920-1960. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Roth Wendy and Jal D. Mehta, 2002. “The Rashomon Effect. Combining Positivist and Interpretivist Approaches in the Analysis of Contested Events.” Sociological Methods and Research 31 (2): 131-173.

Skocpol, Theda. 2003. “Doubly Engaged Social Science: The Promise of Comparative Historical Analysis. Pp. 407-429 in Comparative Historical Analysis in the Social Sciences, ed. James Mahoney and Dietrich Rueschemeyer. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Skocpol, Theda. 1984. “Emerging Agendas and Recurrent Strategies in Historical Sociology.” Pp. 356-391 in Vision and Method in Historical Sociology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Suddaby, Roy. 2006. “What Grounded Theory Is Not.” Academy of Management Journal 49, 633-42

Van Maanen, John, Jesper B. S?rensen, and Terrence R. Mitchell. 2007. “The Interplay between Theory and Method.” Academy of Management Review 32, 1145-54.

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