一、麥克阿瑟其人

道格拉斯·麥克阿瑟，Douglas MacArthur，美國(guó)陸軍五星上將；第二次世界大戰(zhàn)時(shí)期歷任美國(guó)遠(yuǎn)東軍司令，西南太平洋戰(zhàn)區(qū)盟軍司令，戰(zhàn)后出任駐日盟軍最高司令和"聯(lián)合國(guó)軍"總司令。

1880年，麥克阿瑟出生于阿肯色州小石城的軍人世家；1899年，考入西典軍校；1903年，以第一名的優(yōu)異成績(jī)畢業(yè)。1906年，麥克阿瑟成為美國(guó)陸軍工兵學(xué)校學(xué)員，兼任西奧多·羅斯?？偨y(tǒng)的軍事副官；1915年晉升為少校;1916年，調(diào)任陸軍部長(zhǎng)貝克的副官，負(fù)責(zé)與新聞界的聯(lián)絡(luò)事務(wù)。1917年，麥克阿瑟任第42步兵師參謀長(zhǎng)，晉升為上校，赴法國(guó)參加世界大戰(zhàn)，他聲稱該師人員來(lái)自美國(guó)各地，猶如跨越長(zhǎng)空的彩虹，故該師亦稱“彩虹師”；1918年6月，晉升為美國(guó)陸軍準(zhǔn)將。1919年6月，39歲的麥克阿瑟被任命為西典軍校校長(zhǎng)。1925年，麥克阿瑟晉升為少將；1930年11月，接受陸軍四星上將的臨時(shí)軍銜，就任美國(guó)陸軍參謀長(zhǎng)。1943年，麥克阿瑟被任命為盟軍西南太平洋戰(zhàn)區(qū)總司令；1944年12月，晉升為陸軍五星上將。1945年8月15日，日本宣布無(wú)條件投降，麥克阿瑟?jiǎng)t被杜魯門(mén)總統(tǒng)任命為駐日盟軍最高司令，負(fù)責(zé)對(duì)日軍事占領(lǐng)和日本的重建工作。1950年7月，聯(lián)合國(guó)安理會(huì)任命麥克阿瑟為聯(lián)合國(guó)軍總司令，指揮朝鮮戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)；1951年4月，杜魯門(mén)以"未能全力支持美國(guó)和聯(lián)合國(guó)的政策"為借口撤了他的職。麥克阿瑟回到美國(guó)后，在華盛頓受到了萬(wàn)人空巷的英雄式歡迎，許多大城市都爆發(fā)了支持麥克阿瑟，反對(duì)杜魯門(mén)的游行示威活動(dòng)；1951年4月19日，在國(guó)會(huì)大廈發(fā)表的題為《老兵不死》的著名演講。1962年5月2日，麥克阿瑟來(lái)西點(diǎn)軍校接受軍事院校最高榮譽(yù)獎(jiǎng)—西爾事納斯·塞耶榮譽(yù)獎(jiǎng)?wù)?。在儀式上，他檢閱了軍校學(xué)員，發(fā)表了《責(zé)任·榮譽(yù)·國(guó)家》演講。1964年4月5日，麥克阿瑟在沃爾特·里德陸軍醫(yī)院因膽結(jié)石去世，享年84歲。

二、《老兵不死》英文版

Old soldiers never die

Mr. President, Mr. Speaker, and Distinguished Members of the Congress:

I stand on this rostrum with a sense of deep humility and great pride -- humility in the wake of those great American architects of our history who have stood here before me; pride in the reflection that this forum of legislative debate represents human liberty in the purest form yet devised. Here are centered the hopes and aspirations and faith of the entire human race. I do not stand here as advocate for any partisan cause, for the issues are fundamental and reach quite beyond the realm of partisan consideration. They must be resolved on the highest plane of national interest if our course is to prove sound and our future protected. I trust, therefore, that you will do me the justice of receiving that which I have to say as solely expressing the considered viewpoint of a fellow American.

I address you with neither rancor nor bitterness in the fading twilight of life, with but one purpose in mind: to serve my country. The issues are global and so interlocked that to consider the problems of one sector, oblivious to those of another, is but to court disaster for the whole. While Asia is commonly referred to as the Gateway to Europe, it is no less true that Europe is the Gateway to Asia, and the broad influence of the one cannot fail to have its impact upon the other. There are those who claim our strength is inadequate to protect on both fronts, that we cannot divide our effort. I can think of no greater expression of defeatism. If a potential enemy can divide his strength on two fronts, it is for us to counter his effort. The Communist threat is a global one. Its successful advance in one sector threatens the destruction of every other sector. You can not appease or otherwise surrender to communism in Asia without simultaneously undermining our efforts to halt its advance in Europe.

Beyond pointing out these general truisms, I shall confine my discussion to the general areas of Asia. Before one may objectively assess the situation now existing there, he must comprehend something of Asia's past and the revolutionary changes which have marked her course up to the present. Long exploited by the so-called colonial powers, with little opportunity to achieve any degree of social justice, individual dignity, or a higher standard of life such as guided our own noble administration in the Philippines, the peoples of Asia found their opportunity in the war just past to throw off the shackles of colonialism and now see the dawn of new opportunity, a heretofore unfelt dignity, and the self-respect of political freedom.

Mustering half of the earth's population, and 60 percent of its natural resources these peoples are rapidly consolidating a new force, both moral and material, with which to raise the living standard and erect adaptations of the design of modern progress to their own distinct cultural environments. Whether one adheres to the concept of colonization or not, this is the direction of Asian progress and it may not be stopped. It is a corollary to the shift of the world economic frontiers as the whole epicenter of world affairs rotates back toward the area whence it started.

In this situation, it becomes vital that our own country orient its policies in consonance with this basic evolutionary condition rather than pursue a course blind to the reality that the colonial era is now past and the Asian peoples covet the right to shape their own free destiny. What they seek now is friendly guidance, understanding, and support -- not imperious direction -- the dignity of equality and not the shame of subjugation. Their pre-war standard of life, pitifully low, is infinitely lower now in the devastation left in war's wake. World ideologies play little part in Asian thinking and are little understood. What the peoples strive for is the opportunity for a little more food in their stomachs, a little better clothing on their backs, a little firmer roof over their heads, and the realization of the normal nationalist urge for political freedom. These political-social conditions have but an indirect bearing upon our own national security, but do form a backdrop to contemporary planning which must be thoughtfully considered if we are to avoid the pitfalls of unrealism.

Of more direct and immediate bearing upon our national security are the changes wrought in the strategic potential of the Pacific Ocean in the course of the past war. Prior thereto the western strategic frontier of the United States lay on the littoral line of the Americas, with an exposed island salient extending out through Hawaii, Midway, and Guam to the Philippines. That salient proved not an outpost of strength but an avenue of weakness along which the enemy could and did attack.

The Pacific was a potential area of advance for any predatory force intent upon striking at the bordering land areas. All this was changed by our Pacific victory. Our strategic frontier then shifted to embrace the entire Pacific Ocean, which became a vast moat to protect us as long as we held it. Indeed, it acts as a protective shield for all of the Americas and all free lands of the Pacific Ocean area. We control it to the shores of Asia by a chain of islands extending in an arc from the Aleutians to the Mariannas held by us and our free allies. From this island chain we can dominate with sea and air power every Asiatic port from Vladivostok to Singapore -- with sea and air power every port, as I said, from Vladivostok to Singapore -- and prevent any hostile movement into the Pacific.

*Any predatory attack from Asia must be an amphibious effort.* No amphibious force can be successful without control of the sea lanes and the air over those lanes in its avenue of advance. With naval and air supremacy and modest ground elements to defend bases, any major attack from continental Asia toward us or our friends in the Pacific would be doomed to failure.

Under such conditions, the Pacific no longer represents menacing avenues of approach for a prospective invader. It assumes, instead, the friendly aspect of a peaceful lake. Our line of defense is a natural one and can be maintained with a minimum of military effort and expense. It envisions no attack against anyone, nor does it provide the bastions essential for offensive operations, but properly maintained, would be an invincible defense against aggression. The holding of this littoral defense line in the western Pacific is entirely dependent upon holding all segments thereof; for any major breach of that line by an unfriendly power would render vulnerable to determined attack every other major segment.

This is a military estimate as to which I have yet to find a military leader who will take exception. For that reason, I have strongly recommended in the past, as a matter of military urgency, that under no circumstances must Formosa fall under Communist control. Such an eventuality would at once threaten the freedom of the Philippines and the loss of Japan and might well force our western frontier back to the coast of California, Oregon and Washington.

To understand the changes which now appear upon the Chinese mainland, one must understand the changes in Chinese character and culture over the past 50 years. China, up to 50 years ago, was completely non-homogenous, being compartmented into groups divided against each other. The war-making tendency was almost non-existent, as they still followed the tenets of the Confucian ideal of pacifist culture. At the turn of the century, under the regime of Chang Tso Lin, efforts toward greater homogeneity produced the start of a nationalist urge. This was further and more successfully developed under the leadership of Chiang Kai-Shek, but has been brought to its greatest fruition under the present regime to the point that it has now taken on the character of a united nationalism of increasingly dominant, aggressive tendencies.

Through these past 50 years the Chinese people have thus become militarized in their concepts and in their ideals. They now constitute excellent soldiers, with competent staffs and commanders. This has produced a new and dominant power in Asia, which, for its own purposes, is allied with Soviet Russia but which in its own concepts and methods has become aggressively imperialistic, with a lust for expansion and increased power normal to this type of imperialism.

There is little of the ideological concept either one way or another in the Chinese make-up. The standard of living is so low and the capital accumulation has been so thoroughly dissipated by war that the masses are desperate and eager to follow any leadership which seems to promise the alleviation of local stringencies.

I have from the beginning believed that the Chinese Communists' support of the North Koreans was the dominant one. Their interests are, at present, parallel with those of the Soviet. But I believe that the aggressiveness recently displayed not only in Korea but also in Indo-China and Tibet and pointing potentially toward the South reflects predominantly the same lust for the expansion of power which has animated every would-be conqueror since the beginning of time.

The Japanese people, since the war, have undergone the greatest reformation recorded in modern history. With a commendable will, eagerness to learn, and marked capacity to understand, they have, from the ashes left in war's wake, erected in Japan an edifice dedicated to the supremacy of individual liberty and personal dignity; and in the ensuing process there has been created a truly representative government committed to the advance of political morality, freedom of economic enterprise, and social justice.

Politically, economically, and socially Japan is now abreast of many free nations of the earth and will not again fail the universal trust. That it may be counted upon to wield a profoundly beneficial influence over the course of events in Asia is attested by the magnificent manner in which the Japanese people have met the recent challenge of war, unrest, and confusion surrounding them from the outside and checked communism within their own frontiers without the slightest slackening in their forward progress. I sent all four of our occupation divisions to the Korean battlefront without the slightest qualms as to the effect of the resulting power vacuum upon Japan. The results fully justified my faith. I know of no nation more serene, orderly, and industrious, nor in which higher hopes can be entertained for future constructive service in the advance of the human race.

Of our former ward, the Philippines, we can look forward in confidence that the existing unrest will be corrected and a strong and healthy nation will grow in the longer aftermath of war's terrible destructiveness. We must be patient and understanding and never fail them -- as in our hour of need, they did not fail us. A Christian nation, the Philippines stand as a mighty bulwark of Christianity in the Far East, and its capacity for high moral leadership in Asia is unlimited.

On Formosa, the government of the Republic of China has had the opportunity to refute by action much of the malicious gossip which so undermined the strength of its leadership on the Chinese mainland. The Formosan people are receiving a just and enlightened administration with majority representation on the organs of government, and politically, economically, and socially they appear to be advancing along sound and constructive lines.

With this brief insight into the surrounding areas, I now turn to the Korean conflict. While I was not consulted prior to the President's decision to intervene in support of the Republic of Korea, that decision from a military standpoint, proved a sound one, as we -- as I said, proved a sound one, as we hurled back the invader and decimated his forces. Our victory was complete, and our objectives within reach, when Red China intervened with numerically superior ground forces.

This created a new war and an entirely new situation, a situation not contemplated when our forces were committed against the North Korean invaders; a situation which called for new decisions in the diplomatic sphere to permit the realistic adjustment of military strategy.

Such decisions have not been forthcoming.

While no man in his right mind would advocate sending our ground forces into continental China, and such was never given a thought, the new situation did urgently demand a drastic revision of strategic planning if our political aim was to defeat this new enemy as we had defeated the old.

Apart from the military need, as I saw It, to neutralize the sanctuary protection given the enemy north of the Yalu, I felt that military necessity in the conduct of the war made necessary: first the intensification of our economic blockade against China; two the imposition of a naval blockade against the China coast; three removal of restrictions on air reconnaissance of China's coastal areas and of Manchuria; four removal of restrictions on the forces of the Republic of China on Formosa, with logistical support to contribute to their effective operations against the common enemy.

For entertaining these views, all professionally designed to support our forces committed to Korea and bring hostilities to an end with the least possible delay and at a saving of countless American and allied lives, I have been severely criticized in lay circles, principally abroad, despite my understanding that from a military standpoint the above views have been fully shared in the past by practically every military leader concerned with the Korean campaign, including our own Joint Chiefs of Staff.

I called for reinforcements but was informed that reinforcements were not available. I made clear that if not permitted to destroy the enemy built-up bases north of the Yalu, if not permitted to utilize the friendly Chinese Force of some 600,000 men on Formosa, if not permitted to blockade the China coast to prevent the Chinese Reds from getting succor from without, and if there were to be no hope of major reinforcements, the position of the command from the military standpoint forbade victory.

We could hold in Korea by constant maneuver and in an approximate area where our supply line advantages were in balance with the supply line disadvantages of the enemy, but we could hope at best for only an indecisive campaign with its terrible and constant attrition upon our forces if the enemy utilized its full military potential. I have constantly called for the new political decisions essential to a solution.

Efforts have been made to distort my position. It has been said, in effect, that I was a warmonger. Nothing could be further from the truth. I know war as few other men now living know it, and nothing to me is more revolting. I have long advocated its complete abolition, as its very destructiveness on both friend and foe has rendered it useless as a means of settling international disputes. Indeed, on the second day of September, nineteen hundred and forty-five, just following the surrender of the Japanese nation on the Battleship Missouri, I formally cautioned as follows:

Men since the beginning of time have sought peace. Various methods through the ages have been attempted to devise an international process to prevent or settle disputes between nations. From the very start workable methods were found in so far as individual citizens were concerned, but the mechanics of an instrumentality of larger international scope have never been successful. Military alliances, balances of power, Leagues of Nations, all in turn failed, leaving the only path to be by way of the crucible of war. The utter  destructiveness of war now blocks out this alternative. We have had our last chance. If we will not devise some greater and more equitable system, Armageddon will be at our door. The problem basically is theological and involves a spiritual recrudescence and improvement of human character that will synchronize with our almost matchless advances in science, art, literature, and all material and cultural developments of the past 2000 years. It must be of the spirit if we are to save the flesh.

But once war is forced upon us, there is no other alternative than to apply every available means to bring it to a swift end.

War's very object is victory, not prolonged indecision.

In war there is no substitute for victory.

There are some who, for varying reasons, would appease Red China. They are blind to history's clear lesson, for history teaches with unmistakable emphasis that appeasement but begets new and bloodier war. It points to no single instance where this end has justified that means, where appeasement has led to more than a sham peace. Like blackmail, it lays the basis for new and successively greater demands until, as in blackmail, violence becomes the only other alternative.

"Why," my soldiers asked of me, "surrender military advantages to an enemy in the field?" I could not answer.

Some may say: to avoid spread of the conflict into an all-out war with China; others, to avoid Soviet intervention. Neither explanation seems valid, for China is already engaging with the maximum power it can commit, and the Soviet will not necessarily mesh its actions with our moves. Like a cobra, any new enemy will more likely strike whenever it feels that the relativity in military or other potential is in its favor on a world-wide basis.

The tragedy of Korea is further heightened by the fact that its military action is confined to its territorial limits. It condemns that nation, which it is our purpose to save, to suffer the devastating impact of full naval and air bombardment while the enemy's sanctuaries are fully protected from such attack and devastation.

Of the nations of the world, Korea alone, up to now, is the sole one which has risked its all against communism. The magnificence of the courage and fortitude of the Korean people defies description.

They have chosen to risk death rather than slavery. Their last words to me were: "Don't scuttle the Pacific!"

I have just left your fighting sons in Korea. They have met all tests there, and I can report to you without reservation that they are splendid in every way.

It was my constant effort to preserve them and end this savage conflict honorably and with the least loss of time and a minimum sacrifice of life. Its growing bloodshed has caused me the deepest anguish and anxiety.

Those gallant men will remain often in my thoughts and in my prayers always.

I am closing my 52 years of military service. When I joined the Army, even before the turn of the century, it was the fulfillment of all of my boyish hopes and dreams. The world has turned over many times since I took the oath on the plain at West Point, and the hopes and dreams have long since vanished, but I still remember the refrain of one of the most popular barrack ballads of that day which proclaimed most proudly that "old soldiers never die; they just fade away."

And like the old soldier of that ballad, I now close my military career and just fade away, an old soldier who tried to do his duty as God gave him the light to see that duty.

Good Bye.

三、《老兵不死》中文版

總統(tǒng)先生，演講者，議會(huì)杰出的成員們：

我懷著深深的謙卑和無(wú)比的自豪感站在這演講臺(tái)上----謙卑是因?yàn)槊鎸?duì)在我面前的那些偉大美國(guó)過(guò)去的建設(shè)者們；自豪是因?yàn)橄氲絿?guó)內(nèi)立法爭(zhēng)論所設(shè)計(jì)的代表人類最純潔的自由。整個(gè)人類的希望、抱負(fù)、信念都集中于此。我站在這里不為任何黨派目的辯護(hù)，因?yàn)樽h題的根本性超出了黨派所能考慮的區(qū)域。如果能證明我們的路線穩(wěn)妥且我們的前途有保障,那些問(wèn)題就應(yīng)被放在最高位來(lái)解決.因此，我相信，你們會(huì)公正地把我所表達(dá)的當(dāng)作一個(gè)美國(guó)同胞的觀點(diǎn)。

我演講既不帶人生暮年的怨恨也不帶傷感之情，但心中只有一個(gè)目的：為我的祖國(guó)效勞。雖然亞洲被認(rèn)為是通往歐洲的大門(mén)，但說(shuō)歐洲是通往亞洲的大門(mén)也沒(méi)有錯(cuò)。且一方的廣泛影響不得不帶動(dòng)另一方。一些人聲稱我們的力量不足以同時(shí)保護(hù)兩條線路，我們不能分散精力。我認(rèn)為沒(méi)有比這更能表現(xiàn)出失敗主義的了。如果潛在性的敵人能將他們的力量分為兩條路線，那對(duì)我們來(lái)說(shuō)就要對(duì)他們的力量予以反擊。共產(chǎn)主義者的威脅是一個(gè)全球性的問(wèn)題。他們?cè)诿總€(gè)防區(qū)的成功進(jìn)展直接預(yù)示著我們每隔一個(gè)防區(qū)將遭到破壞。我們不會(huì)為讓亞洲的共產(chǎn)主義投降而不能同時(shí)削弱我們的力量去遏止歐洲的發(fā)展而感到安慰。

說(shuō)了太多的共知之理，我會(huì)簡(jiǎn)略我關(guān)于亞洲地區(qū)的討論。在某人能客觀地對(duì)那里存在的形勢(shì)作出評(píng)估之前，他必須了解一些關(guān)于亞洲的過(guò)去和他們沿著自己的路線發(fā)展至今的改革變化。被所謂的殖民統(tǒng)治長(zhǎng)期的剝削，便很難有機(jī)會(huì)建立社會(huì)的公正尺度，維護(hù)個(gè)人尊嚴(yán)，或者實(shí)現(xiàn)一個(gè)高水平的生活，就像保衛(wèi)我們?cè)诜坡少e自己崇高的政府，亞洲的人民抓住了他們的時(shí)機(jī)在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中擺脫了殖民統(tǒng)治的束縛并且看到了新時(shí)機(jī)的曙光，一種從未感受過(guò)的尊嚴(yán)和一個(gè)國(guó)家自由后的自尊感。

集合地球一半的人數(shù)，有60%的自然資源被這些人迅速地加強(qiáng)成為一種新的力量，精神上的和物質(zhì)上的都被用來(lái)提升生活水平也是為適應(yīng)對(duì)自己的不同文化環(huán)境的最新進(jìn)展的謀劃。不管誰(shuí)是否拘泥于殖民的概念，這是亞洲發(fā)展進(jìn)步的方向且不會(huì)被終止。這是世界金融尖端轉(zhuǎn)變的必然結(jié)果，就像整個(gè)世界事物的中心正循環(huán)著回到它的起始點(diǎn)。

在這種形勢(shì)之下，我們用基本發(fā)展的狀況使自己國(guó)家和東方國(guó)家在政策上保持和諧而不是一味追求不明現(xiàn)實(shí)的路線，因?yàn)橹趁駮r(shí)代已經(jīng)過(guò)去且亞洲人正為實(shí)現(xiàn)他們自由的命運(yùn)而垂延。他們當(dāng)今尋求的是友好的指引、協(xié)議、和支持——而不是專橫的引導(dǎo)——是平等尊嚴(yán)而不是恥辱地屈從。他們戰(zhàn)前的生活標(biāo)準(zhǔn)低得令人同情，現(xiàn)在又因戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)所帶來(lái)的破壞而變得更加無(wú)限的低。世界的意識(shí)形態(tài)幾乎不把亞洲考慮在內(nèi)，不給予他們體諒。那兒的人民為之拼命的只是為了能得到更多一點(diǎn)食物來(lái)填飽肚子，有稍好一點(diǎn)的衣物來(lái)遮背，蓋結(jié)實(shí)些的屋頂在他們的頭上，和普通國(guó)民們渴望政治自由的意識(shí)。這些政治社會(huì)性的條件為國(guó)內(nèi)安全給予了間接的保障，不過(guò)要對(duì)慎重考慮過(guò)的現(xiàn)時(shí)方案建立背景來(lái)決定我們是否要避免不切實(shí)際的意外事件。

能直系和快速地穩(wěn)固住國(guó)內(nèi)安全的是過(guò)去太平洋戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)路線戰(zhàn)略上的改變。先前的美國(guó)西面戰(zhàn)略部署是美國(guó)原本線路，附和著暴露的島嶼夏威夷、中途島、關(guān)島通向菲律賓。這種戰(zhàn)線證明了不是敵方前哨的力量而是我方暴露的弱點(diǎn)使敵人有機(jī)可乘太平洋地區(qū)是個(gè)令任何強(qiáng)國(guó)都虎視眈眈謀求發(fā)展和擴(kuò)張領(lǐng)土的地方。所有一切都被太平洋戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的勝利改變了，我們那具有戰(zhàn)略意義的邊界才成為我們所擁有的整個(gè)太平洋，只要我們能夠抓住它便能使其成為巨大的護(hù)城河。千真萬(wàn)確，它充當(dāng)?shù)氖撬忻绹?guó)乃至整個(gè)太平洋自由領(lǐng)土的護(hù)盾。我們控制亞洲成弧形鏈狀海岸線的島嶼從琉球到馬尼拉都受我們和盟軍控制。由這諸些島嶼我們能支配從海參葳到新加坡亞洲港口的海洋和空中力量——有了海洋上的和空中的力量——如我所說(shuō)的——從海參葳到新加坡——保護(hù)并抵御太平洋上不友好的動(dòng)機(jī)。

在亞洲任何兇狠的進(jìn)攻都必須具備兩股力量。無(wú)任何兩種力量能在沒(méi)有海洋和空中的掌控權(quán)之下在推進(jìn)道路上取得成功。有了海軍、重要的空軍和適度的陸軍來(lái)保衛(wèi)基地，任何對(duì)亞洲大陸的以及我們和我們?cè)谔窖笊系呐笥训男钜夤舳急貙⑻硬涣耸〉亩蜻\(yùn)。

在如此狀況下，太平洋代表的不僅僅是預(yù)想中的侵略者的一種威脅。假定那里是個(gè)友好的和平湖畔，我們的防御路線就十分自然而且可花費(fèi)最小的軍事代價(jià)來(lái)維持。想象沒(méi)有任何襲擊，也用不著為突襲性的攻擊而設(shè)置堡壘，只要適當(dāng)維護(hù)，這將是抵制侵略的不可戰(zhàn)勝的防御。

在西太平洋上想擁有這種防御力因此要依賴各個(gè)部分，因?yàn)椴挥押玫牧α繉?dǎo)致的任何線路破裂都會(huì)遭來(lái)每個(gè)部分在有預(yù)謀的攻擊下變得十分脆弱。

這是我仍在尋找的要接替我的軍事領(lǐng)頭者應(yīng)當(dāng)持有的軍事評(píng)估。因?yàn)檫@個(gè)原因，我過(guò)去強(qiáng)烈地推薦自己，成為一個(gè)至關(guān)重要的軍事代理，沒(méi)有穩(wěn)固的經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ)臺(tái)灣就只能在共產(chǎn)主義的掌控下。這樣一個(gè)世界有可能立刻就威脅到菲律賓和失敗后的日本的自由，也會(huì)迫使我們西方的防守邊界退到加利福尼亞沿岸、奧勒崗和華盛頓。

要了解中國(guó)大陸所發(fā)生的變化，就必須知道50年來(lái)中國(guó)體制和文化的變化。中國(guó)，50年前是完全沒(méi)有團(tuán)結(jié)意識(shí)，分裂成很多團(tuán)體互相爭(zhēng)斗。經(jīng)過(guò)過(guò)去的五十年中國(guó)人開(kāi)始有了武裝的概念和理想。如今他們組成了擁有勝任的參謀長(zhǎng)和司令的優(yōu)秀士兵團(tuán)體。這就在亞洲誕生了一股新的統(tǒng)治力量，為了實(shí)現(xiàn)自己的目標(biāo)，他們與觀念方法都成了具帝國(guó)主義的蘇聯(lián)結(jié)盟，同時(shí)他們也帶著擴(kuò)張領(lǐng)土、增強(qiáng)實(shí)力的渴望趨向帝國(guó)主義。

他們都使用精力來(lái)扭曲我的職位。結(jié)果我被說(shuō)成了是個(gè)好戰(zhàn)分子。沒(méi)有事物能夠越加遠(yuǎn)離真理。我明白現(xiàn)在活著的人當(dāng)中幾乎沒(méi)多少能真正了解戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，沒(méi)有比這更令我心情不悅的了。因?yàn)閷?duì)朋友和敵人帶來(lái)的破壞已經(jīng)致使一系列國(guó)際上的爭(zhēng)論都毫無(wú)用處，我倡導(dǎo)這項(xiàng)廢除令很久了。事實(shí)上，在1945年9月2日，就跟在日本國(guó)在密蘇里號(hào)戰(zhàn)艦上投降后，我正式警告如下：

“人類從一開(kāi)始就尋求和平。不同的時(shí)代各式各樣的方法都被用來(lái)設(shè)計(jì)國(guó)際性的進(jìn)程，來(lái)平息和解國(guó)與國(guó)之間的爭(zhēng)論。有許多可行性的方法是被個(gè)別的公民發(fā)掘的，但是在一個(gè)巨大的國(guó)際范圍中，技術(shù)工人用單一的手段還從未成功過(guò)。軍事的聯(lián)盟，實(shí)力的平衡，國(guó)家的結(jié)盟，輪流著失敗，留下這唯一的路徑來(lái)當(dāng)作戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的嚴(yán)酷考驗(yàn)。戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)帶來(lái)的整個(gè)破壞現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生了二選一。我們只有最后的機(jī)會(huì)。如果我們我們不能設(shè)計(jì)出一些更好更公平的制度，大決戰(zhàn)將近在咫尺。問(wèn)題是神奇的，它涉及到一種精神的再生和人類性格的改進(jìn)，將與我們?cè)诳茖W(xué)、藝術(shù)、文學(xué)及所有物質(zhì)文化2000年來(lái)的發(fā)展近乎史無(wú)前例的同步進(jìn)展。如果我們要保存肉體就必須有精神作支撐。”

但是一旦戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)逼迫著我們發(fā)生，那就沒(méi)有選擇的盡力使戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)盡快結(jié)束。戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的目的是為了勝利，而不是為了無(wú)休止的延長(zhǎng)。戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中沒(méi)有東西能代替勝利。有一些人因?yàn)楦鞣N原因要安慰紅色中國(guó)。他們無(wú)視歷史的教訓(xùn)，因?yàn)闅v史無(wú)庸質(zhì)疑地強(qiáng)調(diào)了撫慰只能招致更血性的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。就像敲詐勒索，它爆發(fā)于連續(xù)不斷的新的需求，在威脅中，暴力成為了僅存的另外選擇。“為什么？”我的士兵問(wèn)我，“難道要我們?cè)趹?zhàn)場(chǎng)上放棄對(duì)敵人的優(yōu)勢(shì)？”我無(wú)言以對(duì)。

有人會(huì)說(shuō)：和中國(guó)攜手進(jìn)行一次全力以赴的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)來(lái)避免沖突的傳播；另外，要避免蘇聯(lián)的干涉。似乎沒(méi)有一種解釋是有效的，因?yàn)橹袊?guó)已經(jīng)表明有了最大限度的影響力，且蘇聯(lián)不會(huì)迎合我們的步伐。就如一條眼鏡蛇，當(dāng)新的敵人感到軍事上的相互依存或者別的遍及世界的潛在誘惑，他們就很可能會(huì)發(fā)動(dòng)進(jìn)攻。

事實(shí)使韓國(guó)的悲劇更為加深了，軍事行動(dòng)縮小了他們的國(guó)界。那個(gè)我們要拯救的國(guó)家、他們要飽受整個(gè)海軍和空軍毀滅性的對(duì)抗，然而敵人的地盤(pán)卻在如此的攻擊和破壞之下全全得到保護(hù)，這是受到譴責(zé)的。在世界上所有的國(guó)家中，韓國(guó)是僅存的唯一冒險(xiǎn)反對(duì)共產(chǎn)主義的國(guó)家。韓國(guó)人民巨大的勇氣和剛毅拒絕描述。比起奴隸身份他們情愿選擇了拼死。他們對(duì)我留下的最后一句話是：“決不能逃離太平洋！”我只為你們留下了英勇善戰(zhàn)的兒子們。他們?cè)谀怯龅搅烁鞣N各樣的考驗(yàn)，我會(huì)毫無(wú)保留地向你們匯報(bào)他們?cè)诿總€(gè)方面都很出色。

我持久地盡我所能去保護(hù)他們光榮地結(jié)束這場(chǎng)野蠻的沖突，并且要花費(fèi)最少的時(shí)間，付出最小的犧牲。那些日趨增長(zhǎng)的殺戮給我?guī)?lái)了極度的痛苦和憂慮。那些勇敢的人們永久地留在我的腦海中以及我的祈禱文里。

我即將結(jié)束我52年的戎馬生涯了。還在本世紀(jì)開(kāi)始前當(dāng)我加入陸軍時(shí)，我孩提時(shí)代所有的希望和夢(mèng)想便實(shí)現(xiàn)了。自從我在西點(diǎn)廣場(chǎng)上虔誠(chéng)地宣誓以來(lái)，世界已幾經(jīng)傾覆，希望和夢(mèng)想也早已消失，但我仍記得那時(shí)最流行的一首軍歌中的句子，它自豪地宣布：

“老兵永遠(yuǎn)不死，他們只是悄然隱去。”

像那首歌中的老兵一樣，我作為一名在上帝的光輝下盡心盡職的老兵，現(xiàn)在結(jié)束我的軍事生涯，悄然隱去。

再見(jiàn)。

四:麥克阿瑟演說(shuō)《責(zé)任·榮譽(yù)·國(guó)家》中文版

今天早晨，當(dāng)我走出旅館時(shí)，看門(mén)人問(wèn)道：“將軍，您上哪去？”一聽(tīng)說(shuō)我要去西點(diǎn)，他說(shuō)：“那是個(gè)好地方，您從前去過(guò)嗎？”

這樣的榮譽(yù)是沒(méi)有人不受感動(dòng)的。長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)，我從事這個(gè)職業(yè)，又如此熱愛(ài)這個(gè)民族，能獲得這樣的榮譽(yù)簡(jiǎn)直使我無(wú)法表達(dá)我的感情。然而，這種獎(jiǎng)賞主要并不意味著對(duì)個(gè)人的尊崇，而是象征一個(gè)偉大的道德準(zhǔn)則——捍衛(wèi)這塊可愛(ài)土地上的文化與古老傳統(tǒng)的那些人的行為與品質(zhì)的準(zhǔn)則。這就是這個(gè)大獎(jiǎng)?wù)碌囊饬x。無(wú)論現(xiàn)在還是將來(lái)，它都是美國(guó)軍人道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的一種體現(xiàn)。我一定要遵循這個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，結(jié)合崇高的理想，喚起自豪感，同時(shí)始終保持謙虛……責(zé)任-榮譽(yù)-國(guó)家。這三個(gè)神圣的名詞莊嚴(yán)地提醒你應(yīng)該成為怎樣的人，可能成為怎樣的人，一定要成為怎樣的人。它們將使你精神振奮，在你似乎喪失勇氣時(shí)鼓起勇氣，似乎沒(méi)有理由相信時(shí)重建信念，幾乎絕望時(shí)產(chǎn)生希望。

遺憾的很，我既沒(méi)有雄辯的詞令、詩(shī)意的想象，也沒(méi)有華麗的隱喻向你們說(shuō)明它們的意義。懷疑者一定要說(shuō)它們只不過(guò)是幾個(gè)名詞，一句口號(hào)，一個(gè)空洞的短語(yǔ)。每一個(gè)迂腐的學(xué)究，每一個(gè)蠱惑人心的政客，每一個(gè)玩世不恭的人，每一個(gè)偽君子，每一個(gè)惹是生非之徒，很遺憾，還有其他個(gè)性不甚正常的人，一定企圖貶低它們，甚至對(duì)它們進(jìn)行愚弄和嘲笑。 但這些名詞確能做到：塑造你的基本特性，使你將來(lái)成為國(guó)防衛(wèi)士；使你堅(jiān)強(qiáng)起來(lái)，認(rèn)清自己的懦弱，并勇敢地面對(duì)自己的膽怯。它們教導(dǎo)你在失敗時(shí)要自尊，要不屈不撓；勝利時(shí)要謙和，不要以言語(yǔ)代替行動(dòng)，不要貪圖舒適；要面對(duì)重壓和困難，勇敢地接受挑戰(zhàn)；要學(xué)會(huì)巍然屹立于風(fēng)浪之中，但對(duì)遇難者要寄予同情；要先律己而后律人；要有純潔的心靈和崇高的目標(biāo)；要學(xué)會(huì)笑，但不要忘記怎么哭；要向往未來(lái)，但不可忽略過(guò)去；要為人持重，但不可過(guò)于嚴(yán)肅；要謙虛，銘記真正偉大的純樸，真正智慧的虛心，真正強(qiáng)大的溫順。它們賦予你意志的韌性，想象的質(zhì)量，感情的活力，從生命的深處煥發(fā)精神，以勇敢的姿態(tài)克服膽怯，甘于冒險(xiǎn)而不貪圖安逸。它們?cè)谀銈冃闹袆?chuàng)造奇妙的意想不到的希望，以及生命的靈感與歡樂(lè)。它們就是這種方式教導(dǎo)你們成為軍人和君子。

你所率領(lǐng)的是哪一類士兵？他可靠嗎？勇敢嗎？他有能力贏得勝利嗎？他的故事你全都熟悉，那是一個(gè)美國(guó)士兵的故事。我對(duì)他的估計(jì)是多年前在戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上形成的，至今沒(méi)有改變。那時(shí)，我把他看作是世界上最高尚的人；現(xiàn)在，我仍然這樣看他。他不僅是一個(gè)軍事品德最優(yōu)秀的人，而且也是一個(gè)最純潔人。他的名字與威望是每一個(gè)美國(guó)公民的驕傲。在青壯年時(shí)期，他獻(xiàn)出了一切人類所賦予的愛(ài)情與忠貞。他不需要我及其他人的頌揚(yáng)，因?yàn)樗延米约旱孽r血在敵人的胸前譜寫(xiě)了自傳?？墒?，當(dāng)我想到他在災(zāi)難中的堅(jiān)忍，在戰(zhàn)火里的勇氣。在勝利時(shí)的謙虛，我滿懷的贊美之情不禁油然而升。他在歷史上已成為一位成功愛(ài)國(guó)者的偉大典范；他在未來(lái)將成為子孫認(rèn)識(shí)解放與自由的教導(dǎo)者；現(xiàn)在，他把美德與成就獻(xiàn)給我們。在數(shù)十次戰(zhàn)役中，在上百個(gè)戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上，在成千堆營(yíng)火旁，我親眼目睹他堅(jiān)韌不拔的不朽精神，熱愛(ài)祖國(guó)的自我克制以及不可戰(zhàn)勝的堅(jiān)定決心，這些已經(jīng)把他的形象銘刻在他的人民心中。從世界的這一端到另一端，他已經(jīng)深深地為那勇敢的美酒所陶醉。

當(dāng)我聽(tīng)到合唱隊(duì)唱的這些歌曲，我記憶的目光看到第一次世界大戰(zhàn)中步履蹣跚的小分隊(duì)，從濕淋淋的黃昏到細(xì)雨蒙蒙的黎明，在透濕的背包的重負(fù)下疲憊不堪地行軍，沉重的腳踝深深地踏在炮彈轟震過(guò)的泥濘路上，與敵人進(jìn)行你死我活的戰(zhàn)斗。他們嘴唇發(fā)青，渾身泥濘，在風(fēng)雨中戰(zhàn)抖著，從家中被趕到敵人面前，許多人還被趕到上帝的審判席前。我不了解他們生得高貴，可我知道他們死得光榮。他們從不猶豫，毫無(wú)怨恨，滿懷信心，嘴邊叨念著繼續(xù)戰(zhàn)斗，直到看到勝利的希望才合上雙眼。這一切都是為了它們——責(zé)任-榮譽(yù)-國(guó)家。當(dāng)我們蹣跚在尋找光明與真理的道路上時(shí)，他們一直在流血、揮汗、灑淚。

20年以后，在世界的另一邊，他們又面對(duì)著黑黝黝骯臟的散兵坑、陰森森惡臭的戰(zhàn)壕、濕淋淋污濁的坑道，還有那酷熱的火辣辣的陽(yáng)光、疾風(fēng)狂暴的傾盆大雨、荒無(wú)人煙的叢林小道。他們?nèi)淌苤c親人長(zhǎng)期分離的痛苦煎熬、熱帶疾病的猖獗蔓延、兵燹地區(qū)的恐怖情景。他們堅(jiān)定果敢的防御，他們迅速準(zhǔn)確的攻擊，他們不屈不撓的目的，他們?nèi)鎻氐椎膭倮?span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14px;">——永恒的勝利——永遠(yuǎn)伴隨著他們最后在血泊中的戰(zhàn)斗。在戰(zhàn)斗中，那些蒼白憔悴的人們的目光始終莊嚴(yán)地跟隨著責(zé)任-榮譽(yù)-國(guó)家的口號(hào)。

這幾個(gè)名詞包含著最高的道德準(zhǔn)則，并將經(jīng)受任何為提高人類道德水準(zhǔn)而傳播的倫理或哲學(xué)的檢驗(yàn)。它所提倡的是正確的事物，它所制止的謬誤的東西。高于眾人之上的戰(zhàn)士要履行宗教修煉的最偉大行為——犧牲。在戰(zhàn)斗中，面對(duì)著危險(xiǎn)與死亡，他顯示出造物主按照自己意愿創(chuàng)造人類時(shí)所賦予的品質(zhì)。只有神明能幫助他、支持他，這是任何肉體的勇敢與動(dòng)物的本能都代替不了的。無(wú)論戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)如何恐怖，招之即來(lái)的戰(zhàn)士準(zhǔn)備為國(guó)捐軀是人類最崇高的進(jìn)化。

現(xiàn)在，你們面臨著一個(gè)新世界——一個(gè)變革中世界。人造衛(wèi)星進(jìn)入星際空間。衛(wèi)星與導(dǎo)彈標(biāo)志著人類漫長(zhǎng)的歷史進(jìn)入了另一個(gè)時(shí)代——太空時(shí)代。自然科學(xué)家告訴我們，在50億年或更長(zhǎng)的時(shí)期中，地球形成了；在300萬(wàn)年或更長(zhǎng)的時(shí)期中，人類形成了；人類歷史還不曾有過(guò)一次更巨大、更令人驚訝的化。我們不單要從現(xiàn)在這個(gè)世界，而且要從無(wú)法估算的距離，從神秘莫測(cè)的宇宙來(lái)論述事物。

我們正在認(rèn)識(shí)一個(gè)嶄新的無(wú)邊無(wú)際的世界。我們談?wù)撝豢伤甲h的話題：控制宇宙的資源；讓風(fēng)力與潮汐為我們所用；創(chuàng)造空前的合成物質(zhì)以補(bǔ)充甚至代替古老基本物質(zhì)；凈化海水以供我們飲用；開(kāi)發(fā)海底以作為財(cái)富與食品的新基地；預(yù)防疾病以使壽命延長(zhǎng)幾百歲；調(diào)節(jié)空氣以使冷熱、晴雨分布均衡；登月宇宙飛船；戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中的主要目標(biāo)不僅限于敵人的武裝力量，也包括其平民；團(tuán)結(jié)起來(lái)的人類與某些星系行星的惡勢(shì)力的最根本的矛盾；使生命成為有史以來(lái)最扣人心弦的那些夢(mèng)境與幻想。

為了迎接所有這些巨大的變化和發(fā)展，你們的任務(wù)將變得更加堅(jiān)定而不可侵犯，那就是贏得我們戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的勝利。

你們的職業(yè)要求你們?cè)谶@個(gè)生死關(guān)頭勇于獻(xiàn)身，此外，別無(wú)所求。其余的一切公共目的、公共計(jì)劃、公共需求，無(wú)論大小，都可以尋找其他辦法去完成；而你們就是受訓(xùn)參加戰(zhàn)斗的，你們的職業(yè)就是戰(zhàn)斗——決心取勝。在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中最明確的目標(biāo)就是為了勝利，這是任何東西都代替不了的。假如你失敗了，國(guó)家就要遭到破壞，因此你的職業(yè)唯一要遵循的就是責(zé)任-榮譽(yù)-國(guó)家。其他人將糾纏于分散人們思想的國(guó)內(nèi)外問(wèn)題的爭(zhēng)論，可是你將安詳、寧?kù)o地屹立在遠(yuǎn)處，作為國(guó)家的衛(wèi)士，作為國(guó)際矛盾怒潮中的救生員，作為硝煙彌漫的競(jìng)技場(chǎng)上的格斗士。

一個(gè)半世紀(jì)以來(lái)，你們?cè)?jīng)防御、守衛(wèi)、保護(hù)著解放和自由、權(quán)利與正義的神圣傳統(tǒng)。讓平民百姓去辯論我們政府的功過(guò)：我們的國(guó)力是否因長(zhǎng)期財(cái)政赤字而衰竭，聯(lián)邦的家長(zhǎng)式傳統(tǒng)是否勢(shì)力過(guò)大，權(quán)力集團(tuán)是否過(guò)于驕橫自大，政治是否過(guò)于腐敗，犯罪是否過(guò)于猖獗，道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是否降得太低，捐稅是否提得太高，極端分子是否過(guò)于偏激，我們個(gè)人的自由是否像應(yīng)有的那樣完全徹底。這些重大的國(guó)家問(wèn)題與你們的職業(yè)毫不相干，也無(wú)需使用軍事手段來(lái)解決。你們的路標(biāo)——責(zé)任-榮譽(yù)-國(guó)家，比夜里的燈塔要亮十倍。

你們是聯(lián)系我國(guó)防御系統(tǒng)全部機(jī)構(gòu)的紐帶。當(dāng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)警鐘敲響時(shí)，從你們的隊(duì)伍中將涌現(xiàn)出手持國(guó)家命運(yùn)的偉大軍官。還從來(lái)沒(méi)有人打敗過(guò)我們。假如你也是這樣，上百萬(wàn)身穿橄欖色、棕色、藍(lán)色和灰色制服的靈魂將從他們的白色十字架下站起來(lái)，以雷霆般的聲音喊出那神奇的口號(hào)——責(zé)任-榮譽(yù)-國(guó)家。

這并不意味著你們是戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)販子。相反，高于眾人之上的戰(zhàn)士祈求和平，因?yàn)樗淌苤鴳?zhàn)爭(zhēng)最深刻的傷痛與瘡疤。可是，我們耳邊經(jīng)常響起那位大智大慧的哲學(xué)之父柏拉圖的警世之言：“只有死者才能看到戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的終結(jié)。”

我的生命已近黃昏，暮色已經(jīng)降臨。我昔日的風(fēng)采和榮譽(yù)已經(jīng)消失。它們隨著對(duì)昔日事業(yè)的憧憬，帶著那余暉消失了。昔日的記憶奇妙而美好，浸透了眼淚和昨日微笑的安慰和撫愛(ài)。我盡力但徒然地傾聽(tīng)，渴望聽(tīng)到軍號(hào)吹奏起床號(hào)的那微弱而迷人的旋律，以及遠(yuǎn)處戰(zhàn)鼓急促敲擊的動(dòng)人節(jié)奏。我在夢(mèng)幻中依稀又聽(tīng)到了大炮在轟鳴，又聽(tīng)到了滑膛槍在鳴放，又聽(tīng)到了戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上那陌生、哀愁的呻吟。然而，晚年的回憶經(jīng)常將我?guī)Щ氐轿鼽c(diǎn)軍校。我的耳旁回響著，反復(fù)回響著：責(zé)任，榮譽(yù)，國(guó)家。

今天是我同你們進(jìn)行的最后一次點(diǎn)名。但我愿你們知道，當(dāng)我到達(dá)彼岸時(shí)，我最后想的是學(xué)員隊(duì)，學(xué)員隊(duì)，還是學(xué)員隊(duì)。

我向大家告別。