謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)

時(shí)態(tài)的分類 （十六種時(shí)態(tài)，?？际N時(shí)態(tài)）

1、?？嫉臅r(shí)態(tài)為：

     一般現(xiàn)在、一般過(guò)去、一般將來(lái)、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行、過(guò)去進(jìn)行、將來(lái)進(jìn)行、現(xiàn)在完成（進(jìn)行時(shí)）、過(guò)去完成（進(jìn)行時(shí)）、將來(lái)完成、過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)。

2、時(shí)間、條件、讓步等狀語(yǔ)從句中動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)；主從句時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng)問(wèn)題。

3、幾種時(shí)態(tài)的替代問(wèn)題.

1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)

1. 經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作，常和often, usually, sometimes, every day連接

     e.g. Lunch is always simple.

2. 現(xiàn)時(shí)的情況

    e.g. This machine doesn’t work.  It hasn’t worked for years.

3. 表客觀事實(shí)、規(guī)律或真理

     e.g. The sun rises in the east.

4. 將來(lái)的動(dòng)作，多用于go, come, arrive, leave, start等動(dòng)詞， 通常與表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。

   e.g. We leave London on 15th July.

5. 在時(shí)間或條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，從現(xiàn)主將原則：

   e.g. When she comes tomorrow, I’ll talk withhim about it.

6. 在賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)從句和狀語(yǔ)從句中，有時(shí)也用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來(lái)的動(dòng)作。

   e.g. a) I hope that you feel better soon.

          b) I will give you anything you need.

2.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)

1. 表正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作

   e.g. Now she is planning our schedule forthe trip.

2.表示按計(jì)劃要做進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作, (go, come, stay, leave, meet...)

  e.g. Ladies and gentlemen, please fasten yourseat belts. The plane is taking off.

3.表某種感情(厭惡，贊揚(yáng)等),常與always, forever等副詞連用。

  e.g. He is always talking about himself.(表現(xiàn)一種厭煩)

3.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

1.表動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，但其結(jié)果影響到現(xiàn)在，可以和just, already,

yet,ever, recently, so far等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。

   e.g. We have not finished the work yet.

2. 表動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)從過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻開(kāi)始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，還可能持續(xù)下

去，常與so far, by now, since, for... 連用。

   e.g. I’ve worked here for fifteen years.

3. 表示說(shuō)話前發(fā)生過(guò)一次或多次的動(dòng)作，現(xiàn)在成為一種經(jīng)歷，常帶有

twice,ever, never, three times, before等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。

    e.g. It’s the second time that I have seenyou. 

a. come,arrive, go等暫時(shí)性動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)不能與表一段時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。

     1. He has joined the army for three years.

     2. He has gone to Beijing for two months.

     3. He has been in the army ...

     4. He has been to Beijing for ...

b. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與其他時(shí)態(tài)的區(qū)別

    1. He has gone to Beijing. (他去北京了)  (還沒(méi)回來(lái))  

           He has been to Beijing.(他去過(guò)北京) (已經(jīng)回來(lái)了)   

    2. She has come from Beijing. (她從北京來(lái))

        She comes from Beijing. (她是北京人)

   4.現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)

1. 動(dòng)作從過(guò)去發(fā)生一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，可能剛剛結(jié)束或持續(xù)下去。

      e.g. I’ve been working here since 2002.

              I’ve worked here for twelveyears.

2. 表示動(dòng)作在重復(fù)，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)不表示動(dòng)作的重復(fù)。

      e.g. I’ve been taking part in races forabout four years.

             How many races have you taken partin?

3. 帶有感情色彩。 

      e.g. What have you been doing? You lookfed up.

             （你一直在干什么呀？你看上去很不爽。）

5.一般過(guò)去時(shí)

1. 過(guò)去某個(gè)特定時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,常和ago, just now,

yesterday,last week等連接

   e.g. a) We soon became good friends.

          b) Two years ago, she bought anexpensive bike.

2. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)：

     完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是這一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響；

     過(guò)去時(shí)只表示動(dòng)作在過(guò)去某時(shí)發(fā)生

   e.g. I have lost my new bike. (我還沒(méi)找到......)

          I lost my new bike yesterday. (我昨天把自行車丟了)

6.過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)

1. 過(guò)去某時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作

   e.g. He was playing football at five yesterdayafternoon.

2.口語(yǔ)中，有時(shí)用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在的想法，語(yǔ)氣顯委婉。

   e.g. I was wondering if you could do me afavor.

3. leave,arrive, start, die等動(dòng)詞連用表示“即將完成”的動(dòng)作，

    而一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示“已經(jīng)完成”的動(dòng)作。

   e.g. He was dying.                   He died.

A 有些動(dòng)詞不能用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)。

　表示感官：hear, know, see, smell, taste

    表示狀態(tài)、感情：be, dislike, have, hate, love, want, wish

    表示心理活動(dòng)：forget, realize, recognize, remember, understand

    表示所屬關(guān)系：own, belong

B 一般過(guò)去時(shí)的動(dòng)詞既可是延續(xù)性的，也可是短暫性的，而過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞只能是延續(xù)性的。

    e.g. a) His cousin joined the army in 1999.(短暫性動(dòng)詞)

          b) My mother was cooking when I got home. (延續(xù)性)           

7.過(guò)去完成時(shí)

1. 動(dòng)作發(fā)生在“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”,常與by, before, when等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。

    e.g. They had got everything ready before Icame.

2. hope,expect, suppose, wish等動(dòng)詞，表示過(guò)去未實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望、計(jì)劃

     e.g. They had hoped to be able to arrivebefore ten.

3. 用于狀語(yǔ)從句的兩個(gè)常用句型的主句中：

         hardly…when和 no sooner…than(一……就)

 e.g. I had no sooner left the room than thephone rang.

8.過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)

1. 表示動(dòng)作從過(guò)去某時(shí)開(kāi)始，一直延續(xù)到過(guò)去另一時(shí)間。

  e.g. He had been studying English beforeentering the college.

9.一般將來(lái)時(shí)

1.表示將要發(fā)生的事。Shall一般用于第一人稱，will用于所有人稱。

   e.g. Later I shall tell you about some ofthe work I have done.

2.begin,leave, arrive等動(dòng)詞的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)可表將要發(fā)生的事。

    e.g. When does the plane arrive?

3. leave,go, come, stay, do, take, have等動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)可表將來(lái)

    e.g. We’re leaving school in one year’stime.

4. 祈使句+ and / or +句子謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用一般將來(lái)

    e.g. Use your head and you will find a way.

5. “be to+動(dòng)詞原形”表示即將發(fā)生某事。

    e.g. What am I to do?

6. “be about to+動(dòng)詞原形”表示即將發(fā)生某事。

    e.g. You are about to hear the mostincredible tale.

7.“be going to+動(dòng)詞原形”表示打算做某事或即將發(fā)生某事。

   e.g. The speech is going to be at 3 p.m.

10.將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)

1. 表示將來(lái)某一時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。

   e.g. At this time tomorrow we’ll be flyingover the Atlantic.

2.將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)還可表示安排要做的事或預(yù)計(jì)會(huì)發(fā)生的事。

    e.g. a) We’ll be taking an examination nextweek.

           b) This time next week, I’ll bearriving in New York.

11. 將來(lái)完成時(shí)

1. 表示在將來(lái)某一時(shí)間之前完成的動(dòng)作。

    e.g. By this summer, I’ll have lived in Beijing for nine years.

12.過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)

1. 從過(guò)去某一時(shí)間看，即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)

    e.g. She said she would be there at seveno’clock.

2. come,go, leave等動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表過(guò)去某時(shí)打算做某事。

   e.g. My cousin told me he was leaving forEngland tomorrow.

時(shí)態(tài)對(duì)應(yīng)原則

①在狀語(yǔ)從句（從現(xiàn)主將）

   e.g. a) If you get rid of smoking, you’llkeep healthy.

         b) When I saw him, he was working (hadfinished his work).

         c) Whenever we had trouble, he wouldcome to help us.

②在賓語(yǔ)從句中

    e.g. a) I was told that the exam would begiven next time.

           b) She hoped that they would meetagain someday.

by the time 引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句

 1. By the time she got up, her brother hadalready gone into the bathroom.

 2. By the time we arrived, the train wasalready moving.

     從句過(guò)去時(shí), 主句過(guò)去完成時(shí)或過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)。

 3. By the time you arrive in London, wewill have stayed in Europe for two weeks.

4. By thetime you get to Beijing, you will see the Great Wall.
從句中現(xiàn)在表將來(lái)的時(shí)間點(diǎn), 主句用將來(lái)時(shí)或?qū)?lái)完成時(shí)。

被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

   被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成

   一般時(shí)態(tài)（be +過(guò)去分詞）

   將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài) (will, shall, would, should +be+過(guò)去分詞）

  進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)  (be + being +過(guò)去分詞)

  完成時(shí)態(tài)  (has / have / had +been+過(guò)去分詞)

主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)：

1.feel.look.smell,taste,sound等系動(dòng)詞后面接形容詞時(shí)

    e.g. Cotton feels soft.

2.read,sell,wear,write,wash,drink等表示某種性質(zhì),且?guī)в袪钫Z(yǔ)時(shí)

     e.g. The book sells very well.        

3.want,require,need,worth后面的動(dòng)名詞

      e.g. These flowers need watering.

             These books are worth reading.

4.be+adj.+to do中,不定式的邏輯賓語(yǔ)是句子的主語(yǔ)

     e.g. a) The question is hard to answer.

             b) He isn’t easy to get alongwith.

被動(dòng)表主動(dòng)：

beseated, be lost, be worried, be convinced, be determined,

bedressed in, be devoted to, be located in, be involved in

等表示狀態(tài)

   e.g. a) He is seated on a beach.

          b) The building is located in thedowntown.

非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞    

動(dòng)詞不定式 （名詞、形容詞、副詞）(not to do …)

①主語(yǔ) e.g. a) Toteach is to learn twice.

                     b) It is difficult toremember so many names .   

                     c) What to do next has notbeen decided yet.

          (疑問(wèn)詞why后to省略)  (what, when, where,whether, how)

②賓語(yǔ)      e.g. a) She pretended to do her lessons.

(動(dòng)賓、介賓)  b) It had no effect exceptto make him angry.

                     c) He wanted nothing butto stay here.

                     d) She can do everythingexcept cook. (do 實(shí)義動(dòng)詞)

                     e) I have nothing to donow but wait.

③賓補(bǔ)   e.g. a) He asked me to help him.

                        b) I saw him (to) runout of the room.

                        c) The sun makes the plants(to) grow.

       (感官動(dòng)詞feel,hear, see, notice, find, smell …后to 省略)

      （使役動(dòng)詞make,let, have后to省略）

④主補(bǔ)    e.g. a) I was ask to help him.

                        b) He was seen to runout of the room.

                        c) I feel sorry to hearthe news.

                        d) They found it hardto undertand the lecture.     

（感官、使役動(dòng)詞make,see, have后to不能省略）

⑤表語(yǔ)  e.g. a) To know everything is to knownothing.

                      b) The trouble is whereto find a guide.

                      c) My new pen was nowhere to be found.

                      d) What he did was helpme.

                      e) All you have to do nowis clean your dorm.               

     (含有do的名詞性從句作主語(yǔ)，不定式作表語(yǔ)時(shí)省略to)

⑥定語(yǔ) e.g. a) Hehas the ability to do this job.

         b) Don’t forget thetime to get up.

                                              (不定式作定語(yǔ)后置)

⑦狀語(yǔ)   (目的、結(jié)果、原因或方式) 

  e.g. a) We left early to catch the train. (in order to …)

         b) We hurried to the station, only to learn the train had left.

         c) He is too nervous to speak. (enough…to, so…as to)

         d) I was an idiot not to have realized it.

         d) He opened his lips as if to say something.

⑧獨(dú)立成分

   e.g. a) To tell you the truth, we know nothing about it.

            b) To be exact, it happened at 2 minutesago.

                      (to be honest, to befrank…)

動(dòng)名詞（名詞）

①主語(yǔ)  e.g. a) Saying is easier than doing.

                      b) It’s no use worrying about it.

                      c) It is a waste of timediscussing the question.

②賓語(yǔ) (動(dòng)賓和介賓)

   e.g. a) You must avoid making the same mistake.

          b) She objects to learning English.

③賓補(bǔ)    e.g. We call this serving people.

④主補(bǔ)    e.g. This is called serving people.

⑤表語(yǔ)   e.g. a) Your job is studying.

                       b) Seeing is believing.

⑥定語(yǔ)    e.g. a swimming pool / a waiting room (~for ~)

                        a running competition(~ about ~)

⑦在介詞或介詞短語(yǔ)后作狀語(yǔ)

               e.g. a) I have spent all day inlooking for you.

                     b) She left early forcatching the train.

現(xiàn)在分詞

①表語(yǔ)  e.g. The film is very interesting / exciting.(主動(dòng)形容詞)

②定語(yǔ)   (主動(dòng)、進(jìn)行中)

   e.g. a) developing country  

          b) Look! The house being building is our apartment.

③賓補(bǔ)   e.g. I heard someone reading book.

④狀語(yǔ) （時(shí)間，原因，條件和伴隨）   

   e.g. a) Hearing the news, they set off for Beijing.

         b) Turning to the right, you will find the way home.

⑤獨(dú)立成分  e.g. Strictly speaking, it doesn’t belong to me.

過(guò)去分詞

①表語(yǔ)    (被動(dòng)形容詞)

   e.g. I was moved by / interested in her words.

②定語(yǔ)   （被動(dòng)、完成）

   e.g. a) Chance favors the prepared mind.  

         b) What is the language spoken in Australia?   (~短語(yǔ)后置)

③賓補(bǔ)   e.g. I saw the thief caught.

④狀語(yǔ) （時(shí)間，原因，條件和伴隨）   

   e.g. a) Viewed from a distance, the island looked like a fish.

         b) Moved by her words, I agreed to her request.

⑤獨(dú)立成分  e.g. Taken as a whole, he has no chance ofwinning.

分詞的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)

①邏輯主語(yǔ)(名詞、代詞)+現(xiàn)在分詞  （表示主動(dòng)意義）

   e.g. a) Mary coming back, they discussed it together.  

         b) The teacher having finished the lesson, the students left.

         c) Weather permitting, we shall go hunting.

         d) She walked along the river, her dog following behind.

②邏輯主語(yǔ)+過(guò)去分詞  （表示被動(dòng)意義）

   e.g. a) This finished, we went home.

          b) Everything considered, this plan is more workable.

          c) He rushed into the room, his face covered with sweat.

虛擬語(yǔ)氣

1.原形式               2. 條件式             3. 常見(jiàn)式        

原形式(主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ)從句)   (動(dòng)詞原形, be done)

①主語(yǔ)從句 (It’s + 形容詞或過(guò)去分詞)

  e.g. a) It’s essentialthat you  arrive here in time.

         b) It is suggested that the meeting be held at some other time.

②賓語(yǔ)從句    (advise, propose, demand, require, order...)

   e.g. She insisted that the seats be booked in advance.

③表語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ)從句

   e.g. a) The professor’s order is that the test be finished at 5:30.

          b) The professor gave order that the test be finished…

條件式（if 引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句和其它條件句）

& If省略從句要倒裝      從句和主句的時(shí)間不同

條件式

① if 引導(dǎo)的條件從句

e.g.  a) If I had taken youradvice, I would not make such a big mistake.           

② but for(that), without引導(dǎo)的條件從句中

  e.g. a) But for (without) his help, I could not have succeeded.

     b) Without air, there would be no living things.

③ 特殊的條件式

  e.g. a) I would have lent you money, but I hadn't any on me then.

   b) We didn't know your name, otherwise we would have called you.

常見(jiàn)式

①wish that…

   e.g. a) I wish I hadn’t done it.

       b) I wish I had more money.

       c) I wish we would meet again someday.

② as if /though, if only…

  e.g. a) They talk a lot as if they had known for years.

        b) She treat me as if I were stranger.

        c) If only I had taken his advice.

③would rather(sooner), had rather, would just as soon…

   e.g. a) I'd just as soon I hadn't been there before.

         b) I would sooner that we leftquickly now.

         c) I’d rather that we didn't speak in future at all.

④ It is (high)time that…

   e.g. You look so tired. It’s time that you went (should go) to bed.

⑤lest, forfear that及in case     目的從句

 e.g. a) He was punished lest he (should) make the same mistake.

        b) The mad man was locked in case he should injure himself.

⑥whether,however (no matter how )…   讓步從句

  e.g. a) Whether he be rich or poor, I will marry him.----- Be he rich orpoor, I ...

      b) However hard it rain, we shall go home tonight.

            主句陳述語(yǔ)氣，從句用be 或動(dòng)詞原形

定語(yǔ)從句   (先看空后，再看空前)   (判斷是關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞)

1. 限制性和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句

① 功能和結(jié)構(gòu)  (關(guān)系密切、不可缺少) （不用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)）  

    e.g. a) He is the man who helped me.

          b) I have two sisters, who arestudying at school.

② 修飾對(duì)象  

    限制性定從（名詞、代詞）

    非限制性定從（名詞、短語(yǔ)、從句、主句）

③ 關(guān)系代詞的使用  （that不能在非限制性定從中使用）

   e.g. The earth runs around the sun, as/whichis known by everyone.

2. 先行項(xiàng)（被關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞所指代部分）

① 名詞或代詞     e.g. a) The boy whosehair is red is smart.

                      b) All that glitters is not gold.

② 短語(yǔ)    e.g. She is very attentivein class, which we rarely are.

③ 從句     e.g. She said that her sonwould become an artist, which I thought impossible.

④ 整個(gè)主句

    e.g. He refused to me, which I hadn’texpected.

3. 關(guān)系代詞(who, whom, whose, which, as, that, but, than)

     a) 連詞作用（主句和從句連接起來(lái)）

     b)代詞作用（代替前面的先行詞）

     c) 語(yǔ)法作用（在從句中做主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)）(whose 用作定語(yǔ)，后加名詞)

          There are very few but(whodon't) admire his talent.

          There is no rule but has (thathas no) exception.

          He smoke fewer cigarettes than were normally available.

4. 關(guān)系代詞that的用法

① 先行詞是不定代詞（all, another, none指物, everything,something, anything, nothing, much, little, any, few...)

    e.g. All that glitters is not gold.

② 先行詞被形容詞最高級(jí)、序數(shù)詞以及the only, the very, any, every, no等形容詞修飾。

    e.g. a) She was the first girl that youtalked to when she got there.

          b) He is the only person that was present at the time.

③ 先行詞即指人又指物。

   e.g. He spoke of the men and the thingsthat he had seen abroad.

5.關(guān)系代詞who的用法

(1)先行詞one, ones, anyone, those

    e.g. Anyone who(Whoever) leaves theroom last ought to turn off the lights.

(2)在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中

     e.g. Tom, who came to see meyesterday, is an my old friend.

6. 關(guān)系代詞which, as的用法

 e.g. a) She has fallen in love with Jack, which i find hard to imagine.

        b) You are still the same person as I knew ten years ago.

            (such...as, so...as, as...as)

        c) As is known to all, thecompass was first made in China.

7.關(guān)系代詞作介詞賓語(yǔ)（whom, which）

    e.g. a) This is the man with whom you will work.

           b) It is the house in which Ilived for ten years.

           c) This is the dog which youwere looking for. (固定動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ))

           d) He want to find a better place inwhich to live. (后跟不定式)

8.名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞+介詞+關(guān)系代詞（whom, which）

    e.g. a) They posed many questions, theanswers to which proved very significant.

           b) The residents in the neighborhood, some of whom had already been robbed.

          c) I sent invitations to 20 people,only ten of whom came.

9. 關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句

①when, where, why 在從句中作時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)和原因狀語(yǔ)

    e.g. a) It is the first time when Ihave seen you.

        b)They hurried to the place where the accident happened.

c) The reason why I camehere is unknown.

② that 作時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因和方式狀語(yǔ)可替代when, where, why

    e.g. a) I remember the day (that) Ifirst met her.

         b) This is the town that he wasborn.  (the place)

         c) He didn't tell me the reason(that) he was so upset.

         d) I don’t like the way (that) he treated me.