|
主謂一致的語法一致原則
該原則要求謂語動詞必須與主語在語法形式上保持一致，即主語是單數(shù)形式，動詞用單數(shù)形式，主語是復(fù)數(shù)形式，動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式：
Both my parents are doctors. 我的父母都是醫(yī)生。
Her job is teaching French. 他的工作是教法語。
注意事項：
1. 主語后面接說明主語的修飾語
主語后面接說明主語的修飾語如with，along with，together with，as well as，like，rather than，but，except，besides，including，in addition to，謂語動詞不受修飾成分的影響，仍保持同主語一致的關(guān)系。
The teacher with two students was at the meeting. 那位老師和兩個學生參加了會議。
The girl as well as the boys has learned to drive a car. 這個姑娘和男孩子一道，也學會了開汽車。
A library with five thousand books is offered to the nation as a gift.一個有5000冊書的圖書館作為禮物贈送給了國家。
2. 由as well as, as much as, rather than , more than, no less than 等連接的并連主語
謂語動詞通常與前面一個主語保持一致：
The teacher as well as the students has read it 不僅學生讀過它，老師也讀過。
The teacher rather than the students is to blame. 應(yīng)受責備的是老師而不是學生。
3.由and和both...and連接的并列主語
如果主語指的是兩個或兩個以上的人或物，則謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。
My mother and I have seen the film. 我媽媽和我已看過這部電影。
Both rice and wheat are grown in this part of China. 在中國的這個地方既種稻子又種小麥。
注：(1) 當由and連接的兩個并列主語受each, every, no的修飾時，謂語用單數(shù)：
Every boy and (every) girl likes the book. 每個男孩女孩都喜歡這本書。
No desk and (no) chair was seen in the room. 房間里不見桌椅。
(2) 當and連接兩個數(shù)相加時，謂語動詞可用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)：
Six and eight makes [make] fourteen. 六加八等于十四。
(3) 當and連接的兩個的詞語指同一個人或事物時，謂語通常要用單數(shù)：
A cart and horse was seen in the distance. 遠處看見一輛馬車。
【例】A library wit five thousand books __________ to the nation as a gift.
A. is offered B. has offered C. are offered D. have offered
【分析】此題應(yīng)選A。用連詞and連接的兩個并列主語，其謂語要用復(fù)數(shù)，但是若主語后跟有with，like，but，except，besides，including，together with，along with，as well as，more than，no less than，rather than等連接的另一個名詞，其謂通常要與前面一個主語保持一致：
4. 不定式（短語）， 動名詞（短語）， 或從句作主語時， 謂語動詞用單數(shù)。 如：
Serving the people is my great happiness.
為人民服務(wù)是我最大的幸福。
When we'll go out for an outing has been decided.
我們什么時候出去郊游已決定了。
5. 用連接的并列主語被each, every 或no修飾時， 謂語動詞用單數(shù)。
Every boy and every girl likes to go swimming. 每個男孩和每個女孩都喜歡去游泳。
No teacher and no student was absent from the meeting. 沒有老師也沒有學生開會缺席。
Each man and （each） woman is asked to help. 每個男人和每個女人都被請去幫忙。
6. each of + 復(fù)數(shù)代詞， 謂語動詞用單數(shù)。 復(fù)數(shù)代詞+each, 謂語動詞用單數(shù)。如：
Each of us has something to say. 我們每個人都有話要說。
7. 若主語中有more than one 或many a/an , 盡管從意義上看是復(fù)數(shù)， 但它的謂語動詞仍用單數(shù) (即遵循語法一致的原則) 。 但more+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+than one做主語時， 謂語動詞仍用復(fù)數(shù)。 如：
Many a child was playing there. 很多小孩在那兒玩。
More than one student has failed the exam. 不止一個學生考試未及格。
Many a boy likes playing basketball. 許多男生都喜歡打籃球。
More than one student was late. 不只一個學生遲到
More persons than one come to help us. 不止一個人來幫助我們。
8. none 做主語時，謂語動詞可用單數(shù)， 也可用復(fù)數(shù)； 但在代表不可數(shù)的東西時總是看作單數(shù)，因而謂語動詞要用單數(shù)。 如：
None of us are （is） perfect. 人無完人。
None of this worries me. 這事一點不使我著急。
9. 名詞如： trousers, scissors, clothes, goods, glasses 等作主語時， 謂語動詞必須用復(fù)數(shù)。 如：
His clothes are good.
注意;（1）這些名詞前若出現(xiàn) a pair of , 謂語一般用單數(shù)。如：
A pair of glasses is on the desk. 桌上有一副眼鏡。
（2）means作主語
名詞means(方法)單數(shù)與復(fù)數(shù)同形，用作主語時，其謂語的單復(fù)數(shù)要視具體含義而定(尤其注意其前的修飾語)：
These means are very good. 這些方法很好。
Such a means is really unpleasant. 這樣的方法確實是令人不愉快。
若沒有特定的修飾語或語境，則用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)謂語均可：
There is [are] no good means. 沒有好的方法。
Are [Is] there any other means of doing it? 做這事還有其它的什么辦法嗎?
10. 形復(fù)意單名詞如：news ; 以ics 結(jié)尾的學科名稱如： physics, mathematics, economics; 國名如： the United States; 報紙名如： the New Times; 書名如： Arabian Night <天方夜談>; 以及The United Nations<聯(lián)合國> 等作主語時， 謂語動詞用單數(shù)。
11. ”a +名詞+and a half “， ”one and a half + 名詞“， ”the number of + 名詞“ 等作主語時， 謂語動詞要用單數(shù)。 如：
Only one and a half apples is left on the table.
注意： one or two + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語， 謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式， 如：
One or two places have been visited. 參觀了一兩個地點。
主謂一致的內(nèi)容一致原則
1.主語中有all, half, most, the rest等， 以及”分數(shù)或百分數(shù)+名詞“做主語時，謂語動詞單復(fù)數(shù)取決于連用的名詞。如：
The rest of the bikes are on sale today. 剩下的自行車， 今天出售。
60%of the apple was eaten by little boy. 這個蘋果的60%都被這個小男孩吃了。
Most of the apples were rotten. 大部分的蘋果都是爛的。
Most of the apple was eaten by a rat. 這個蘋果的大部分被老鼠吃了。
2. 不定數(shù)量的詞組， 如：part of , a lot of , lots of , one of , a number of , plenty of等作主語時， 謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于量詞后面名詞的數(shù)。如：
A part of the textbooks have arrived. 一小部分教科書已運到。
A part of the apple has been eaten up by the pig. 這個蘋果的一部分被豬吃光了。
3. 加減乘除用單數(shù)。如：
Fifteen minus five is ten . 15減去5等于10。
4. 表示時間， 金錢， 距離， 度量等的名詞做主語時， 盡管是復(fù)數(shù)形式， 它們做為一個單一的概念時， 其謂語動詞用單數(shù)。如：
Ten miles is a good distance. 十英里是一個相當?shù)木嚯x。
5. （1） 通常作復(fù)數(shù)的集體名詞。
police(警察)，people(人)，cattle(牛，牲口)等集合名詞，總是表示復(fù)數(shù)意義，用作主語時，其謂語要用復(fù)數(shù)：
The police were after him. 察正在追捕他。
People are beginning to talk about her. 人們開始議論她。
Cattle feed on grass. 牛吃草。
注：goods(貨物), clothes(衣服)只有復(fù)數(shù)形式，且只表示復(fù)數(shù)意義：
Such clothes are very cheap. 那樣的衣服很便宜。
All the goods have been sent to them. 所有的貨物都給他們送去了。
（2）只用作單數(shù)的不可數(shù)集合名詞
clothing(衣服)，poetry(詩歌)，baggage / luggage(行李)， furniture(家具)，machinery(機械)，scenery(景色)，jewellery(珠寶)，equipment(設(shè)備)等集合名詞通常只用作不可數(shù)名詞，表示單數(shù)意義，用作主語時，其后謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式：
Our clothing protects us from against the cold. 我們的衣服可以御寒。
All their baggage was stolen. 他們所有的行李都被偷了。
The furniture is convenient to move. 這家具搬起來很方便。
All the machinery in the factory is made in China. 這個工廠所有的機器都是中國產(chǎn)的。
（3）既可表示單數(shù)意義也可表示復(fù)數(shù)意義的集合名詞
family(家庭)，team(隊，隊員)，class(班，班上的全體學生)，crowd(人群)，government(政府)，crew(乘務(wù)員)，committee(委員會)，audience(聽眾)，public(公眾)等集合名詞，當它們表示整體意義時，表單數(shù)意義，當它們強調(diào)個體意義時，表示復(fù)數(shù)意義：
Her family is a large one. 她的家庭是一個大家庭。
Her family are all tall. 她的一家人都很高。
The team is the best in the league. 這個隊在聯(lián)賽中打得最好。
The football team are having baths. 足球隊隊員們在洗澡。
注：有時沒有特定的語境，用單復(fù)數(shù)謂語均可以：
The audience was (were) very excited by the show. 觀眾對演出甚感激動。
The public has (have) a right to know what’s in the report. 公眾有權(quán)知道這篇報告的內(nèi)容。
6. the +形容詞/過去分詞形式”表示一類人或事物， 作主語時， 謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。如：
The injured were saved after the fire.
主謂一致的就近原則
有時，謂語動詞的的數(shù)決定于主語中最靠近它的詞語：
Either you or I am wrong. 不是你錯了就是我錯了。
Neither the students nor the teacher is interested in it. 老師和學生對此都不感興趣。
總結(jié)：
1. 由here, there, where 等引導(dǎo)的倒裝句中， （有時主語不止一個時）謂語動詞與靠近它的主語在數(shù)上一致。如：
Here comes the bus 公共汽車來了。
Here is a pen and some pieces of paper for you. 給你一支鋼筆和幾張紙。
Where is your wife and children to stay while you are away?
你不在這兒的時候， 你愛人和孩子在哪兒呆呢？
2. 用連詞or, either… or, neither…nor, not only…but also 等連接的并列主語， 謂語動詞與靠近它的主語在數(shù)上一致。 如：
He or I am wrong. 不是他錯了，就是我錯了。
Either you or he has taken it. 不是你拿了就是他拿了。
Not only the children but also the mother wants to go. 不僅孩子們想去，母親也想去。
注意這類句型的疑問句形式：
Were you or he there? 當時是你還是他在那兒?
Are either you or he to blame? 是怪你還是怪他?
Neither the students nor the teacher knows anything about it 學生和老師都不知道這事。
He or you have taken my pen. 他或你拿了我的鋼筆。
注：1.在非正式文體中，個別結(jié)構(gòu)(如neither…nor)連接主語時，謂語可用復(fù)數(shù)：
Neither his father nor his mother have [has] come. 他的爸爸和媽媽都沒來。
3.one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞+who/that/which 引導(dǎo)的定語從句中， 定語從句的動詞為復(fù)數(shù)。如：
Mary is one of those people who keep pets. 瑪麗是飼養(yǎng)寵物者之一。
The only one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞+ who/that./which 引導(dǎo)的定語從句中，定語從句的動詞應(yīng)為單數(shù)。
Mary is the only one of those people who keeps pets. 瑪麗是唯一一個飼養(yǎng)寵物的人。
【例】
111.Either you or one of your students ___ to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow.
A. are B. is C. have D. be
【答案】B
【解析】此處考查就近一致，真正的主語是one of your students，故用is。
2.— Did you go to the show last night?
— Yeah. Every boy and girl in the area ______ invited.
A. were B. have been C. has been D. was
【答案】D
【解析】根據(jù)時間狀語last night可以排除B、C。every /each/no ＋名詞＋and every/ each/ no ＋名詞作主語時，謂語用單數(shù)。
【專項訓練】
1. more than one girl _______ late for class this morning.
a. are b. is c. was d. were
2. mary , not her parents , _______ present at the party .
a. are b. have c. is d. were
3. about 65 percent of the students _______ good , and part of them ______ interested in biology.
a. is ;are b. are ; are c. are ; is d. is ; is
4. in this institution a medal together with a prize of certain sum of money ______ gains success in science and technology every two years.
a. are given to anyone b. is given to whoever
c. are given to who d. is given to whom
5. although many of the houses in the small town _______ still in need of repair , there ________ lots of improvement in their appearance.
a. are ; has been b. is ; have been c. is ; are d. are ; was
6. such films _______ shown yesterday _______ not worth seeing again.
a. that was ; is b. as were ; are
c. as were ; is d. those were ; are
7. this kind of apple ______ good .
a. taste b. tastes c. are tasting d. is tasted
8. he said that the twelfth and last lesson rather difficult.
a. were b. was c. will be d. are
9. great quantities of fish in the river by the fisher-men
a. is b. are c. is caught d. were caught
10. whether he will be able to pass the exam un-known
a. is b. are c. was d. were
11. it’s not you but mr anderson who ______ to answer ______ the incident.
a. are ; for b. were ; to c. is ; for d.was ; back
12. ______ neither you nor your brother interested in swimming ?
a. are b. is c. do d. dose
13. five multiplied by two ______ ten .
a. is equal b. equals c. equal with d. equal to
14. a series of debates between the major candidates ______ scheduled for the labor day weekend last week .
a. is b. are c. was d. were
15. the population of china _______ over 1,200 million and eighty percent of the population ________ peasants.
a. is ; are b. are ; is c. is ; is d. are ; are
參考答案：1---5 ccbba 6--10 bbbda 11-15cabca
|
