主 謂 一 致

一、主謂一致的定義及原則

    主語和謂語在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致叫作主謂一致。主謂一致遵循三個基本原則：語法一致、意義一致、就近原則。

（一）語法一致

   指主語為單數(shù)形式，謂語動詞也用單數(shù)形式，主語為復數(shù)，則謂語動詞也用復數(shù)，如：

He is a boy.他是一名男孩。

They are boys.他們是男孩。

（二）意義一致

   指主語形式上是單數(shù)，但表達的卻是復數(shù)意義，那么謂語動詞要用復數(shù)形式，或主語形式上是復數(shù)形式但卻表達單數(shù)意義，則謂語動詞也采用單數(shù)形式，如：

Cattle feed on grass.牛以草為生。

Physics is difficult to learn.物理很難學。

（三）就近一致

   指謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)由最靠近它的主語決定：

There is a book，two pens and three pencil-boxes on the desk.

書桌上有一本書，兩支鋼筆和三個鉛筆盒。

There are two pens，a book and three pencil-boxes on the table.

二、主謂一致的應用

1.謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式的情況

①可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)及不可數(shù)名詞作主語，謂語動詞用單數(shù)：

The ball is under the desk.球在書桌下。

The water is very hot.水很熱。

②more than one +單數(shù)名詞+單數(shù)動詞；more +復數(shù)名詞+than one +復數(shù)動詞。如：

  More than one shop was stolen last night.

  昨天晚上，不止一家商店被盜。

③“a +單數(shù)名詞+ or two”作主語，謂語用單數(shù)，如：

  A student or two has failed the exam.

  一兩個學生考試不及格。

④“many a +單數(shù)名詞”作主語，謂語用單數(shù)，如：

  Many a student was late for school this morning.

  今天早晨，許多學生上學遲到了。

⑤以-s結尾的單數(shù)名詞作主語，謂語用單數(shù)，如：news, politics , physics , maths, gymnastics等,以及書名、戲劇名、報紙及國家的名稱等的復數(shù)名詞，如：

  The news is true.這個消息是真的。

  The United States is a large country.美國是一個大國。

⑥no(each, every, many a) +單數(shù)名詞+ and +no (each , every, many a) +單數(shù)名詞作主語，謂語用單數(shù)：

  Many a boy and many a girl has handed in their books.

  許多男孩和女孩已經(jīng)上交了書。

  Every boy and every girl likes the film star.

  所有的男孩和所有的女孩都喜歡這個電影明星。

★Every boy and girl was invited.

    所有的男孩和女孩都請了。

⑦a kind of/a sort of/a type of/a series of +名詞作主語時，謂語用單數(shù)，如：

  This kind of car is made in Harbin.

  這種小車是哈爾濱生產(chǎn)的。

  A new series of reading for children has been published.

  一套新的兒童讀物出版了。

⑧復合不定代詞如anyone, anybody, someone, somebody, something, no one, nobody, nothing等作主語，謂語用單數(shù)：

  Everybody likes his poems.所有的人都喜歡他的詩。

⑨each, either, neither, another, (a) little或much作主語或修飾主語時，謂語用單數(shù)，如：

  Much of what you say is true.你所說的許多話是真的。

  Neither answer is correct.兩個答案一個都不對。

⑩時間、距離、價格、度量衡的復數(shù)名詞作主語時，謂語用單數(shù)，如：

  Ten miles isn't a long distance.十英里并非一段很長的距離。

⑾運算數(shù)詞作主語，謂語用單數(shù)，如：

  Five minus four is one.五減四等于一。

  Seven times four makes twenty-eight.七乘四等于二十八。

  Two and two is /are four.二加二等于四。

⑿兩個單數(shù)名詞用and連接表示一個概念或不可分的整體作主語時，謂語用單數(shù)，如：war and peace戰(zhàn)爭與和平,iron and steel鋼鐵，truth and honesty真誠，a watch and chain一塊帶鏈的表，a needle and thread一套針線

  Bread and butter is their daily food.

  奶油面包是他們的日常食物。

⒀主語從句、動詞不定式、動名詞作主語時，謂語用單數(shù)。

  When and how to do it is a problem.

  什么時候怎樣做仍是一個問題。

  Seeing is believing.眼見為實。

★但當what引導的主語從句表復數(shù)意義時，謂語動詞用復數(shù)形式，如：

  What the boy wanted are some books. 

  這個男孩想要的是幾本書。

⒁關系代詞在定于從句中作主語時，從句謂語的人稱和數(shù)必須和先行詞保持一致。尤其要注意one of+復數(shù)名詞后的定語從句的謂語用復數(shù)；the only/very one of+復數(shù)名詞后的定語從句的謂語用單數(shù)。

Tom is the only one of the students who has passed the exam.

Tom is one of the students who have passed the exam.

注意 幾種特殊情況

1）“one or two +復數(shù)名詞”作主語時，謂語動詞用復數(shù)。

One or two students were planting trees yesterday afternoon.

昨天下午有一兩個學生在植樹。

2）時間、距離、價格、度量衡的復數(shù)名詞作主語，若強調若干個個別單位而非整體概念，謂語動詞可用復數(shù)。這時多與pass, go by, waste, use, spend等詞連用。

  Five years have passed since I joined the Party. 我入黨五年了。

3）兩個或兩個以上的主語從句、動詞不定式、動名詞作主語，表示復數(shù)概念或意義時，謂動用復數(shù)。

  What he says and what he does don't agree.

  他所說的和他所做的不一致。

  Swimming in summer and skating in winter are his greatest pleasure. 夏天游泳，冬天滑冰是他最大的樂趣。

2.謂語動詞用復數(shù)形式的情況。

①集合名詞，如people, police, cattle, crew等作主語時，謂語一般用復數(shù)，如：

The police have caught the thief.警察抓住了小偷。

People are enjoying themselves over there. 人們在那兒玩得開心。

有的集合名詞如family, class, crowd, team, group等，強調整體時謂語用單數(shù)，強調其中的成員時謂語用復數(shù)：

His family is rich.他家很富有。（指整體）

His family are all music lovers. 他家都是音樂愛好者。（指成員）

②由兩部分構成的物體的復數(shù)名詞作主語，謂語用復數(shù)，如：shoes, trousers, jeans, gloves, glasses, scissors等。

His trousers are of good quality.他的褲子質量很好。

My shoes are under the bed.我的鞋在床下。

注意 當這類名詞前有“量詞+ of”來修飾時，謂動由量詞單復數(shù)決定：A pair of shoes is under the bed.床底下有一雙鞋。

③兩個單數(shù)名詞用and或both... and連接，指一個人的雙重身份時，前一名詞有冠詞后一名詞無冠詞。作主語時謂語用單數(shù)。當指兩個人，前后兩個名詞前都有冠詞。作主語時謂語用復數(shù)。

The writer and the poem come from the same place.

這位作家和這位詩人來自同一個地方。

Both rice and wheat are grown in the place.

這地方種植水稻和小麥。

④“the+形容詞／過去分詞／現(xiàn)在分詞”結構作主語時，謂語用復數(shù)形式。

  The wounded have been taken good care of.

  傷者得到了很好的照顧。

  The poor are to be helped.窮人應當受到幫助。

★當這一結構指抽象概念，則謂語用單數(shù)。

  The beautiful brings us happiness.美的東西給人帶來快樂。

⑤兩個形容詞共同修飾一個單數(shù)名詞時，若兩個形容詞前都有冠詞，作主語時謂語用復數(shù)。

  The red and the white coat are mine.

  那件紅色上衣和那件白色上衣是我的。

如果兩個形容詞只有一個冠詞，表示一個人或物，作主語時謂語用單數(shù)，如：

  The black and white cow is mine.  這頭黑白花奶牛是我的。

三、就近一致的情況

1)在下列短語連接兩個并列成分作主語時，謂語動詞要同與其最近的主語保持一致：either···or, neither···nor, not only···but also···, not···but···等。

  Either he or I am right.或者他或者我是正確的。

  Neither I nor he is right.我和他都沒對。

  Not only Tom but also his parents are interested in the computer game.

   不只湯姆，連他的父母也對電腦游戲感興趣。

2) There be+并列主語，be的形式同其最近的主語保持一致。

  There is a bed and two chairs in the room.

注意“主語+ with/along with/together with/as well as/ besides/like/without/except/but/including/not...+謂語”結構中，謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)由主語決定，如：

The teacher, together with his students, is planting trees on the hill.

Mary, like many girls, loves dancing.

All the students, including Tom, are leaving.

No one except（but）Tom knows about it.

四、不定代詞all/more/most/some/any/none(+of+名詞)作主語時謂語動詞視主語含義而定。

All of the apples are rotten.“all + 復數(shù)名詞”表“所有的”

All of the apple is rotten.“all + 單數(shù)名詞”表“整個的”

None of the money is left.沒有余錢了。

None of the students were there.沒有學生在那兒。

五、“the rest of / half of / part of / majority of / percent of / one third of +名詞”，謂語動詞與of后面的名詞保持一致

Half of the students have finished their compositions.

一半的學生寫完作文了。

Half of the fruit is bad.一半的水果壞了。

About 60 percent of the students in our school are boys.

我校大約60%的學生是男孩。

About 60 percent of the work is done.大約這項工作的60%被做了。

六、“a lot of( lots of) / plenty of / a large quantity of +名詞”，謂語根據(jù)短語后面的名詞的數(shù)而定

A lot of film stars were present at the meeting.

許多影星出席了會議。

A lot of money has been saved.節(jié)約了許多錢。

七、“a great deal of/a good deal of / a large amount of +不可數(shù)名詞”作主語，謂語用單數(shù)

A great deal of water is wasted.許多水被浪費了。

八、“a (good/great) number of/a group of/a variety of +名詞”作主語，謂語動詞用復數(shù)，“the number of / the variety of+名詞”作主語，謂語動詞用單數(shù)，“amounts of / quantities of + 不可數(shù)名詞”作主語，謂語動詞用復數(shù)

  A number of books are lent out from the library every day.

  每天有許多書從圖書館被借走。

  The number of the people present is not known.

  出席人數(shù)尚不知道。

九、有些名詞，單、復數(shù)同形，作主語時，其謂語動詞按上下文意義定。表示單數(shù)意義用單數(shù)動詞，表示復數(shù)意義用復數(shù)動詞

  這一類名詞常用的有：means, works（工廠）, sheep, Chinese, Japanese等。

  Not every means is useful .不是每種方法都有用。

  Not all means are useful.不是所有的方法都有用。

  There is a chemical works near the river.河邊有家化工廠。

十、none, neither作主語，謂語動詞可用單數(shù),也可用復數(shù)（用復數(shù)多出現(xiàn)于口語）：

  None of us has/have ever been to Beijing.

  我們誰都沒去過北京。

  Neither of the books is/are of any use to him.

  兩本書他都用不著。