寫在前面:方便同學們學習,今天開始發(fā)布的文章均為中英文對照,希望對大家有所幫助。 This collection of 50 tourmalines
showcases the gem’s wide-ranging color palette. Photo by Robert Weldon;
courtesy of Bruce A. Fry.50顆碧璽的收藏品顯示該寶石較廣的顏色范圍,就像調色板一樣。This chart focuses primarily on the types
of natural inclusions found in tourmaline, as well as the minerals in which
tourmaline can be found as an inclusion. Treatments such as enhancement of
fractures, low-temperature heating, and irradiation are rare, and fracture
filling is generally the only one of these that leaves any visible evidence.
Because tourmaline treatments have little visual impact with regard to
microscopic observations, they will not be covered in this chart, which is
intended to serve as a broad overview of the micro-world of tourmaline. No
synthetic gem tourmaline exists.本圖集重點關注碧璽中已發(fā)現的天然包裹體,以及其他礦物中的碧璽包裹體。碧璽的優(yōu)化處理,例如裂隙充填、低溫熱處理以及輻照處理較為少見,其中,裂隙充填是唯一能夠留下肉眼可見鑒定證據的優(yōu)化處理方法。由于碧璽的優(yōu)化處理對顯微特征的影響較小,因此,本圖集未對其進行收錄,主要目的在于廣泛總結碧璽的顯微世界。目前并不存在寶石級的合成碧璽。Tourmaline is a borosilicate mineral
supergroup with a trigonal crystal structure and a wide range of chemical
compositions. Tourmalines generally form elongate prismatic crystals with a
triangular cross section, and they are often significantly color zoned. This
color zoning results from modifications in the nutrient solution from which the
tourmaline crystallizes. Due to the wide range of chemical variations possible
in this mineral group, more than 40 tourmaline mineral species are now
recognized.碧璽為一種硼硅酸鹽,三方晶系,化學組成變化較大。滇西通常形成具有三角形截面的珠狀晶體,并通常具有明顯的顏色分區(qū)特征。這種顏色分區(qū)特征與碧璽在結晶過程中成礦環(huán)境中元素的變化有關。由于該族礦物的化學組分變化較大,目前已發(fā)現40多種碧璽。This pink tourmaline from Brazil
shows color zoning and numerous growth blockages. An interesting spiral
dislocation is also seen parallel to the c-axis of the crystal. Field of view
2.21 mm.巴西粉色碧璽,具有顏色分區(qū)現象,同時具有多種生長中斷的特征??梢娨粋€有趣的螺旋位錯平行于c軸,視域2.21mm。In this tourmaline slice from
Fianarantsoa, Madagascar, vibrant interference colors are seen when looking
parallel to the optic axis using cross-polarized light. Field of view 23.95 mm.馬達加斯加菲亞納蘭索亞碧璽切片,使用正交偏光鏡平行于光軸方向觀察,可見鮮艷的干涉色。視域23.95毫米。This green elbaite tourmaline
from Tanzania contains numerous thread-like fluid inclusions known as
“trichites.” Field of view 2.87 mm.坦桑尼亞綠色鋰碧璽,內部可見多個類似線狀的流體包裹體,稱之為“毛晶狀”包裹體,視域2.87毫米。This Brazilian achroite, or
colorless tourmaline, contains numerous etched fluid inclusions with a whitish
appearance. Field of view 2.30 mm.巴西無色碧璽,內涵大量具有白色外觀的蝕刻流體包裹體,視域2.30毫米。A slice of elbaite tourmaline
from Brazil shows complex color zoning when viewed perpendicular to the c-axis
of the crystal. Field of view 13.43 mm.巴西鋰碧璽切片,垂直c軸方向顯示復雜的顏色分區(qū)特征,視域13.43毫米。Numerous growth blockages and
birefringent mineral crystals are notable features in this elbaite tourmaline
from Brazil. Field of view 1.43 mm.巴西鋰碧璽,可見大量生長中斷及雙折射晶體包裹體,該特征是巴西碧璽的重要特征。視域1.43毫米。This Brazilian tourmaline
contains an excellent example of a multistage growth blockage mechanism caused
by what are probably mica crystals. Yellow epigenetic staining is also present.
Field of view 4.11 mm.巴西碧璽,可見大量且典型的多期生長中斷現象所形成的內含物,這些內含物可能是云母晶體,同時可見后生黃色浸染物。視域4.11毫米。A fluid inclusion with a mobile
bubble resulted from growth blockage caused by a nearly invisible tourmaline
inclusion in this Brazilian tourmaline host. Field of view 2.08 mm.巴西碧璽,與生長中斷有關氣液兩相流體包裹體,生長中斷由一個幾乎不可見的碧璽包裹體引起。視域2.08毫米。A cluster of sausage-shaped
hexagonal apatite crystals is present in this elbaite tourmaline from Merelani,
Tanzania. Field of view 1.86 mm.坦桑尼亞梅雷拉尼鋰碧璽,內部可見一簇長柱狀磷灰石晶體。視域1.86毫米。This pink tourmaline from
California contains a blocky lepidolite inclusion as well as several colorless
crystals. Field of view 1.80 mm.美國加州粉碧璽,可見一個塊狀鋰云母晶體包裹體,伴有一些無色晶體。視域1.80毫米。This elbaite tourmaline from
Madagascar shows an interesting and complex moss-like pattern of color zoning.
Field of view 8.29 mm.馬達加斯加鋰碧璽,顯示一個復雜而有趣的苔蘚狀顏色分區(qū)現象。視域8.29毫米。Numerous octahedral crystals of
microlite, a pyrochlore-group mineral, are scattered throughout this pink
elbaite tourmaline from Mozambique. Field of view 4.10 mm.莫桑比克粉色鋰碧璽,內含大量八面體細晶石并散布在整個晶體中,一種燒綠石族礦物,視域4.10毫米。This Brazilian tourmaline
contains numerous reflective hollow tubes that are responsible for a cat’s-eye
phenomenon in this chatoyant gem. Field of view 2.04 mm.巴西電氣石,內含大量強反射的空管狀包裹體,從而使得寶石形成貓眼效應。視域2.04毫米。Large spike-shaped growth
blockage tubes are capped by small crystals in this uvite tourmaline from
Magadi, Kenya. Large graphite crystals are also present. Field of view 4.67 mm.肯尼亞馬加迪鈣鎂碧璽,被小晶體所捕獲的大尺寸釘狀生長中斷管狀包裹體,同時可見大尺寸石墨晶體包裹體。視域4.67毫米。Natural radioactive fluids have
infiltrated cracks in this Mozambican elbaite tourmaline, creating localized
radiation-induced natural pink color zones along the walls of the fractures.
Field of view 4.27 mm.莫桑比克鋰電氣石,可見滲入裂隙中的放射性流體包裹體,在裂隙壁局部形成放射性成因的天然粉色。視域4.27毫米。A fluid inclusion in this
Brazilian tourmaline contains a large gas bubble, liquid, a delicate curved
fiber, and small solid crystals. “Communicator tubes” and “necking down”
structures are visible. Field of view 3.16 mm.巴西碧璽,可見流體包裹體中含有一個大氣泡、略微彎曲的纖維狀包裹體和一個小的固體包裹體,可見“通訊管”和“頸縮”結構。視域3.16毫米。This dravite-uvite tourmaline
from Tanzania is host to several crystals of apatite, pyrite, and graphite.
Field of view 2.30 mm.坦桑尼亞鎂電氣石-鈣鎂電氣石,可見磷灰石、黃鐵礦和石墨包裹體,視域2.30毫米。A transparent yellow monazite
crystal is the source of radiation responsible for the localized pink color
zoning in this tourmaline from California. Field of view 3.55 mm.美國加州碧璽,可見透明的黃色獨居石晶體,其中的反射性使得寶石局部形成粉色。視域3.55毫米。Skeletal native copper inclusions
are scattered throughout this copper-bearing elbaite tourmaline from Brazil.
Field of view 3.57 mm.巴西含銅鋰碧璽,可見骨架狀自然銅包裹體,散布在整個寶石中。視域3.57毫米。This chromium green tourmaline
from Tanzania is host to beautifully rounded protogenetic pyrite crystals.
Field of view 2.52 mm.坦桑尼亞綠色鉻碧璽,可見漂亮的渾圓狀原生黃鐵礦晶體包裹體。視域2.52毫米。While tourmaline is a common mineral, it is
generally not abundant (London, 2008). Most gem-quality tourmalines are the
lithium-rich species elbaite, found in granitic pegmatites where elements such
as boron and lithium have been concentrated. Tourmalines can also form in
metamorphic rock, including marbles and schists; however, many of those are
schorl or dravite and may not be suitable for gem use. Notable sources are
Brazil, the United States, Madagascar, Nigeria, and Mozambique. The most highly
prized gem tourmalines are the vividly colored green to blue copper-bearing
variety known in the trade as “Paraíba” tourmaline, named after the state in
Brazil where it was first discovered (Fritsch et al., 1990). Today, these
copper-bearing tourmalines are also found in Mozambique and Nigeria. “Paraíba-type”
tourmalines are usually elbaite, but liddicoatite examples have also been
documented (Katsurada and Sun, 2017). 雖然碧璽為一種常見礦物,但其分布并不廣泛。多數寶石級碧璽為富鋰的鋰碧璽,主要形成于富含B和Li的花崗偉晶巖中。碧璽也可形成于變質巖中,如大理巖和片巖,但多為黑碧璽或鎂碧璽,并不適合做寶石使用。有意義的產地包括巴西、美國、馬達加斯加、尼日利亞和莫桑比克。多數高價值的寶石級碧璽為由銅元素致色的艷綠色到艷藍色品種,商業(yè)上稱之為帕拉伊巴碧璽,帕拉伊巴為巴西的一個州,是該類碧璽首次發(fā)現的產地。如今,這些含銅碧璽在莫桑比克、尼日利亞等地也有發(fā)現。帕拉伊巴碧璽多數為鋰碧璽,但是,鈣鋰碧璽的例子也有記錄。 Examining gem tourmaline in the microscope
often reveals growth tubes resulting from a localized interruption of crystal
growth, leaving behind hollow or fluid-filled tubes. These features are
sometimes referred to as growth blockages. When these tubes are sufficiently
dense and oriented properly, they produce a cat’s-eye effect in a cabochon. 顯微鏡下觀察寶石級碧璽通常可見由于晶體局部生長中斷而形成的生長管,其內部為中空或被流體所充填。該類特征有時稱之為“生長中斷”,當管狀包裹體足夠密集且定向排列時,可在弧面型寶石中形成貓眼效應。 A pale blue aquamarine crystal
from Pakistan contains a multitude of tourmaline inclusions that show vibrant
interference colors using polarized light. Field of view 2.61 mm.巴基斯坦灰藍色海藍寶石,內部可見多大量的碧璽包裹體,由于雙折射作用可見鮮艷的干涉色,視域2.61毫米。This kunzite spodumene from
Afghanistan contains a dark blue tourmaline crystal indicative of its
pegmatitic origin. Field of view 5.62 mm.阿富汗紫鋰輝石,內部可見深藍色碧璽晶體,表明其形成于偉晶巖環(huán)境中。視域5.62毫米。A rock crystal quartz from Brazil
contains a green tourmaline that has separated, with a pyrite crystal
interestingly perched between the tourmaline segments. Field of view 8.05 mm.巴西白水晶,含有綠色碧璽包裹體,一個黃鐵礦晶體包裹體切斷了碧璽晶體。視域8.05毫米。An inclusion of schorl tourmaline
was creatively oriented table-to-cutlet in this round brilliant rock crystal
quartz. The pavilion facets reflect the single tourmaline inclusion in a radial
pattern. Field of view 5.74 mm.圓明亮琢型白水晶,內部的黑電氣石包裹體創(chuàng)造性的定位在臺面至亭部之間。亭部可見對該碧璽包裹體的反射作用使其形成了放射狀圖案。視域5.74毫米。A yellow manganese-colored
elbaite tourmaline from Sri Lanka is host to a dark needle-like inclusion of
what is probably schorl tourmaline. Field of view 3.94 mm.斯里蘭卡黃色錳碧璽,可見深色針狀包裹體,可能為黑碧璽,視域3.94毫米。This bundle of flattened blue
indicolite tourmaline needles resembling a palm frond is trapped in a mica host
from Brazil. Vibrant interference colors are revealed using polarized light.
Field of view 14.84 mm.巴西云母,可見一束扁平的針狀藍碧璽包裹體,類似棕櫚葉,正交偏光鏡下可瞼腺炎的干涉色。視域14.84毫米。A green beryl from Pakistan
contains a reddish brown doubly terminated crystal of tourmaline. Field of view
3.64 mm.巴基斯坦綠色綠柱石,可見褐紅色的雙端碧璽包裹體。視域3.64毫米。This Brazilian rock crystal
quartz contains numerous curved needles of very fine tourmaline inclusions that
show birefringence using polarized light. Field of view 4.27 mm.巴西無色水晶,內部含有大量彎曲的細針狀碧璽包裹體,正交偏光鏡下可見雙折射現象。視域4.27毫米。A Brazilian goshenite beryl is
host to crossed green tourmaline inclusions. Vibrant thin-film interference
colors are seen along the interface of the beryl and the tourmaline. Field of
view 11.28 mm.巴西透綠柱石,可見交叉的綠色碧璽包裹體。沿綠柱石和碧璽邊界可見鮮艷的薄膜干涉色。視域11.28毫米。This aquamarine from Pakistan
showcases a euhedral tourmaline crystal. Faint thin-film interference colors
are also seen between the beryl host and tourmaline guest. Field of view 3.52
mm.巴基斯坦海藍寶石,內部可見一個自形的碧璽晶體。在寄主綠柱石和碧璽客晶之間可見弱的薄膜干涉色。視域3.52毫米。Solid mineral inclusions reflecting the growth
environment are also found in gem tourmaline. Elbaite gems that formed in
pegmatites may contain minerals such as lepidolite, feldspar, zircon, or
pyrochlore. Tourmalines from metamorphic deposits may contain other minerals
such as graphite or apatite. Tourmaline inclusions are sometimes seen in
pegmatite minerals, including beryl, quartz, mica, and spodumene. 寶石級碧璽中的固體包裹體可反映其生長環(huán)境。偉晶巖的鋰碧璽可含有礦物包裹體,如鋰云母、長石、鋯石或燒綠石。變質巖型礦床中的碧璽通常含有其他礦物,如石墨或磷灰石。碧璽有時也可作為包裹體存在于偉晶礦物中,如綠柱石、水晶、云母、鋰輝石等。 Fluid inclusions are often encountered in gem
tourmalines, and these are referred to as “trichites” when they show a thready
or hairlike structure. Some of these may be three-phase inclusions, containing
liquid, gas, and solid components. When tourmalines containing fluid inclusions
are heat treated, the fluid inclusions tend to rupture, leaving fractures that
can be hidden by filling them with oils or resins. 寶石級碧璽還經??梢娏黧w包裹體,當為細絲狀或毛發(fā)狀結構時,通常稱之為“毛晶”。這些流體包裹體可能為三相包裹體,包括液相、氣相和固相組分。當含有流體包裹體的碧璽經過熱處理時,流體包裹體傾向于破裂并產生裂隙,該特征可通過注油或樹脂充填進行掩蓋。 Pink tourmalines can be irradiated to
increase their color saturation, and many blue and green stones undergo
low-temperature heating to improve or lighten their colors. Such treatments are
often undetectable. 粉色碧璽可通過輻照處理增加顏色的飽和度,許多藍色、綠色碧璽經過低溫熱處理之后可增加或降低顏色的濃度,這些優(yōu)化處理方法通常無法進行檢測。 The tourmaline group is available in an
extraordinary range of colors. The inclusions encapsulated inside these gems
are equally remarkable and can be appreciated by any gemologist who examines
them with a microscope. 電氣石族礦物的顏色范圍非常之廣,同樣的,碧璽中的包裹體也同樣豐富,這使得任何一個用顯微鏡檢查它們的寶石學家都能欣賞到。
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