“師者,所以傳道受業(yè)解惑也?!?/span> 古之學(xué)者必有師。師者,所以傳道受業(yè)解惑也。人非生而知之者,孰能無惑?惑而不從師,其為惑也,終不解矣。生乎吾前,其聞道也固先乎吾,吾從而師之;生乎吾后,其聞道也亦先乎吾,吾從而師之。吾師道也,夫庸知其年之先后生于吾乎?是故無貴無賤,無長無少,道之所存,師之所存也。 嗟乎!師道之不傳也久矣!欲人之無惑也難矣!古之圣人,其出人也遠(yuǎn)矣,猶且從師而問焉;今之眾人,其下圣人也亦遠(yuǎn)矣,而恥學(xué)于師。是故圣益圣,愚益愚。圣人之所以為圣,愚人之所以為愚,其皆出于此乎?愛其子,擇師而教之;于其身也,則恥師焉,惑矣。彼童子之師,授之書而習(xí)其句讀者,非吾所謂傳其道解其惑者也。句讀之不知,惑之不解,或師焉,或不焉,小學(xué)而大遺,吾未見其明也。巫醫(yī)樂師百工之人,不恥相師。士大夫之族,曰師曰弟子云者,則群聚而笑之。問之,則曰:“彼與彼年相若也,道相似也。位卑則足羞,官盛則近諛。”嗚呼!師道之不復(fù)可知矣。巫醫(yī)樂師百工之人,君子不齒,今其智乃反不能及,其可怪也歟! 圣人無常師??鬃訋熪白?、萇弘、師襄、老聃。郯子之徒,其賢不及孔子??鬃釉唬喝诵校瑒t必有我?guī)?。是故弟子不必不如師,師不必賢于弟子,聞道有先后,術(shù)業(yè)有專攻,如是而已。 李氏子蟠,年十七,好古文,六藝經(jīng)傳皆通習(xí)之,不拘于時(shí),學(xué)于余。余嘉其能行古道,作師說以貽之。??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????In ancient times those who wanted to learn would seek out a teacher, one who could propagate the doctrine, impart professional knowledge, and resolve doubts.Since no one is born omniscient, who can claim to have no doubts?If one has doubts and is not willing to learn from a teacher, his doubts will never be resolved.Anyone who was born before me and learned the doctrine before me is my teacher.Anyone who was born after me and learned the doctrine before me is also my teacher.Since what I desire to learn is the doctrine, why should I care whether he was born before or after me?Therefore, it does not matter whether a person is high or low in position, young or old in age. Where there is the doctrine, there is my teacher.Alas! The tradition of learning from the teacher has long been neglected. Thus it is difficult to find a person without any doubts at all.Ancient sages, who far surpassed us, even learned from their teachers.People today, who are far inferior to them, regard learning from the teacher as a disgrace.Thus, wise men become more wise and unlearned men become more foolish.This explains what makes a wise man and what makes a foolish man.It is absurd that a person would choose a teacher for his son out of his love for him, and yet refuse to learn from the teacher himself, thinking it a disgrace to do so.The teacher of his son teaches the child only reading and punctuation, which is not propagating the doctrine or resolving doubts as the aforementioned.I don't think it wise to learn from the teacher when one doesn't know how to punctuate, but not when one has doubts unresolved, for that I find to be the folly of learning in small matters, but neglecting the big ones.Even medicine men, musicians and handicraftsmen do not think it disgraceful to learn from each other.When one of the literati and officialdom calls another man his "teacher"and himself his "student" people will get together and invariably laugh at him.If you ask them why they are laughing, they will say that since he is almost of the same age and as erudite as another man, it would be degrading for him to call the other man "teacher" if the other man's social rank is lower than his; and it would be flattering if the other man"s social rank is higher.Alas! It is clear that the tradition of learning from the teacher can no longer be restored.Medicine men, musicians and handicraftsmen are despised by the gentlemen. How strange it is that gentlemen are less wise than these people!The ancient sages did not limit themselves to particular teachers.Confucius had learned from people like Tanzi, Changhong, Shixiang, and Laodan, who were not as virtuous and talented as Confucius.Confucius said "If three men are walking together, one of them is bound to be good enough to be my teacher."A student is not necessarily inferior to his teacher, nor does a teacher necessarily be more virtuous and talented than his student.The real fact is that one might have learned the doctrine earlier than the other, or might be a master in his own special field.Pan, the son of Li's family, who is only seventeen years old, loves to study Chinese classics of the Qin and Han dynasties, and masters the six jing and their annotations. He does not follow conventions and is willing to learn from me.I appreciate his ability to act in accordance with the old tradition of learning. Therefore I dedicate this piece to him. 李氏子蟠,年十七,好古文,六藝經(jīng)傳皆通習(xí)之,不拘于時(shí),學(xué)于余。余嘉其能行古道,作師說以貽之。 古代求學(xué)的人一定有老師。老師,是(可以)依靠來傳授道理、教授學(xué)業(yè)、解答疑難問題的。人不是生下來就懂得道理的,誰能沒有疑惑?(有了)疑惑,如果不跟從老師(學(xué)習(xí)),那些成為疑難問題的,就最終不能理解了。生在我前面,他懂得道理本來就早于我,我(應(yīng)該)跟從(他)把他當(dāng)作老師;生在我后面,(如果)他懂得的道理也早于我,我(也應(yīng)該)跟從(他)把他當(dāng)作老師。我(是向他)學(xué)習(xí)道理啊,哪管他的生年比我早還是比我晚呢?因此,無論地位高低貴賤,無論年紀(jì)大小,道理存在的地方,就是老師存在的地方。 唉,(古代)從師(學(xué)習(xí))的風(fēng)尚不流傳已經(jīng)很久了,想要人沒有疑惑難啊!古代的圣人,他們超出一般人很遠(yuǎn),尚且跟從老師而請(qǐng)教;現(xiàn)在的一般人,他們(的才智)低于圣人很遠(yuǎn),卻以向老師學(xué)習(xí)為恥。因此圣人就更加圣明,愚人就更加愚昧。圣人之所以能成為圣人,愚人之所以能成為愚人,大概都出于這吧?(人們)愛他們的孩子,就選擇老師來教他,(但是)對(duì)于他自己呢,卻以跟從老師(學(xué)習(xí))為可恥,真是糊涂啊!那些孩子們的老師,是教他們讀書,(幫助他們)學(xué)習(xí)斷句的,不是我所說的能傳授那些道理,解答那些疑難問題的。(一方面)不通曉句讀,(另一方面)不能解決疑惑,有的(句讀)向老師學(xué)習(xí),有的(疑惑)卻不向老師學(xué)習(xí);小的方面倒要學(xué)習(xí),大的方面反而放棄(不學(xué)),我沒看出那種人是明智的。巫醫(yī)樂師和各種工匠這些人,不以互相學(xué)習(xí)為恥。士大夫這類人,(聽到)稱“老師”稱“弟子”的,就成群聚在一起譏笑人家。問他們(為什么譏笑),就說:“他和他年齡差不多,道德學(xué)問也差不多,(以)地位低(的人為師),就覺得羞恥,(以)官職高(的人為師),就近乎諂媚了。”唉!(古代那種)跟從老師學(xué)習(xí)的風(fēng)尚不能恢復(fù),(從這些話里就)可以明白了。巫醫(yī)樂師和各種工匠這些人,君子們不屑一提,現(xiàn)在他們的見識(shí)竟反而趕不上(這些人),真是令人奇怪啊! 圣人沒有固定的老師??鬃釉咱白?、萇弘、師襄、老聃為師。郯子這些人,他們的賢能都比不上孔子??鬃诱f:“幾個(gè)人一起走,(其中)一定有(可以當(dāng))我的老師(的人)。”因此學(xué)生不一定不如老師,老師不一定比學(xué)生賢能,聽到的道理有早有晚,學(xué)問技藝各有專長,如此罷了。 李家的孩子蟠,年齡十七,喜歡古文,六經(jīng)的經(jīng)文和傳文都普遍地學(xué)習(xí)了,不受時(shí)俗的拘束,向我學(xué)習(xí)。我贊許他能夠遵行古人(從師)的途徑,寫這篇《師說》來贈(zèng)送他。 《師說》作于唐貞元十八年(公元802年)韓愈任四門博士時(shí),這篇文章是韓愈寫給他的學(xué)生李蟠的。《師說》是一篇說明教師的重要作用、從師學(xué)習(xí)的必要性以及擇師的原則的論說文。有著卓越的見解和很強(qiáng)的現(xiàn)實(shí)針對(duì)性。 在本篇議論文中,作者運(yùn)用流利暢達(dá)的筆觸,通過反復(fù)論辯,申明了為師的性質(zhì)與作用,論述了從師的重要意義與正確原則,批評(píng)了當(dāng)時(shí)普遍存在的不重師道的不良習(xí)俗。此文是為李蟠而作,實(shí)際上是借此抨擊那些自恃門第高貴、不肯從師學(xué)習(xí)甚至譏笑別人從師的士大夫階層,有著鮮明的針砭時(shí)弊的作用。 作者表明任何人都可以做自己的老師,不應(yīng)因地位貴賤或年齡差別,就不肯虛心學(xué)習(xí)。文末并以孔子言行作證,申明求師重道是自古已然的做法,時(shí)人實(shí)不應(yīng)背棄古道。文章體現(xiàn)出非凡的勇氣和斗爭(zhēng)精神,也表現(xiàn)出作者不顧世俗獨(dú)抒己見的精神,推動(dòng)了樂于從師善于學(xué)習(xí)的社會(huì)風(fēng)氣。 《師說》是韓愈的一篇著名論文。據(jù)方成珪《昌黎先生詩文年譜》考證,此文作于唐德宗貞元十八年(802),這一年,韓愈35歲,任國子監(jiān)四門博士。 作者到國子監(jiān)上任后,發(fā)現(xiàn)科場(chǎng)黑暗,朝政腐敗,吏制弊端重重,當(dāng)時(shí)的上層社會(huì),看不起教書之人。在士大夫階層中存在著既不愿求師,又“羞于為師”的觀念。作者借用回答李蟠的提問撰寫這篇文章,以澄清人們?cè)凇扒髱煛焙汀盀閹煛鄙系哪:J(rèn)識(shí)。一個(gè)“從七品”的學(xué)官,職位不高。 作為唐宋八家之一,韓愈在這時(shí)在文壇上早已有了名望,他所倡導(dǎo)的“古文運(yùn)動(dòng)”也已經(jīng)開展,他是古文運(yùn)動(dòng)公認(rèn)的領(lǐng)袖。 這篇文章是針對(duì)門第觀念影響下“恥學(xué)于師”的壞風(fēng)氣寫的。 門第觀念源于魏晉南北朝的九品中正制,自魏文帝曹丕實(shí)行九品中正制后,形成了以士族為代表的門閥制度,重門第之分,嚴(yán)士庶之別,士族的子弟,憑高貴的門第可以做官,他們不需要學(xué)習(xí),也看不起老師,他們尊“家法”而鄙從師。 到唐代,九品中正制廢除了,改以官爵的高下為區(qū)分門第的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。這對(duì)擇師也有很大的影響,在當(dāng)時(shí)士大夫階層中,就普遍存在著從師“位卑則足羞,官盛則近諛”的心理。 韓愈反對(duì)這種錯(cuò)誤的觀念,提出以“道”為師,“道”在即師在,這是有進(jìn)步意義的。 與韓愈同時(shí)代的柳宗元在《答韋中立論師道書》中說:“今之世不聞?dòng)袔?,有輒嘩笑之,以為狂人。獨(dú)韓愈奮不顧流俗,犯笑侮,收召后學(xué),作《師說》,因抗顏而為師,愈以是得狂名,居長安,炊不暇熟,又挈挈而東,如是者數(shù)矣?!?/span> 由此可以看出《師說》的寫作背景和作者的斗爭(zhēng)精神。 韓 愈(唐代杰出的文學(xué)家、思想家、哲學(xué)家,政治家) 韓愈(公元768—824年),字退之,唐河南河陽人(今孟州市人),自稱“郡望昌黎”,世稱“韓昌黎”、“昌黎先生”。唐代杰出的文學(xué)家、思想家、哲學(xué)家,政治家。 韓愈生于唐代宗大歷三年(公元768年),出生不久生母去世。三歲時(shí),其父韓仲卿又去世,因此,他從小就由哥哥韓會(huì)和嫂嫂鄭氏撫養(yǎng)。七歲時(shí),因韓會(huì)黨附宰相元載,到長安任起居舍人。韓愈也隨兄嫂居在京師,并開始發(fā)憤讀書。十二歲時(shí),元載獲罪被殺,韓會(huì)因受株連被貶到嶺南韶州任刺史,韓愈也隨兄嫂來到南方生活。僅二年,韓會(huì)死于任上,韓愈同嫂嫂鄭氏一起,把韓會(huì)的靈柩運(yùn)回老家河陽,安葬于祖塋,今趙和鄉(xiāng)西趙和村西南嶺上,也就是人們常說的,趙和蘇莊(古尹村)。由于正是藩鎮(zhèn)割據(jù)作亂,中原地區(qū)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)不斷,韓愈又同嫂嫂鄭氏逃到安徽宣城,靠其父為官時(shí)購置的田產(chǎn)生活。這時(shí)韓愈十四、五歲,在逆境中,他發(fā)憤讀書,日記千百言,學(xué)業(yè)大進(jìn)。 貞元二年(公元786年)韓愈十九歲,開始到京師長安參加進(jìn)士科考試,歷經(jīng)四次,才于貞元八年進(jìn)士及第。但沒有得到一官半職,為了求官,又連續(xù)三次參加了吏部的博學(xué)宏辭科考試,但都未中選,又三次向宰相上書,都未得到重視,由于長期寄人籬下,無奈,他于貞元十一年(公元795年)東歸河陽老家,準(zhǔn)備退歸田園,潛心寫作。 貞元十二年(公元796年)七月,韓愈終于受到汴州刺史、宣武節(jié)度使董晉賞識(shí),出任汴州觀察推官,又授予他秘書省校書郎,這時(shí)韓愈廣交文學(xué)界知名人士,開始倡導(dǎo)古文運(yùn)動(dòng),宣傳自己對(duì)散文革新主張,旗幟鮮明地反對(duì)駢體文。 貞元十五年(公元799年)董晉去世,韓愈又依附于徐州刺史張建封門下,后到長安參加吏部銓選,由于張建封的保舉,于貞元十七年秋末,被任命為國子四門博士,開始進(jìn)入京師任職,次年冬擢升為監(jiān)察御史。韓愈任監(jiān)察御史不過二月,京畿大旱,但地方官依然強(qiáng)征賦稅,搞得民不聊生,社會(huì)不安。韓愈上奏《論天旱人饑狀》,得罪了當(dāng)權(quán)派人物李實(shí),被貶為連州陽山縣令。 唐憲宗元和元年(公元806年)六月,韓愈奉詔回到長安,授國子博士,后轉(zhuǎn)東都洛陽任教。這期間他倡導(dǎo)的古文運(yùn)動(dòng),在社會(huì)上已頗具影響,在他周圍已形成一股古文運(yùn)動(dòng)的中堅(jiān)力量。元和三年冬,被調(diào)為河南令。元和六年六月韓愈回京,任職方員外郎。 元和九年(公元814年),韓愈任考功郎中知制誥。對(duì)當(dāng)時(shí)憲宗皇帝征討淮西吳元濟(jì)叛軍持積極態(tài)度,堅(jiān)決支持以武元衡為首的主戰(zhàn)派。于次年五月,上疏《論淮西事宜狀》。元和十二年(公元817年)七月,以行軍司馬身份,隨裴度征戰(zhàn)淮西。不久淮西平,十二月韓愈因功擢刑部侍郎。 元和十四年(公元819年)正月,憲宗遣使到鳳翔法門寺迎佛骨,大搞佛事活動(dòng),一時(shí)間長安城內(nèi)所有人都放棄工作,行佛事。韓愈認(rèn)識(shí)到這種活動(dòng)的危害性,不顧個(gè)人安危,上《論佛骨表》,由于內(nèi)容有大不敬的言語,憲宗大怒,要對(duì)韓愈處以極刑,由于好友裴度、崔群等大臣的求情,貶為潮州刺史。歷來,貶到地方的朝官,到地方后,都不再問政事,但韓愈在潮州雖僅幾個(gè)月,除鱷魚、興水利、辦教育,為當(dāng)?shù)匕傩兆隽嗽S多有益的事,受到當(dāng)?shù)厝嗣竦膼鄞鳌J乱圃荽淌贰?/span> 元和十五年(公元820年)九月,奉詔調(diào)國子監(jiān)任祭酒。穆宗長慶元年(公元821年)轉(zhuǎn)任兵部侍郎,次年二月,奉命赴鎮(zhèn)州宣慰亂軍,九月轉(zhuǎn)任吏部侍郎。長慶三年(公元823年)六月又自吏部侍郎擢任京兆尹,兼御史大夫。十月又調(diào)任兵部侍郎,后又改任吏部侍郎。 長慶四年(公元824年)五月,韓愈染疾,日漸惡化,十二月初二日病逝于長安靖安里家中,享年57歲。穆宗為之輟朝,追贈(zèng)韓愈為禮部尚書,謚曰文,因此后世稱韓愈為韓文公。 唐敬宗寶歷元年(公元825年)三月二十九日,韓愈歸葬于河南河陽縣今韓莊村北嶺。 其他文人墨客對(duì)他的評(píng)價(jià)也是極高的。 蘇軾:自東漢以來,道喪文弊,異端并起。……獨(dú)韓文公起布衣,談笑而麾之,天下靡然從公,復(fù)歸于正,蓋三百年于此矣。文起八代之衰,而道濟(jì)天下之溺,忠犯人主之怒,而勇奪三軍之帥。此豈非參天地、關(guān)盛衰,浩然而獨(dú)存者乎?
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