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【本期內(nèi)容】

What is modern art?

什么是現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)？

Not to be confused with contemporary art, the “modern art” label refers to late 19th and early-to-mid 20th-century art. Works produced during this time showcase artists' interest in re-imagining, reinterpreting, and even rejecting traditional aesthetic values of preceding styles.

不要與當(dāng)代藝術(shù)混淆，“現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)”標(biāo)簽指的是19世紀(jì)末和20世紀(jì)初至中期的藝術(shù)。在此期間創(chuàng)作的作品展示了藝術(shù)家對(duì)重新想象、重新詮釋甚至拒絕先前風(fēng)格的傳統(tǒng)美學(xué)價(jià)值的興趣。

Major Movements and Artists

主要運(yùn)動(dòng)和藝術(shù)家

Starting with light and airy Impressionism and ending with energetic Abstract Expressionism, the modern art genre is composed of several major movements.

從輕快的印象派開始，到充滿活力的抽象表現(xiàn)派結(jié)束，現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)流派由幾個(gè)主要運(yùn)動(dòng)組成。

IMPRESSIONISM

印象派

Widely considered the catalyst for modern art, Impressionism challenged the rigid rules and realistic depictions of academic painting. The movement emerged in 1872, when Claude Monet innovatively employed blurred brushstrokes, a focus on light, and a vivid color palette to paint Impression, Sunrise. 

印象派被廣泛認(rèn)為是現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)的催化劑，它挑戰(zhàn)了學(xué)院派繪畫的刻板規(guī)則和現(xiàn)實(shí)主義描繪。這場(chǎng)運(yùn)動(dòng)出現(xiàn)在1872年，當(dāng)時(shí)克勞德·莫奈創(chuàng)新性地使用模糊的筆觸、對(duì)光線的關(guān)注和生動(dòng)的調(diào)色板來繪制作品《日出·印象》。

This style dominated French painting until the turn of the century, with Impressionist artists like Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, and Edgar Degas at the forefront.

這種風(fēng)格一直主導(dǎo)著法國繪畫，直到本世紀(jì)之交，印象派藝術(shù)家如莫奈、皮埃爾·奧古斯特·雷諾阿和埃德加·德加都走在了前列。

POST-IMPRESSIONISM

后印象派

Inspired by the artistic freedom introduced by the Impressionists, artists like Paul Cézanne, Paul Gauguin, Vincent van Gogh, and Henri Toulouse-Lautrec began working in distinctive, unconventional styles. Known as Post-Impressionism, this colorful movement started in the 1890s and showcases an interest in emotion and a preference for subjective interpretation over realistic representation.

受印象派引入的藝術(shù)自由的啟發(fā)，保羅·塞尚、保羅·高更、文森特·梵高和亨利·圖盧茲·勞特雷克等藝術(shù)家開始以獨(dú)特、非傳統(tǒng)的風(fēng)格創(chuàng)作。這場(chǎng)色彩豐富的運(yùn)動(dòng)被稱為后印象派，始于19世紀(jì)90年代，展現(xiàn)了人們對(duì)情感的興趣，以及對(duì)主觀解釋的偏好，而不是對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)表現(xiàn)的偏好。

FAUVISM

野獸派

Founded by les Fauves - an avant-garde group of artists including André Derain and Henri Matisse - Fauvism first appeared in the early 20th century. Like the Post-Impressionists, Fauvists favored unrealistic tones and an emphasis on individual perceptions in their depictions, which typically featured recognizable (yet somewhat abstracted) forms.

野獸派由包括安德烈·德萊恩和亨利·馬蒂斯在內(nèi)的先鋒派藝術(shù)家組成，最早出現(xiàn)在20世紀(jì)初。與后印象派一樣，野獸派喜歡不切實(shí)際的色調(diào)，并在他們的描繪中強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)人感知，這通常以可識(shí)別（但有些抽象）的形式為特色。

EXPRESSIONISM

表現(xiàn)派

Shortly before World War I, painters in Germany and Austria began to take an experimental approach to their practice. Eventually known as Expressionists, these artists adopted and adapted the unprecedented characteristics of other modern movements. Like Post-Impressionist and Fauvist works of art, pieces rendered in the Expressionist style convey a fascination with bright, artificial color and individualistic iconography.

在第一次世界大戰(zhàn)前不久，德國和奧地利的畫家開始采用實(shí)驗(yàn)性的方法進(jìn)行實(shí)踐。這些藝術(shù)家最終被稱為表現(xiàn)主義者，他們采用并改編了其他現(xiàn)代運(yùn)動(dòng)前所未有的特點(diǎn)。與后印象派和野獸派的藝術(shù)作品一樣，以表現(xiàn)主義風(fēng)格呈現(xiàn)的作品傳達(dá)出對(duì)明亮、人造色彩和個(gè)人主義圖像的迷戀。

CUBISM

立體派

Characterized by deconstructed, fractured forms, Cubism marked modern art's shift toward abstraction. Pioneered in 1907 by Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso, the avant-garde movement materialized as topsy-turvy paintings, multi-dimensional sculptures, and cutting-edge collages. Like other modern art movements, Cubism emphasized a subjective approach to creating. “When we discovered Cubism,” Picasso explains, “we did not have the aim of discovering Cubism. We only wanted to express what was in us.”

立體派以解構(gòu)、斷裂的形式為特征，標(biāo)志著現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)向抽象的轉(zhuǎn)變。先鋒派運(yùn)動(dòng)由喬治·布拉克和巴勃羅·畢加索于1907年開創(chuàng)，以顛倒的繪畫、多維雕塑和尖端拼貼畫的形式出現(xiàn)。與其他現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)運(yùn)動(dòng)一樣，立體派強(qiáng)調(diào)主觀的創(chuàng)作方法。“當(dāng)我們發(fā)現(xiàn)立體派時(shí)，”畢加索解釋道，“我們并沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)立體派的目的。我們只想表達(dá)我們內(nèi)心的東西。”

SURREALISM

超現(xiàn)實(shí)派

In the 1920s, visual artists Salvador Dalí, Max Ernst, Man Ray, Joan Miró, and Yves Tanguy came together to found Surrealism, a movement rooted in the subconscious. Lacking “any control exercised by reason, exempt from any aesthetic or moral concern” (André Breton, Manifestoes of Surrealism), the genre culminated in a diverse collection of dream-like depictions straight from the artists' imaginations.

20世紀(jì)20年代，視覺藝術(shù)家薩爾瓦多·達(dá)利、馬克斯·恩斯特、曼雷、瓊·米羅和伊夫·坦古伊走到一起，創(chuàng)立了超現(xiàn)實(shí)派，這是一場(chǎng)植根于潛意識(shí)的運(yùn)動(dòng)。由于缺乏“任何理性的控制，不受任何美學(xué)或道德關(guān)注”（安德烈·布勒東，《超現(xiàn)實(shí)主義宣言》），這一流派最終形成了一系列直接來自藝術(shù)家想象的夢(mèng)幻般的描繪。

ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM

抽象表現(xiàn)派

In the middle of the 20th century, an innovative group of artists forewent figurative styles of painting for an original, abstract aesthetic. Known as Abstract Expressionists, these painters placed artistic emphasis not only on modernist characteristics like color, composition, and emotion but on the creative process itself.

在20世紀(jì)中期，一批創(chuàng)新的藝術(shù)家為一種原始的抽象美學(xué)而開創(chuàng)了具象繪畫風(fēng)格。這些被稱為抽象表現(xiàn)派的畫家不僅重視色彩、構(gòu)圖和情感等現(xiàn)代主義特征，而且重視創(chuàng)作過程本身。

Modern Art vs. Contemporary Art

現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)與當(dāng)代藝術(shù)

Due to the experimental nature and overlapping themes of both modern and contemporary art, the genres are often confused for one another. However, once one recognizes the movements that compose each, the ambiguous, blurred line that differentiates them becomes clearer.

由于現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)和當(dāng)代藝術(shù)的實(shí)驗(yàn)性和主題重疊，這些流派經(jīng)常相互混淆。然而，一旦人們識(shí)別出構(gòu)成每一種藝術(shù)的流派，區(qū)分它們的模糊線就會(huì)變得更加清晰。

Typically, modern art is understood to include Impressionism, Abstract Expressionism, and the styles in between. Therefore, contemporary art commences with the first major movement following modernism - Pop Art - and, of course, continues today.

通常，現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)被理解為包括印象派、抽象表現(xiàn)派以及介于兩者之間的風(fēng)格。因此，當(dāng)代藝術(shù)始于現(xiàn)代主義之后的第一個(gè)主要運(yùn)動(dòng)——波普藝術(shù)——當(dāng)然，它一直延續(xù)到今天。

【Source】www.mymodernmet.com

【Translated by】Spark Liao (廖懷寶)

【Illustration】From Bing