我發(fā)現(xiàn)凝血這塊我可以寫上好幾期, 因?yàn)樵綄W(xué)越發(fā)現(xiàn)自己不懂的問題越多…… 當(dāng)年上學(xué)&考研&執(zhí)醫(yī)&一階段&二階段&主治考試的時(shí)候,貌似搞懂過幾回, 然而每次考完試又都華麗麗的忘記了……(我這爛記性看來必須要踐行活到老學(xué)到老了!) 這一期主要解決以下幾個(gè)問題: 文末彩蛋:fondaparinux為什么翻譯成磺達(dá)肝癸鈉了呢? heparin 肝素 即肝臟細(xì)胞中發(fā)現(xiàn)的物質(zhì),是一種直鏈多糖,臨床上用作抗凝劑的肝素提取自豬腸或牛腸,這類肝素是由不同長度多糖組成的混合物,其平均大小約為45個(gè)糖單位,對應(yīng)的平均分子量約為15,000D。 臨床上被稱為普通肝素,或Unfractionated heparin (UFH) Heparin is one of the oldest drugs currently in widespread clinical use. It was originally isolated from canine liver cells, hence its name (hepar or '?παρ' is Greek for 'liver'; hepar + -in). Heparin was discovered by Jay McLean and William Henry Howell in 1916. low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) 低分子量肝素是普通肝素經(jīng)酶或化學(xué)解聚得到的產(chǎn)物,其平均長度約為15個(gè)糖單位,平均分子量為4000-5000D。 In nature, heparin is a polymer of varying chain size. Unfractionated heparin (UFH) as a pharmaceutical is heparin that has not been fractionated to sequester the fraction of molecules with low molecular weight. In contrast, low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) has undergone fractionation for the purpose of making its pharmacodynamics more predictable. Fondaparinux 磺達(dá)肝癸鈉 磺達(dá)肝癸鈉是完全人工合成的戊糖?;沁_(dá)肝癸由肝素的最小抗凝血酶結(jié)合區(qū)組成,其含有5個(gè)糖單位(即,戊糖),分子量約為1700D。 fonda- (of unknown origin) +? -parinux (“synthetic heparinoid”). An anticoagulant medication chemically related to low-molecular-weight heparins. 所以,普通肝素是天然的、不同長度的、長鏈分子混合物。 而低分子肝素,則是人工將普通肝素切成長度較短的短鏈分子。 不同牌子的LMWH長度/分子量不同。 磺達(dá)肝癸鈉屬于LMWH,不過是人工合成的分子量最小的LMWH。 肝素通過與抗凝血酶(AT)結(jié)合而間接發(fā)揮作用。肝素可改變AT的構(gòu)象,使AT的抗凝活性增強(qiáng)1000-4000倍。AT主要滅活IIa, IXa, Xa, XIa,XIIa。 Heparin binds to the enzyme inhibitor antithrombin III (AT), causing a conformational change that results in its activation through an increase in the flexibility of its reactive site loop. The activated AT then inactivates thrombin(IIa) and other proteases involved in blood clotting, most notably factor Xa. The rate of inactivation of these proteases by AT can increase by up to 1000-fold due to the binding of heparin. AT所抑制的凝血因子IIa, IXa, Xa, XIa,XIIa均屬于內(nèi)源性凝血途徑,所以使用肝素后要用aPTT而不是PT來監(jiān)測凝血情況。 根據(jù)上面這個(gè)圖,普通肝素、LMWH、磺達(dá)肝癸鈉都能滅活因子Ⅹa。 但凝血酶,即IIa的失活,需要肝素、AT與IIa形成三元復(fù)合物,而只有肝素鏈長度至少為18個(gè)糖單位時(shí)才能形成這種三元復(fù)合物。 在LMWH中,這種至少18個(gè)糖單位的分子鏈很少,而磺達(dá)肝癸鈉僅有5個(gè)糖單位,無法形成三元復(fù)合物。 因此,普通肝素(含不同長度分子鏈的混合物)可以抑制Xa和IIa,效果約為1:1。 LMWH抑制Xa>抑制IIa,分子量越小的LMWH抑制IIa的能力越弱,抗凝效果越弱,使用時(shí)出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)就越小。 磺達(dá)肝癸鈉僅抑制Xa,幾乎沒有抑制IIa的效果。 普通肝素的劑量-反應(yīng)關(guān)系變異較大,也就是說同樣的劑量用在隔壁老王身上可能毛事沒有,抗凝效果不明顯,但用在對門老趙身上卻出現(xiàn)了大出血的情況,所以需要用APTT的結(jié)果來指導(dǎo)臨床用藥的劑量。相反,LMWH劑量-反應(yīng)之間的相關(guān)性更好,直接根據(jù)想要達(dá)到的臨床效果選擇用藥劑量便可,不需要監(jiān)測APTT。 Activated clotting time 激活全血凝固時(shí)間(也稱活化凝血時(shí)間) 首先,ACT,是相對于凝血時(shí)間clotting time(CT)來說的。 ◆CT指離體的全血置入試管后,凝血因子Ⅻ被異物表面(如玻璃)激活,啟動內(nèi)源性凝血,血液發(fā)生凝固所需的時(shí)間。 ◆ACT是指在待檢全血中加入白陶土部分凝血活酶懸液(人為加入激活劑),充分激活F Ⅻ、F Ⅺ,啟動內(nèi)源性凝血途徑引發(fā)血液凝固所需要的時(shí)間。 可見ACT也是走的內(nèi)源性途徑這一派系的,那么ACT與APTT有什么區(qū)別呢? ◆ACT加入的是全血,血液中含有內(nèi)源性凝血所需要的全部凝血因子、血小板及鈣離子。 ◆APTT加入的是血漿,無血小板,其結(jié)果不能反應(yīng)血小板的情況。 Activated clotting time (ACT), also known as activated coagulation time is a test of coagulation. The ACT test can be used to monitor anticoagulation effects, such as high-dose heparin before, during, and shortly after procedures that require intense anticoagulant administration, such as cardiac bypass, cardiac angioplasty, thrombolysis, extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and continuous dialysis. It measures the seconds needed for whole blood to clot upon exposure to an activator of an intrinsic pathway by the addition of factor XII activators. The clotting time is based on a relative scale and requires a baseline value(需要一個(gè)基線值) for a point of comparison due to inconsistencies between the source and formulation of the activator being used. It is usually ordered in situations where the partial thromboplastin time (PTT) test may take an excessive amount of time to process or is not clinically useful. Prolongation of the ACT may indicate a deficiency in coagulation factors, thrombocytopenia or platelet dysfunction. 為什么大劑量應(yīng)用肝素時(shí)就不用APTT監(jiān)測了呢? 彩蛋 關(guān)于fondaparinux磺達(dá)肝癸鈉這個(gè)名字的由來我查了很久,從英文詞源中來看:fonda- (of unknown origin) +? -parinux (“synthetic heparinoid”). fonda沒有明確的來源,parinux是指合成的肝素類樣物質(zhì) 磺達(dá)感覺就是fonda的音譯,但肝癸鈉這個(gè)就挺詭異,為什么要把肝素改為肝癸呢? 癸,拼音:guǐ,最早見于商代甲骨文。癸是天干的第十位,也用作順序的第十。 純猜測,是不是因?yàn)閒ondaparinux是肝素類藥物里唯一一個(gè)幾乎僅抑制Xa的藥物,所以用了癸這個(gè)代表十的字呢? 如果有人知道這其中的來由,評論區(qū)分享一下唄~ |
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