古代殿堂、廟宇以及家庭堂屋前大多有兩根插廊柱子，叫做“楹”。人們貼對聯(lián)時，常常貼在這對稱的楹柱上（古代最多的是寫或者掛在楹柱上）。

In ancient times, there were mostly two pillars with corridors in front of palaces, temples, and family halls, called "pillars". When people paste couplets, they often stick them on these symmetrical pillars (most commonly written or hung on pillars in ancient times).

楹聯(lián)在我國有著悠久的文化源流和廣泛的群眾基礎(chǔ)。它肇始于唐五代年間，興盛于明清兩代，發(fā)展到今天，是勞動人民智慧的結(jié)晶。

Couplets have a long cultural heritage and a broad mass base in China. It originated during the Tang and Five Dynasties, flourished during the Ming and Qing dynasties, and has developed to this day as a crystallization of the wisdom of the working people.

民間楹聯(lián)出自民間，寫自民間，用自民間，大致可分為春聯(lián)、門聯(lián)、堂室聯(lián)、書齋聯(lián)、婚聯(lián)、壽聯(lián)、新居聯(lián)、饋贈聯(lián)等形式。

Folk couplets come from the people, are written from the people, and are used by the people. They can be roughly divided into spring couplets, door couplets, hall couplets, study couplets, marriage couplets, birthday couplets, new residence couplets, gift couplets, and other forms.

春聯(lián) 

春聯(lián)在楹聯(lián)大家族中是最接地氣的，最早稱之為“桃符”，是中華民族過春節(jié)的重要標(biāo)志。春聯(lián)除了稱“桃符”，又稱“春貼”“門對”“對聯(lián)”。

Spring Festival couplets are the most down-to-earth among the couplet families, initially known as "Taofu" and an important symbol of the Chinese nation's Spring Festival celebration. 

春聯(lián)通常由對聯(lián)和橫批組合而成。好的橫批，可起到錦上添花之妙。春聯(lián)分為上聯(lián)、下聯(lián)，聯(lián)語字?jǐn)?shù)不限，但必須相等。橫批多為四字，過去寫橫批是從右往左橫寫，現(xiàn)今多從左往右寫，從右往左寫當(dāng)屬正式寫法。

Spring Festival couplets are usually composed of couplets and horizontal scrolls. A good horizontal approval can add to the cake. Spring Festival couplets are divided into upper and lower couplets, with no limit to the number of characters in the couplets, but they must be equal. 

春聯(lián)的內(nèi)容大都是描繪美好、抒發(fā)心愿。當(dāng)人們在自家大門兩旁貼上寫在紅紙上的春聯(lián)和“?！弊謺r，紅紙華彩，烏墨飄香，年味就到了。

The content of Spring Festival couplets mostly depicts beauty and expresses wishes. When people stick Spring Festival couplets and the word "Fu" written on red paper on both sides of their front doors.

門聯(lián) 

門聯(lián)是指春聯(lián)以外，在大門上所掛時間很長的楹聯(lián)。其特點(diǎn)是既要高雅，又要貼切，內(nèi)容大致分為治家、報國、福壽、吉祥、傳承等方面。這種門聯(lián)有的是用木板雕刻，有的直接題刻在大門兩側(cè)的墻壁上。

Gate couplets refer to couplets that have been hung on the gate for a long time, in addition to Spring Festival couplets. Its characteristic is to be both elegant and appropriate...

很多門聯(lián)的內(nèi)容出自名人詩句，對仗工整，通常代表了主人的身份和志向，以及對治國、修身等方面的追求。

Many of the content of the gate couplets is derived from famous poetry, with neat and neat dialogues, usually representing the identity and aspirations of the owner, as well as the pursuit of governance, self-cultivation, and other aspects.

譬如，在老北京胡同的四合院里就有許多刻在大門上的門聯(lián)，也叫“門心對”。它是整個四合院的“亮點(diǎn)”。在兩扇大門外側(cè)涂上黑漆，門心涂紅漆，先把對聯(lián)內(nèi)容描摹在紅漆上，再用黑漆描寫，最后將字雙鉤刻出，一副門聯(lián)就誕生了。

For example, in the courtyard of the old Beijing Hutong, there are many gate couplets engraved on the gate, also known as "Gate Heart Pair". It is the "highlight" of the entire quadrangle. 

堂室聯(lián) 

堂室聯(lián)是民間楹聯(lián)中很個性化的一種，又叫宅第聯(lián)。往往懸掛于中堂、客廳、臥室等處，也是裝飾聯(lián)中的一種。古往今來，很多文人雅士都很看重堂室聯(lián)的內(nèi)容，常用來表達(dá)書香門第的高雅品味，以及主人的學(xué)識修養(yǎng)、家國情懷和勵志自勉。

Hall couplets are a very personalized type of folk couplets, also known as homestead couplets. Often hung in the nave, living room, bedroom, etc., it is also a type of decorative couplet. 

譬如“勁松迎客人同壽，清風(fēng)滿堂氣自高”懸于客廳里，表達(dá)了主人的好客和雅趣；“愛客襟懷春滿庭，照人肝膽月盈廳”掛在中堂，表達(dá)了主人的心胸和襟懷。

For example, "Jin Song greets guests with the same longevity, and the refreshing breeze fills the hall with a high spirit" hangs in the living room, expressing the host's hospitality and elegance.

書齋聯(lián) 

書齋聯(lián)是文人雅士在自己讀書、寫作的地方掛的楹聯(lián)。這種對聯(lián)的主題大都是明心怡性、治學(xué)修養(yǎng)、述志抒懷等。

A study couplet is a couplet hung by literati and scholars in their own reading and writing places. The themes of this kind of couplet are mostly about clarifying the mind and satisfying nature, cultivating academic pursuits, and expressing one's aspirations and emotions.

譬如明末抗清名將史可法的書齋聯(lián)：“斗酒縱觀廿四史，爐香靜對十三經(jīng)”就形象地刻畫出書齋主人的讀書觀，即看不同的書要有不同的心態(tài)。讀史要有豪情，斗酒壯膽，方可縱橫于歷史長河。讀經(jīng)需練靜功，一炷清香，心思澄明。

For example, the study couplets written by Shi Kefa, a famous anti Qing general in the late Ming Dynasty, vividly depict the owner's reading philosophy, that is, having a different mindset when reading different books.

婚聯(lián) 

婚聯(lián)是民間楹聯(lián)中常見的一種，一般指用于喜慶婚嫁時貼掛的楹聯(lián)。我國向來有結(jié)婚貼對聯(lián)添喜氣的傳統(tǒng)。每逢婚嫁大喜的日子，人們就喜歡將“海闊天空雙比翼，月好花好兩知心”“長天歡翔比翼鳥，大地喜結(jié)連理枝”的喜聯(lián)懸掛在墻壁間、廊柱上或門兩旁，并配上紅雙喜字。

Wedding couplets are a common type of folk couplets, generally referring to couplets hung during festive weddings. China has always had a tradition of adding joy to wedding couplets. 

壽聯(lián)

壽聯(lián)是指民間為老人祝壽的楹聯(lián)。從身份上分，壽聯(lián)可分為男壽、女壽、雙壽等；從內(nèi)容上分，壽聯(lián)要凸顯“福、壽”的特征，并根據(jù)壽者的性別、年齡、身份、職業(yè)等特點(diǎn)來題寫。

Shoulian refers to a folk couplet celebrating the birthday of the elderly. From the perspective of identity, longevity couplets can be divided into male longevity, female longevity, double longevity, etc...

譬如，男壽用聯(lián)宜用“鶴算千年壽，松齡萬古春”來表述；女壽用聯(lián)宜用“梅子綻時酣夏雨，萱花稱滿靄慈云”來表述。

For example, the male longevity couplet should be expressed as "the crane calculates a thousand years of longevity, and the pine age lasts for ever in spring"; The couplet for female longevity should be expressed as "when plums bloom, the summer rain is heavy, and the Xuan flowers are full of mist and clouds".

新居聯(lián) 

新居聯(lián)是指貼在新居門上的楹聯(lián)。我國民間自古便有新居落成、入宅、喬遷張貼對聯(lián)的習(xí)俗。在傳統(tǒng)習(xí)俗中，新居落成，人們會擇日入住，并張貼對聯(lián)。對聯(lián)的內(nèi)容自然也融入了喜慶的內(nèi)涵。

New home couplets refer to couplets posted on the door of a new home. Since ancient times, there has been a custom among the people in our country to complete new homes, enter houses, and move in and post couplets. 

像“彩飾新樓，居福地全家行好運(yùn)；云飛畫棟，建樂園四季享清佳”，就用“好運(yùn)”和“清佳”表達(dá)了美好的祝愿。像“立奏歡歌雅樂，建成華廈千般美；剛逢吉日良辰，入住福居萬象新”，就用“千般美”和“萬象新”表達(dá)了對新居的贊美。

For example, "Colored new buildings bring good luck to the whole family in a blessed land; Yunfei painted buildings bring joy to the park throughout the year", and "good luck" and "good luck" are used to express good wishes. 

饋贈聯(lián)

饋贈聯(lián)是親友之間相互往來贈送的楹聯(lián)，內(nèi)容多為互道情誼、寄慨抒懷、互相勉勵等。

Gift couplets are couplets given to relatives and friends for mutual exchange, which mainly include expressing mutual affection, expressing emotions, and encouraging each other. 

如“人生得一知己足矣，斯世當(dāng)以同懷視之”，就是魯迅書贈瞿秋白的饋贈聯(lián)；“勸子勿為官所腐，知君欲以詩相磨”，就是清代梁章鉅贈余應(yīng)松的饋贈聯(lián)，分別表述了寄情和勉勵的含義。

For example, "It is enough to have a bosom friend in life, and the world should look at it with the same mind", which is a gift couplet given by Lu Xun to Qu Qiubai.

民間楹聯(lián)，貼近生活，趣味性強(qiáng)，其基本要素是對仗工整、講究平仄、簡潔精巧、相互對應(yīng)。主要要求表現(xiàn)在以下七個方面：

Folk couplets are close to life and have a strong sense of interest. Their basic elements are neat and neat, emphasizing the level and tone, concise and exquisite, and corresponding to each other. The main requirements are reflected in the following seven aspects:

字?jǐn)?shù)相等。楹聯(lián)的文字可以長短隨意，少到幾個字，多到百字，但無論長短，上下聯(lián)的字?jǐn)?shù)必須相等。

The number of words is equal. The text of couplets can be as long as desired, ranging from a few words to as many as a hundred words, but regardless of length, the number of words in the upper and lower couplets must be equal.

詞性相同。楹聯(lián)要詞性相對，位置相同，做到“虛對虛，實(shí)對實(shí)”，也就是說，名詞對名詞，動詞對動詞，數(shù)量詞對數(shù)量詞，語氣詞對語氣詞等，而且相對的詞也必須在相對應(yīng)的位置上。

Same part of speech. Couplets should have relative parts of speech and the same position, achieving "virtual to virtual, real to real". That is to say, nouns to nouns, verbs to verbs, quantifiers to quantifiers, modal particles to modal particles, etc.

平仄相協(xié)。楹聯(lián)要平仄相合，音調(diào)和諧。傳統(tǒng)習(xí)慣是“仄起平落”，就是說上聯(lián)末句尾字用仄聲，下聯(lián)末句尾字用平聲。

The level and tone complement each other. Couplets should be in harmony in tone and tone. The traditional custom is to "start with a narrow tone and level with a flat tone".

句式相同。楹聯(lián)的上聯(lián)若是四、三句式，下聯(lián)也必須是四、三句式；上聯(lián)若是二、四句式，下聯(lián)也必須是二、四句式。

The sentence structure is the same. If the upper couplet of a couplet has four or three sentence structures, the lower couplet must also have four or three sentence structures.

內(nèi)容相關(guān)。楹聯(lián)上下聯(lián)的構(gòu)成大致分為并列關(guān)系、轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系、連貫關(guān)系、遞進(jìn)關(guān)系、因果關(guān)系等。這包含內(nèi)容構(gòu)成并列關(guān)系的“正對”，內(nèi)容構(gòu)成上有轉(zhuǎn)折（變換）關(guān)系、目的關(guān)系的“反對”和上下聯(lián)有因果、連貫、遞進(jìn)、條件、假設(shè)等關(guān)系的“串對”。

Content related. The composition of couplets can be roughly divided into parallel relationships, transitional relationships, coherent relationships, progressive relationships, causal relationships, etc. 

文字相異。楹聯(lián)的上下聯(lián)文字應(yīng)有區(qū)別，不宜有重復(fù)字，尤其是處于同一位置的字。只有兩種情況除外：其一，個別襯字性質(zhì)的虛詞可以重復(fù)，但要放在同一位置上；其二，上下聯(lián)異位重字，但必須交錯相對。

Words are different. The text of the couplets should be different and should not have duplicate characters, especially characters in the same position...

強(qiáng)弱相當(dāng)。楹聯(lián)的上下聯(lián)強(qiáng)弱相當(dāng)是指內(nèi)容而言，大致有三種關(guān)系：上弱下強(qiáng)，要注意反差不宜過大；上下同等，這是最佳的；上強(qiáng)下弱，是必須克服的缺點(diǎn)。

The strength is equal. The strength of the upper and lower couplets of couplets is equivalent to the content, which roughly has three relationships: the strength of the upper and lower couplets should be noted, and the contrast should not be too large.