語(yǔ)法(4) ![]() 1. 反身代詞是一種表示反射或強(qiáng)調(diào)的代詞。它的基本含義是通過反身代詞指代主語(yǔ),使施動(dòng)者把動(dòng)作在形式上反射到施動(dòng)者自己。因此,反身代詞與它所指代的名詞或代詞形成互指關(guān)系,在人稱、性質(zhì)、數(shù)上保持一致。反身代詞的句法功能如下: ①用作同位語(yǔ)(加強(qiáng)被修飾詞的語(yǔ)氣,緊放在被修飾名詞后,或句末)。 e.g. Mrs.Black herself is a lawyer.布萊克太太本人就是一名律師。 You had better ask the driver himself. 你最好問司機(jī)本人。 ②用作賓語(yǔ)(動(dòng)詞或介詞的賓語(yǔ))。 e.g. He made no complaint for himself. 他沒為自己抱怨什么。 She could not make herself understood. 她不能使別人聽懂她的話。 Everybody here has the influenza including myself. 包括我在內(nèi)所有人都患上了流感。 ③用作表語(yǔ)。 e.g. The ones who really want it are ourselves. 真正想要它的是我們自己。 注意:有時(shí)用于be,feel,seem,look等后作表語(yǔ)表示身體或精神處于正常狀態(tài)。eg. Mary hasn't quite been herself recently,瑪麗近來感到不適。 I'll be myself again in no time. 我過一會(huì)兒就會(huì)好的。 ④用作主語(yǔ)。在現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中,反身代詞一般不能獨(dú)立用作主語(yǔ),但是它卻可以借助and, or, nor. 2. 在英語(yǔ)中,當(dāng)名詞的修飾語(yǔ)是由一個(gè)詞組或一個(gè)句子表示時(shí),通常后置,稱為后置飾語(yǔ),名詞的后置修飾語(yǔ),大體上分為五種情況。 ①名詞+介詞短語(yǔ)。 e.g.a campsite with no road access一個(gè)無路可通的露營(yíng)地(介詞+名詞) our pictures of who we are 我們關(guān)于“我們是誰”的描述(介詞+名詞從句) the importance of being able to use a foreign language 能夠使用一門外語(yǔ)的重要性(介詞+動(dòng)名詞) ②名詞+定語(yǔ)從句。 e.g.people who wanted to play chess better 想要把象棋下得更好的人 the type of work which will suit your interest 適合你興趣的工作類型 an area where people have obviously camped before一塊之前顯然有人露營(yíng)過的地方 ③名詞+非謂語(yǔ)詞組(分詞、不定式)。 e.g.a man named Joseph Merlin(過去分詞詞組) 一個(gè)名叫約瑟夫·梅林的男人 an email asking for her credit card account number(現(xiàn)在分詞詞組) 一封向她索要信用卡賬號(hào)的電子郵件 the first step to guarantee a good night's sleep(不定式詞組)保證良好睡眠的第一步 ④名詞+同位語(yǔ)(名詞詞組、從句)。 e.g. Akasaki, the Nobel Prize winner in 2014,is a physicist. 赤崎勇,2014年諾貝爾物理獎(jiǎng)得主,是一個(gè)物理學(xué)家。 my wish that she accept the award 我的愿望即她能接受那個(gè)獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng) the Russian director Andrei Tarkovsky, one of the greatest of all film artists 俄羅斯導(dǎo)演安德烈·塔可夫斯基,有史以來最偉大的電影藝術(shù)家之一 ⑤名詞+形容詞+不定式或介詞短語(yǔ) e.g. a result quite different from what we had expected(形容詞+介詞短語(yǔ))一個(gè)完全不同于我們預(yù)期的結(jié)果 a language easy to learn but difficult to master(形容詞+不定式)一門易學(xué)但難精通的語(yǔ)言 3. “介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句: ①由“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句主要用于正式文體,在非正式文體中可將介詞放至句末。 e.g. This is the man to whom I referred.This is the man(whom)I referred to. 我指的就是這個(gè)人。 ②直接用于介詞后作賓語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞which不能換成that,直接用于介詞后作賓語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞whom不能換成who.但若介詞用于句末,則用作賓語(yǔ)的which, whom也可換成that, who, 或者省略。 e.g. This is a subject about which we have talked a lot. (which不能換成that,不能省略) This is a subject which we have talked about a lot. (which可以換成that,也可以省略)是一個(gè)我們討論了很多的問題。 ③關(guān)系副詞when,where,why根據(jù)情況有時(shí)可換成“介詞+關(guān)系代詞which”。 e.g. That is the day when (=on which) he was born. 那就是他出生的日子。 That is the house where (=in which) he lived. 那就是他住過的房子。 That is the reason why (=for which) he must apologize. 那就是他必須道歉的原因。 ④在很正式的文體中,“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句可緊縮成“介詞+關(guān)系代詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)。 e.g. There the children had a garden in which to play. (很正式) There the children had a garden in which they could play. (較正式) There the children had a garden to play in. (較口語(yǔ)化)在那兒孩子們有個(gè)玩耍的花園。 注意:這類“介詞+關(guān)系代詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中的介詞不能沒有,也不能放在句末。如不能說There the children had a garden which to play in. 4. hope后接賓語(yǔ)的用法舉例: ①?gòu)恼f話語(yǔ)氣上看,hope用于表示可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的事情,后接從句時(shí),用陳述語(yǔ)氣。 e.g. I hope I shall see him again. 我希望再見他一次。 I hope you haven't hurt yourself. 但愿你沒有受傷。 ②從含義上看,hope多用于指對(duì)好事的盼望、預(yù)想;對(duì)壞事的預(yù)想則多用afraid. . . ”。 e.g. I hope it will be fine tomorrow. 我希望明天天氣好。 I'm afraid it will rain again. 恐怕還要下雨。 ③從時(shí)間上看,hope所希望的一般指將來或現(xiàn)在的事情,不用于指過去的事情。 e.g. I hope he will come. 我希望他會(huì)來。 ④從句型上看,hope可用hope to do sth. 句型,而不能用hope sb. to do sth. 句型。 e.g. I hope to watch the football match again. 我希望再看一次那場(chǎng)足球賽。 5. 虛擬語(yǔ)氣表示說話者做出的假設(shè)不是事實(shí),或是難以實(shí)現(xiàn)的情況,甚至表達(dá)徹底相反的概念。此外,如需表達(dá)主觀愿望或某種強(qiáng)烈的感情時(shí),也可用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。虛擬語(yǔ)氣是由句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的特殊形式表示出來的,情況如下: ①表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的情況。 從句:1f+主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞一般過去時(shí)(be動(dòng)詞用were), 主句:主語(yǔ)+should/would/might /could+do. e.g. If there were no air or water,there would be no living things on the earth. 如果沒有水和空氣,地球上就不會(huì)有生物。(事實(shí):地球上既有空氣也有水) If I had any money with me,I could lend you some. 如果我?guī)уX了,我就會(huì)借給你些。(事實(shí):沒有帶錢) ②表示與過去事實(shí)相反的情況。 從句:If+主語(yǔ)+had+done, 主句:主語(yǔ)+should/would/might/could+have done. e.g. If I had got there earlier, I should/would have met her. 如果我早到那兒,我就會(huì)見到她。(事實(shí):去晚了) If he had taken my advice, he would not have made such a mistake. 如果他聽我的勸告的話,就不會(huì)犯這樣的錯(cuò)誤了。(事實(shí):沒有聽我的話) ③表示與將來事實(shí)相反。 從句:if+主語(yǔ)+were to do/if+主語(yǔ)+should+do/if+主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞一般過去式(be動(dòng)詞用were), 主句:主語(yǔ)+should/would/might/could+do. e.g. If there were a heavy snow next Sunday,we would go skating. 如果下周日下大雪,我們就去滑冰。(事實(shí):下雪可能性很小,不可能) If she were to be here next Monday,I would tell her about the matter. 如果她下周一來這兒的話,我就會(huì)告訴她這件事的始末。(事實(shí):來的可能性很小,不可能) 6. ①英語(yǔ)中除了it is+adj. +to do sth. 結(jié)構(gòu),還有少量的it is+adj. +doing sth. 結(jié)構(gòu)。定動(dòng)名詞都可以在句中作主語(yǔ),這是因?yàn)槭褂玫男稳菰~不一樣,如hopeless, useless等。 e.g. It is useless worrying about it. 為這件事?lián)臒o濟(jì)于事。 It is good playing chess after supper. 晚飯后弈棋挺好。 It is expensive running this car. 開這種小車是浪費(fèi)。 ②同時(shí)要注意某些名詞也可用于這樣的結(jié)構(gòu):it is+no use/no good(或fun,a great pleasure, a waste of time, a bore等名詞)+doing sth. e.g. It is no use crying over spilt milk. 覆水難收。 It is a great fun playing football. 打籃球很有趣。 7. wish作動(dòng)詞使用時(shí),后面可以跟一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句,也可以跟雙賓語(yǔ)或復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)。 e.g. He wished Rose were there to share in the joy. 他真希望露絲也在那里分享他的喜悅。 I wish it to be clear that the decision is final. 我希望明確一下,這個(gè)決定是不可更改的。 Do you wish me to serve dinner now?你想讓我現(xiàn)在上菜嗎? 8. with作為介詞,有近20種意義,而且是英語(yǔ)中的高頻詞,這里特舉幾例。 ①隨著,跟著(······的變化而變化)。 e.g. The risk of developing heart disease increases with the number of cigarettes smoked. 煙抽的越多,換心臟病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)就越大。 ②伴隨(聲音或手勢(shì)),帶著(表情) e.g. With a sigh, she leant back and closed her eyes. 她嘆了口氣,身體向后倚靠,閉上了眼睛。 ③有,擁有(某種特征或所有物) e.g. He was in his early forties, tall and blond with bright eyes. 他40出頭兒,高高的個(gè)子,金黃色頭發(fā),一雙天藍(lán)色眼睛。 ④和......(放在)一起 e.g. Serve hot, with pasta or rice and French beans. 趁熱和意大利面或米飯以及四季豆一起端上桌。 ⑤與.......一起(做或參與某事) e.g. Parents will be able to discuss their child’s progress with their teacher. 家長(zhǎng)將可以和老師交流子女的進(jìn)步情況。 9.英語(yǔ)中使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的頻率遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于漢語(yǔ)。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)主要用于以下場(chǎng)合: ①不知道動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。 e.g. My windows were broken yesterday. 我的窗戶昨天被打爛了。 ②動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者是泛指或不言自明。 e.g. Rice is also grown in North China. 華北地區(qū)也種水稻。 A new railway station will be built next year. 明年要建一座新的火車站。 ③為了強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者。 e.g. The bridge was built by Prisoners of War. (強(qiáng)調(diào))橋是戰(zhàn)俘們建的。 At last an agreement was arrived at. (重要的是達(dá)成協(xié)議)終于達(dá)成協(xié)議。 ④出于委婉、禮貌而避免提及對(duì)方或自己時(shí)。 e.g. Enough has been said on this question. (大家不要再說了) 關(guān)于這個(gè)問題已經(jīng)講得夠多了。 You are wished to do it more carefully. (不愿意或不便說出來) 希望你能做得更仔細(xì)點(diǎn)。 10.讓步狀語(yǔ)從句是狀語(yǔ)從句中的一種,一般翻譯為“盡管·····“或“即使······“是我們?nèi)粘I钪杏玫摹巴艘徊秸f”的感覺。引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞主要有:though, however, whatever, whoever, whomever, whichever, whenever,wherever, whether, no matter (who, what, where, when, etc) , even if, even though。但要注意although,though不可與but連用,但可以與still和yet連用。 e.g. Though I believe it,yet I must consider. 盡管我相信這一點(diǎn),但我還得考慮考慮。 Although/Though he was exhausted, he(still)kept on working. 雖然他已經(jīng)精疲力竭了,但他仍然繼續(xù)工作。 No matter who you are,you must keep the law. (=Whoever you are,you must keep the law. ) 不管你是誰,你都需要遵紀(jì)守法。 When anyone does something for you, no matter how small and no matter whether be is a superior or servant, it is proper to say 'Thank you”。 任何人替你做了一件事,不管事情多么微不足道,也不管他是你的上司還是你的仆人,你都應(yīng)該說聲“謝謝”。 Whatever (=No matter what) you say, I won't believe you. (whatever 引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句)無論你說什么,我都不會(huì)相信你。 I' ll eat whatever(≠no matter what) you give me. (whatever引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句)你給我吃什么,我就吃什么。 Whoever comes will be welcome. (whoever引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句)不管誰來都受到歡迎。 But whether it's a friendly rivalry or a fight to the death, the end result is the same. 但不管是友好競(jìng)爭(zhēng)還是生死決斗,結(jié)果總是相同的。 End |
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