語法（2）

1.英語中有些以－ly結(jié)尾的詞加是形容詞（或至少它可以用作形容詞）。這主要有以下幾類

①在friend, brother,women等詞后加上后級－ly,通常是形容詞，而不是副詞，其意義為“具有那種本性或本質(zhì)的”，這類詞常見的有：beastly, cowardly, earthly, fatherly, friendly, gentlemanly, heavenly, leisurely, manly, masterly, princely, queenly, kingly, lovely, scholarly, womanly等。

e.g. What beastly weather!多么惡劣的天氣！

It is cowardly of you not to admit your mistake. 你不承認錯誤就不是好樣兒的。

He has a very brotherly manner towards the little boys. 他像哥哥一樣對待那些小男孩。

No earthly sovereign can do what he pleases. 沒有一個世間君王可以為所欲為。

He looks very manly in his uniform. 他穿著制服看起來十分精神。

This is a masterly piece of work. 這是一件杰作。

We spent a heavenly day at the beach. 我們在海濱痛痛快快地玩了一天。

The pupil group tour the university at a leisurely pace. 這群小學(xué)生悠閑地參觀這所大學(xué)。

Englishmen were regarded as the most gentlemanly people in the world. 英國男子曾被認為是世界上最有紳士風(fēng)度的人。

The sceptre is an attribute of kingly power. 節(jié)杖是國王權(quán)力的象征。

②在hour, day等表示時間的名詞后加上詞尾－ly,也可用作形容詞（此時也可用作副詞），其意為“每.......”，

這類詞比較常見的有：hourly, daily,weekly, monthly, quarterly, yearly, biweekly, bimonthly等。

e.g. The trains leave at hourly intervals. 列車每隔一小時開出一趟。（hourly為形容詞）

We are expecting news hourly. 我們時刻期待著消息。（hourly為副詞）

We will pay for houses by monthly instalments. 我們將按月分期付款買房。（monthly為形容詞）

Monthly contributions to the pension scheme will be taken out of your salary. 養(yǎng)老金制度中每月的公積金要從薪金中扣除。（monthly為副詞）

She asked him to contribute a biweekly article on European affairs,她讓他每兩周寫一篇有關(guān)歐洲情況的文章。（biweekly為形容詞）

The group meets on a regulur basis, usually weekly or biwcekly,這個小組定期會面，通常每周或每兩周一次。（biweekly為副詞）

2.含蓄虛擬條件句的七種表現(xiàn)形式：

英語中某些假設(shè)的條件句不是通過if從句表達出來，而是通過某些短語、上下文或其他方式表達出來，其謂語也常用虛擬語氣，這就是含蓄條件句。

①將條件隱含在不定式短語中。

e.g. I should be happy to go with you. (=I should be happy if I could go with you. )如果能與你一起去，我將很高興。

To have studied harder, you would have passed the examination. (=If you have studied harder, you would have passed the examination. )如果你學(xué)習(xí)更用功些，你早就考及格了。

②將條件隱含在分詞短語中。

Born in better times, he would have been a scholar. (=If he had been born in better times, he would have been a scholar. )

如果出生在好時代，他早就成為學(xué)者了。 

Failing this time,what would you do?

(=If you failed thistime,what would you do?)

假若這次失敗，那你怎么辦？

Walking alone in the dark, Mary would be terrified. 

(=If Mary walked alone in the dark,shewould be terrified. )

要是一個人單獨在黑暗中走，瑪麗會感到十分害怕。

③將條件隱含在介詞短語中。

e.g. Without air,no one could live. 

(=If there were no air,no one could live. )沒有空氣，人就不能活。

But for our help,he would have failed. 

(=If it hadn't been for our help,he would have failed.)

要不是有我們的幫助，他就會失敗。

④將條件隱含在名詞短語中。

e.g. A few hours earlier,and you would have seen the famous writer. (=If you had come a few hours earlier,you would have seen the famous writer. ) 要是你早來幾個小時，你就見到這位著名的作家了。

⑤將條件隱含在某些連詞中。

e.g. I didn't know that he was a cheat, or else I wouldn't have believed him. (or else-if I had known he was a cheat)

我不知道他是個騙子，不然我也不會相信他了。

I'm really very busy, otherwise I would certainly go there with you. (otherwise-if I were notso busy)

我真的是太忙了，不然我就會同你一道去了。

⑥將條件隱含在定語從句中。

e.g. Anyone who had seen that painting might have taken it for a photo. 

=(If anyone had seen that painting, he might have taken it for a photo. )凡是看過那張畫的人，都可能把它看成是照片。

⑦將條件隱含在一定的上下文中。

e.g. Don't bother to read all these papers. It would take too long.(-If you read all these papers,it would take too long. )不要費事看所有這些文件了，那會花太多時間。

3.同位語：一個名詞或代詞后面有時可以跟一個名詞（成起類似作用的其他形式），對前者進行解釋或補充說明，這一部分就叫作同位語。同位語與被它補充說明的詞的格要一致，并常常緊挨在一起。

①作同位語的可以是單詞也可以是短語。

e.g. We Chinese are brave and hardworking,我們中國人既勇敢又勤勞。

You three take these seals. 你們?nèi)齻€坐這兒。

注意：有時可用形容詞作同位語，作用接近定語，但放在所同位名詞的后面，且有退號起它們分開。

e.g. People, old and young, took to the streets to watch the parade. 老的少的都上街觀看游行.

Wang Li, just back from the training class, was made director of the Maternity Home. (形容詞短語作定語，不是名詞性結(jié)構(gòu)，不是同位語）剛剛從培訓(xùn)班回來的王麗被任命為婦產(chǎn)科主任。

②同位語從句，指的是在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)同位語的從句，屬于名詞性從句的范疇，同位語從句用來對其前面的抽象名詞進行解釋說明，被解釋說明的詞和同位語在邏輯上是主表關(guān)系，同位語從句一般由that引導(dǎo)，與先行詞分離的情況在英語書面語中不時會出現(xiàn)，很難識別。

e.g. The chances are that the thief will be under 21 and doing it for a lark.偷東西的很可能是個不到21歲的年輕人，干這事兒只是貪玩。

The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city. 他突然想起敵人可能已經(jīng)逃出城了。

He made a promise to his father that he would work hard in the future. 他向他父親保證將來一定努力工作。

4.英語中的平行結(jié)構(gòu)：

平行結(jié)構(gòu)指的是內(nèi)容相似，結(jié)構(gòu)相同，無先后順序，無因果關(guān)系的并列句，其中一種形式就是連詞連接兩個對等的詞和對等的結(jié)構(gòu)，如并列連詞and,but,as well as,or,or else,both. .and. . . ,neither nor. ,either or not only but (also) . . .rather than,as. . .a. . . . 等，以及從屬連詞than.

平行結(jié)構(gòu)注意事項如下：

①所連接的謂語形式必須一致。

e.g. Gunpowder was discovered in the twelfth century, but not used in warfare until two hundred years later.火藥是在12世紀發(fā)現(xiàn)的，但直到兩百年后才用于戰(zhàn)爭。

②所連接的詞或短語形式必須一致。

e.g. Your semester grade is based not only on how well you do on each test, but also on how well you participate in class. 你的學(xué)期成績不僅基于你每次測試的成績，而且也要基于你在課堂上的表現(xiàn)。

We often go to the countryside as well as to factories. 我們經(jīng)常去鄉(xiāng)下和工廠.

I would much rather go to the countryside than stay here. 我寧愿去鄉(xiāng)下而不愿待在這兒。

③連接的非謂語動詞形式必須一致。

e.g. Some find swimming more enjoyable than sitting at home reading. 有些人發(fā)現(xiàn)游泳比坐在家里讀書更令人開心。

He was engaged in writing a letter rather than reading the newspaper. 他在寫信，沒有讀報紙。

④所連接的句子結(jié)構(gòu)必須一致。

e.g. She is pleased with what you have given and all that you have told him. 她對你的付出和告訴她的一切感到滿意。

The purpose of the research had a more different meaning for them than it did for us. 與我們相比，研究目的對他們有更加不同的意義。

5. as可引導(dǎo)五種狀語從句：

①as表示“當(dāng)··的時候”，引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句，多強調(diào)主句和從句中的動作成狀態(tài)同時發(fā)生，從句可放在主句前，也可放在主句后。

e.g. As I waited at the stop, I heard a big noise. 車站等車的時候，我聽到一個很大的聲響。

She rose up as he entered. 當(dāng)他進來時，她站了起來。

②as表示“因為：由于”、引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句，其語氣不如because強，通常為附加說明的理由，用于表明主句行動的合理性。

e.g. As she was not well,I went there alone. 

因為她身體不好，所以我獨自到那里去了。

As he is a tailor,he knows what to do with this material. 由于他是個裁縫，他知道怎樣利用這塊布料。

③as 表示“雖然·但是··. . . . ”，引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，從句通常用倒裝語序，把從句的表語、狀語或動詞原形放在as前面。

e.g. Child as he is,he knows a lot.

雖然他是個孩子，但他知道的東西很多。

Hard as it was raining,they went on working in the field. 

雖然天下大雨，但他們繼續(xù)在田地里干活。

④as表示“按照：依照：像”，引導(dǎo)方式狀語從句，從句置于主句之后。

e.g. You should do as the teacher tells you. 你應(yīng)當(dāng)依照老師所說的去做。The absence of air also explains why the stars do not seem to twinkle in space as they do from the earth空氣的缺乏也解釋了為什么星星在太空中看起來不如在地球上看起來那樣閃爍。

⑤as表示“像·. 一樣”，引導(dǎo)比較狀語從句，對主句和從句的動作或狀態(tài)加以比較，說明它們之間有相似之處，在從句中常省略與主句相同的部分。

e.g.He doesn't work as hard as I (do). 他不像我工作那樣努力。

I hope the necklace was as good as the one you lent me. 我希望這個項鏈同你借給我的一樣好、

6.形式為單數(shù)，但意義可以為單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)的表示“群體”的集體名詞（如family,class,team,school等）作句子主語時，謂語用單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)，得看這個詞的含義，如果指代整體，就用單數(shù)，如果指構(gòu)成集體的人，則用作復(fù)數(shù)。

e.g.This class consists of 45 pupils.這個班由45個學(xué)生組成。

This class are reading English now. 這個班的學(xué)生在讀英語。

The team is famous for its long history. 該隊以歷史悠久而聞名。

He has joined the football team who are all famous footballers. 

他參加了一個足球隊，隊里全是著名球員。

7.英語的某些狀語從句的真正含義與其表面形式并不一致，不能單從連接副詞的詞義來套譯，要根據(jù)原句的邏輯關(guān)系，實際含義和具體情況來判斷。

e.g. Can any society survive when its citizens are all engaged in a furious competition to carve up the spoils?如果全社會的公民都為爭權(quán)奪利而展開激烈競爭，那么這個社會能逃得過瓦解的命運嗎？（邏輯關(guān)系上是條件狀語）

If he actually did commit the crime, he wouldn't be punished. 他即便真的犯了罪，也不會受到懲罰的。（邏輯關(guān)系上為讓步狀語）

8. 伴隨狀語是指狀語的動作伴隨主句發(fā)生，它的特點是：它所表達的動作或狀態(tài)是伴隨著句子謂語動詞的動作而發(fā)生或存在的。伴隨狀語的邏輯主語一般情況下必須是全句的主語，伴隨狀語與謂語動詞所表示的動作或狀態(tài)是同時發(fā)生的。一般在分詞短語（現(xiàn)在分詞表主動，過去分詞表被動）前有逗號的是伴隨狀語。

e.g. The dog entered the room, following his master. 

狗跟隨主人進了房間。

The master entered the room, followed by his dog. 主人進了屋，后面跟著他的狗。

9. 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語時，可作時間、條件、結(jié)果、原因和伴隨狀語，表示正在進行的或主動的動作。此時分詞的邏輯主語就是主句的主語，因此要注意人稱、時態(tài)和語態(tài)的一致性。

e.g. The visiting minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks, adding that he had enjoyed his stay here. 

來訪的部長對會談結(jié)果表示滿意，并說他此行很愉快。（伴隨狀語）

European football is played in more than 80 countries, making it the most popular sport in the world.

80多個國家踢歐式足球，使之成為全球最受歡迎的運動項目。（結(jié)果狀語）

Seeing from the top of the hill, we can find that the city looks more beautiful. 從山頂上往下看，城市顯得更美麗了。（條件狀語）

10.英語名詞詞組的構(gòu)成：限定詞＋前置修飾語＋名詞（中心詞）＋后置修飾語（介詞短語、分詞、形容詞短語、不定式、定語從句、同位語從句）。

e.g. this old house you bought

the world full of wonders

the cars made in Japan

that old man standing against the wall

the house behind the shop

our goal to enter Tsinghua University

the meeting to be held tomorrow