新密市實(shí)驗(yàn)高級(jí)中學(xué) 張根生老師語(yǔ)法填空題考查考生在語(yǔ)篇中進(jìn)行閱讀理解的基礎(chǔ)上,運(yùn)用詞匯和語(yǔ)法的能力,需要考生調(diào)用自己的語(yǔ)言知識(shí),并結(jié)合上下文語(yǔ)境填入恰當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~,使填充后的短文結(jié)構(gòu)完整,語(yǔ)意連貫,詞法和句法正確。語(yǔ)法填空題所選語(yǔ)篇通常為200詞左右的短文,總共設(shè)空10處。空格分為無(wú)提示詞填空和有提示詞填空。其中無(wú)提示詞填空設(shè)空數(shù)量和考點(diǎn)設(shè)置相對(duì)穩(wěn)定,通常設(shè)3個(gè)空,考點(diǎn)主要分布在冠詞、代詞、介詞、連詞和副詞。 2018-2021全國(guó)卷語(yǔ)法填空 無(wú)提示詞填空考點(diǎn)分布 從上表中不難發(fā)現(xiàn),2018-2021年全國(guó)卷里語(yǔ)法填空題無(wú)提示詞填空的數(shù)量均為三個(gè),考點(diǎn)設(shè)置比較穩(wěn)定,高頻考點(diǎn)是冠詞、代詞、介詞和連詞,低頻考點(diǎn)是關(guān)系副詞。前幾年也有考查強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語(yǔ)的助動(dòng)詞或構(gòu)成疑問句的助動(dòng)詞 do、 does、did 的。第一步,結(jié)合句子意思,分析句子結(jié)構(gòu),確定填哪一類詞: ①空格后名詞表泛指、特指或者與冠詞構(gòu)成固定搭配時(shí),填入適當(dāng)冠詞; ②句子缺少主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ),要填人稱代詞或不定代詞;形式主語(yǔ)或形式賓語(yǔ)用it; ③引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ)時(shí),用關(guān)系代詞; ④引導(dǎo)名詞性從句且在從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)時(shí),用what; ⑤名詞、代詞或動(dòng)名詞在句中不作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ),則前面填介詞; ⑥兩個(gè)單詞、短語(yǔ)或句子之間有并列、選擇、轉(zhuǎn)折或因果關(guān)系時(shí),填入相應(yīng)的連詞。 第二步,根據(jù)句子的意思來(lái)確定具體填哪個(gè)冠詞、代詞、介詞或連詞。 冠詞是語(yǔ)法填空的高頻考點(diǎn),經(jīng)常考查不定冠詞a, an和定冠詞the的基本用法和固定搭配。首先看空格后是否有名詞,有單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,搭配后表示泛指時(shí),應(yīng)考慮不定冠詞a/an;有名詞,搭配后表示特指時(shí),應(yīng)考慮定冠詞the;還要看是否是固定搭配。【高考鏈接1】While you’re in China, Mount Huangshan is 65 must to visit!(2021年新高考全國(guó)Ⅰ卷) 【解題思路】句意為“你在中國(guó)期間,黃山是必須去的地方”,句中must是可數(shù)名詞,意為“必須做的事”,此處表泛指,故填 a 。【高考鏈接2】When we got a call saying she was short-listed, we thought it was 69 joke.(2019年全國(guó)Ⅱ卷)【解題思路】空格后面是一個(gè)可數(shù)名詞單數(shù) joke, 同時(shí) joke在賓語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)表語(yǔ),表示泛指,意為“我們認(rèn)為這是個(gè)玩笑”,joke是以輔音開頭的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,故填入不定冠詞a。① 在發(fā)音以輔音音素開頭的單詞前用 a,在發(fā)音以元音音素開頭的單詞前用 an。如:a useful book, an honest boy等。② 當(dāng)空格后的詞為可數(shù)名詞單數(shù),且表示泛指時(shí),或有“一,某一個(gè)”的意思時(shí)填不定冠詞a/an。如:③ 還要注意“a/ an 序數(shù)詞”表示“再一,又一”,如:④ “a/an 抽象名詞(success, failure, pleasure, surprise, comfort等)”表示“一個(gè)......的人或一件......的事”。如:He is a success as a teacher.⑤ 當(dāng)然也需要積累不定冠詞在固定搭配中的用法,如:have a gift for 有......的天賦 【高考鏈接3】Due to 65 growing popularity of environmentally-related and adventure travel, various types of trips are now being classified as ecotourism.(2021年全國(guó)乙卷)
【解題思路】此處特指“由于環(huán)境相關(guān)和冒險(xiǎn)一類的旅游業(yè)的迅速發(fā)展”,故填定冠詞the。 【高考鏈接4】It took us about 3 hours to go all 48 way around the Xi’an City Wall.(2021年全國(guó)甲卷) 【解題思路】考查固定搭配中的定冠詞,all the way“一路上”,句意為“繞著西安城墻一路上花費(fèi)了大約3個(gè)小時(shí)?!惫侍?/span>the。【高考鏈接5】Of 69 nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations, three are declining, six are stable, one is increasing, and nine lack enough data.(2019年全國(guó)Ⅰ卷)【解題思路】空后是一個(gè)可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)短語(yǔ),充當(dāng)介詞of的賓語(yǔ),根據(jù)上下文語(yǔ)境,該短語(yǔ)在此表示特定的范圍,是特指,意為“在這十九個(gè)公認(rèn)的北極熊亞種群中”,故填定冠詞the。【高考鏈接6】The plum trees are 70 first to flower even as the snow is melting (融化).(2020年全國(guó)Ⅱ卷)【解題思路】句意為“當(dāng)雪融化時(shí),梅花是第一個(gè)開花的”,序數(shù)詞前要用定冠詞,故填the。【高考鏈接7】Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over 62 past 25 years, while rice has increased only 7 percent.(2018年全國(guó)Ⅱ卷) 【解題思路】此處考查定冠詞表示特指,over the past years“在過去的25年里”,故填the。【高考鏈接8】Unexpectedly, I’m face-to-face with the gorilla, who begins screaming at 62 top of her lungs.(2018年全國(guó)Ⅲ卷) 【解題思路】此處考查定冠詞的固定搭配,at the top of “在……頂端”,at the top of one’s lungs=at the top of one’s voice“大聲地,放聲”,故填 the。① 當(dāng)空格后的詞為名詞,且表示的是特指、有序數(shù)詞、最高級(jí)修飾,或空格后是序數(shù)詞或最高級(jí)時(shí),填定冠詞the 。③ “the 姓氏復(fù)數(shù)”表示“某某夫婦”。④ 世界上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的名詞、發(fā)明物、演奏的西洋樂器、表示計(jì)量單位的名詞前用定冠詞the。如:He is paid by the day.“他是日薪”。⑤ 年代前用定冠詞the。如:in the 1980s“在20世紀(jì)80年代”。⑥ 在“動(dòng)詞(hit/catch/pat/ take等) sb. 介詞 the 身體部位”句型中。如:I patted him on the shoulder.“我拍了拍他的肩”。⑦ 有時(shí)也會(huì)考查一些固定搭配中的定冠詞,如by the way“順便說說”,at the same time“同時(shí)”, on the other hand“另一方面”,in the long run“從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)看”,to tell the truth“說實(shí)話”等。無(wú)提示詞語(yǔ)法填空對(duì)代詞的考查主要集中在引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞、引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連接代詞和it的用法。【高考鏈接9】In ancient China lived an artist 61 paintings were almost lifelike.(2020年全國(guó)Ⅲ卷) 【解題思路】分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,先行詞an artist后跟定語(yǔ)從句,設(shè)空處需填關(guān)系代詞作定語(yǔ)修飾定語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)paintings,故填whose。【高考鏈接10】Now Irene Astbury works from 9 am to 5 pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield, 62 she opened with her late husband Les.(2019年全國(guó)Ⅱ卷)【解題思路】分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知shop是先行詞,空格處所填詞引導(dǎo)一個(gè)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,代指前面句中的shop, 并在此非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中作opened的賓語(yǔ),故填which。【高考鏈接11】They were well trained by their masters 64 had great experience with caring for these animals.(2019年全國(guó)Ⅲ卷) 【解題思路】分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知空格前面的名詞masters是先行詞,后面跟定語(yǔ)從句,根據(jù)定語(yǔ)從句的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu),需填入作主語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞,故填who。【高考鏈接12】Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 66 showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early death from all causes.(2018年全國(guó)Ⅰ卷) 【解題思路】分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,此空所填詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,先行詞是study,定語(yǔ)從句缺主語(yǔ),故填which或that。【高考鏈接13】The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005 — when the government started a soil-testing program 69 gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers — and 2001, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.(2018年全國(guó)Ⅱ卷) 【解題思路】分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,空格處所填單詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,修飾先行詞program,因?yàn)樵摱ㄕZ(yǔ)從句缺主語(yǔ),故填which或that。① 先行詞為人時(shí),在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞可用who或that,在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞可用whom/who/that(在介詞后只能用whom),在定語(yǔ)從句中作定語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞可用whose。② 先行詞為物時(shí),在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞可用which或that(在介詞后只能用which),在定語(yǔ)從句中作定語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞可用whose。③ 還要知道引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞在下列場(chǎng)合只能用that:先行詞既有人又有物、先行詞是表示事物的不定代詞或被某些不定代詞修飾、表示事物的先行詞被序數(shù)詞或最高級(jí)修飾。【高考鏈接14】 56 is so breathtaking about the experience is the out-of-this-world scenes.(2021年新高考全國(guó)Ⅰ卷) 【解題思路】句意為“這段經(jīng)歷令人嘆為觀止的是那些超凡脫俗的景色”,分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知句首的主語(yǔ)從句缺主語(yǔ),故填 What。【高考鏈接15】I’m not sure 61 is more frightened, me or the female gorilla (大猩猩) that suddenly appears out of nowhere.(2018年全國(guó)Ⅲ卷) 【解題思路】句意為“我不確定誰(shuí)受到了更大的驚嚇,是我,還是那只不知從何處突然蹦出來(lái)的雌性大猩猩”。根據(jù)句意和句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,空格處所填詞引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句并在賓語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ),表示“誰(shuí)”。故填who。名詞性從句不缺成分且意義完整時(shí)用that引導(dǎo),名詞性從句缺主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)時(shí),如果表示未知的事物,用what,已知的事物,表示“哪一個(gè)”用which;表示人時(shí),作主語(yǔ)用who,作賓語(yǔ)用whom。【高考鏈接16】If you are time poor, you need run for only half the time to get the same benefits as other sports, so perhaps we should all give 70 a try. (2018年全國(guó)Ⅰ卷) 【解題思路】本題考查it的固定搭配,give it a try “試一試”,it代指running,故可填it或running。① it代替上文提到的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞。② it用于強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中。④ it用在固定結(jié)構(gòu)中。常見的含有it的固定結(jié)構(gòu):At last we made it. 我們終于成功了。Believe it or not. 信不信由你。When it comes to... 當(dāng)談及……語(yǔ)法填空題對(duì)介詞的考查形式為純空格,即無(wú)提示詞,考點(diǎn)主要集中在介詞的基本用法和含介詞的固定搭配的用法上。要求考生正確理解句意,平時(shí)注意積累名詞、形容詞、動(dòng)詞與介詞的固定搭配。【高考鏈接17】Due to the growing popularity of environmentally-related and adventure travel, various types 66 trips are now being classified as ecotourism.(2021年全國(guó)乙卷) 【解題思路】types of是固定搭配,意為“各種類型的”,故填 of。【高考鏈接18】It was built originally to protect the city 42 the Tang dynasty and has now been completely restored (修復(fù)).(2021年全國(guó)甲卷) 【解題思路】句意為“最初建造它是為了保護(hù)唐朝的城市,現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)完全修復(fù)了”,in Tang Dynasty“在唐朝”,故填in。【高考鏈接19】Oranges: Orange trees are more 64 decoration; they are a symbol of good fortune and wealth.(2020年全國(guó)Ⅱ卷)
【解題思路】more than 是固定搭配,這里的than是介詞,與名詞連用時(shí)意為“不僅僅是”,句意為“橘子樹不僅僅是裝飾,它們也是好運(yùn)和財(cái)富的象征”,故填than。 【高考鏈接20】Bamboo plants are associated 67 health, abundance and a happy home.(2020年全國(guó)Ⅱ卷)【解題思路】be associated with “與……有關(guān)”,是固定搭配,故填介詞with。【高考鏈接21】The artist was finally humbled(謙卑) by the greatest artist 70 earth, Mother Nature.(2020年全國(guó)Ⅲ卷)【解題思路】本題考查介詞的固定搭配,on earth “世上”,故填on。【高考鏈接22】Modem methods 63 tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s, and are expensive to perform consistently over a large area.(2019年全國(guó)Ⅰ卷)【解題思路】空后是一個(gè)名詞性質(zhì)的動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)tracking polar bear populations,且該短語(yǔ)不能獨(dú)立地在所在句中充當(dāng)某個(gè)成分,因此考慮填入一個(gè)介詞。該空前面是名詞methods, methods of表示“……的方法”,動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)tracking polar bear populations作介詞of的賓語(yǔ)。故填 of。【高考鏈接23】We were first greeted with the barking by a pack 63 dogs, seven to be exact.(2019年全國(guó)Ⅲ卷)【解題思路】空格處考查一個(gè)固定的量詞短語(yǔ)a pack of“一群,一包,一連串”,如:a pack of journalists一群記者,a pack of cigarettes一包香煙,a pack of lies一連串的謊言。故填入介詞of。【高考鏈接24】While running regularly can’t make you live forever, the review says it is more effective at lengthening life 65 walking, cycling or swimming.(2018年全國(guó)Ⅰ卷)【解題思路】根據(jù)空格前面的more可知,此處用介詞than引出比較對(duì)象,句意為“跑步比散步、騎行或游泳更能有效地延長(zhǎng)壽命”。故填than。【高考鏈接25】Corn uses less water 65 rice and creates less fertilizer (化肥) runoff.(2018年全國(guó)Ⅱ卷)【解題思路】由空格前的比較級(jí)less可知,這里要用介詞than引出比較對(duì)象,故填than。 【高考鏈接26】I was searching 67 these three western lowland gorillas I’d been observing. (2018年全國(guó)Ⅲ卷)【解題思路】句意為“我在找我一直在觀察的三只低地大猩猩”,search for“尋找”,是固定搭配,故填for。名詞或代詞或what從句在句中不作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí),其前面一般是填介詞;空格放在名詞前后時(shí),應(yīng)考慮名詞與介詞的搭配;空格放在不及物動(dòng)詞后名詞前時(shí),應(yīng)考慮動(dòng)詞與介詞的搭配;空格放在形容詞后名詞前時(shí),應(yīng)考慮形容詞與介詞的搭配。無(wú)提示詞填空對(duì)介詞的考查兩點(diǎn):① 介詞的基本用法(如at、in、on表示時(shí)間,by、before、after、till/until表示時(shí)間,by、in、on、with表示“使用……工具、方式、手段”等),② 固定搭配中的介詞:介詞與名詞、介詞與動(dòng)詞、介詞與形容詞或副詞之間的固定搭配(如:by chance碰巧,on average平均,in vain徒勞;adapt to適應(yīng),account for說明……的原因,come across遇見,remind sb. of sth.提醒某人某事;be curious about對(duì)……好奇的,be popular with受……的歡迎,be proud of因……而自豪的,be rich in富含……的)。如果個(gè)單詞、短語(yǔ)、句子之間存在并列、轉(zhuǎn)折、選擇或因果關(guān)系,則考慮填入并列連詞。如果設(shè)空處所填單詞要引導(dǎo)從句,首先要看它引導(dǎo)哪種從句,然后根據(jù)引導(dǎo)詞的種類和功能確定填哪個(gè)引導(dǎo)詞。【高考鏈接27】Though it is the only unnatural thing on your way up the mountain, still it highlights the whole adventure 62 offers a place where you can sit down to rest your aching legs.(2021年新高考全國(guó)Ⅰ卷) 【解題思路】分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,空格后的offers和前面的highlights是并列謂語(yǔ),故填and。【高考鏈接28】My bike was old and shaky 47 did the job. (2021年全國(guó)甲卷) 【解題思路】根據(jù)句意“我的自行車又破舊又搖晃,可還在服役”可知,was old and shaky和did the job之間是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系,故填but。【高考鏈接29】I work not because I have to, 67 because I want to. (2019年全國(guó)Ⅱ卷)
【解題思路】空格前后是兩個(gè)because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句,根據(jù)上下文語(yǔ)境和前面的not可知,此處考查not … but … 結(jié)構(gòu),故填入表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的并列連詞but。 空格前后的兩個(gè)或幾個(gè)內(nèi)容在句中充當(dāng)相同的成分或發(fā)揮相同的作用時(shí),填并列連詞。① 并列或順承關(guān)系用and;轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系用but;選擇關(guān)系用or;因果關(guān)系用so (前因后果),for(前果后因);對(duì)比關(guān)系用while。② 還要注意連詞的固定搭配:both … and … ;not only … but (also) … ; neither … nor … ; either … or … 等。【高考鏈接30】It was not widely accepted as a travel concept 64 the late 1980s. (2021年全國(guó)乙卷) 【解題思路】分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,這里考查not … until …“直到……才”句式,故填until。【高考鏈接31】The far side of the moon is of particular interest to scientists because it has a lot of deep craters(環(huán)形山),more so 65 the familiar near side.(2020年全國(guó)Ⅰ卷) 【解題思路】空格前有more,空格后面有比較對(duì)象 the familiar near side,故填比較連詞 than。【高考鏈接32】 65 he asked the villagers on the banks of the river where he could find the legendary artist, they smiled and pointed down the river.(2020年全國(guó)Ⅲ卷)
【解題思路】根據(jù)句意“當(dāng)他問河岸上的村民在哪里能找到那位傳說中的畫家時(shí),他們微笑著指了指河的下游”可知,此處應(yīng)填引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞,故填When。 若空格和空格后的內(nèi)容能構(gòu)成一個(gè)句子且該句子同時(shí)在另外一個(gè)句子中充當(dāng)某個(gè)成分時(shí),則空格填適當(dāng)?shù)膹膶龠B詞來(lái)引導(dǎo)相應(yīng)的從句。表示結(jié)果用so… that…,such … that …;表示時(shí)間用when, while, as, before, after;表示地點(diǎn)用where, wherever;表示目的用so that,in order that;【高考鏈接33】While they are rare north of 88o, there is evidence 61 they range all the way across the Arctic, and is far south as James Bay in Canada.(2019年全國(guó)Ⅰ卷) 【解題思路】空格后的they range all the way across the Arctic, and is far south as James Bay in Canada用來(lái)解析evidence的具體內(nèi)容,這是一個(gè)同位語(yǔ)從句,從句不缺句子成分,也不缺意思,故填連詞that。引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連詞that不充當(dāng)句子成分又無(wú)任何意義,whether或if不充當(dāng)句子成分,意思是“是否”。在介詞后或者后面緊跟or not時(shí),只能用whether,不能用if。【高考鏈接34】Because the moon’s body blocks direct radio communication with a probe, China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot 63 it could send signals to the spacecraft and to earth.(2020年全國(guó)Ⅰ卷) 【解題思路】先行詞是spot,后面跟定語(yǔ)從句,分析定語(yǔ)從句結(jié)構(gòu)可知,關(guān)系詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ),故填關(guān)系副詞where。【高考鏈接35】On our way to the house,it was raining 61 hard that we couldn’t help wondering how long it would take to get there.(2019年全國(guó)Ⅲ卷)【解題思路】空后的that應(yīng)與空格一起構(gòu)成一個(gè)固定連詞搭配so/such… that …引導(dǎo)一個(gè)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句,表示“如此……以至于……”。因?yàn)榭崭窈竺媸歉痹~hard,故填so。引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系副詞when指代時(shí)間名詞,在定語(yǔ)從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ);where代指地點(diǎn)名詞,在定語(yǔ)從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ);why代指表示原因的名詞,在定語(yǔ)從句中作原因狀語(yǔ)。也會(huì)關(guān)注固定句型中的副詞,如too… to … , so … that … 等。【高考鏈接36】Then the driver stood up and asked, “ 68 anyone lose a suitcase at the last stop?”(2014年全國(guó)Ⅱ卷) 【解題思路】考查助動(dòng)詞。根據(jù)句尾的問號(hào)可知,此句為一般疑問句,結(jié)合意思“有人在上一站丟失手提箱嗎?”,判斷出應(yīng)該用一般過去時(shí),又因?yàn)樗钤~在句首,故填Did。如果句子結(jié)構(gòu)完整,設(shè)空處后面是動(dòng)詞原形,尤其是上下文不是現(xiàn)在時(shí)或主語(yǔ)是第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí),則很可能填表示強(qiáng)調(diào)、疑問或倒裝的助動(dòng)詞。語(yǔ)法填空題既考查考生的語(yǔ)言知識(shí)也考查考生的語(yǔ)言技能。答題時(shí)既要考慮上下文語(yǔ)境和設(shè)空所在句的句意,也要分析空格處要填的詞在語(yǔ)句中的的句子成分,還要依據(jù)固定搭配解題,因?yàn)楣谠~、介詞、連詞、代詞和副詞的固定搭配都是高頻考點(diǎn)。作者單位:河南省新密市實(shí)驗(yàn)高級(jí)中學(xué)
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