系動詞

系動詞詞義不完整，在句中不能單獨使用（除省略句外），后面必須接有表語，系動詞和表語一起構(gòu)成合成謂語。


一、系動詞的分類：

常見的系動詞大致可分為三類。


第一類：表示特征或狀態(tài)的，有be, look, feel,seem, appear, smell, taste, sound, turn, out（結(jié)果是、證明是）等。

You’ll be all right soon.

You don’t look very well.

I feel rather cold.

第二類：表示從一種狀態(tài)到另一種狀態(tài)的變化，有become, get,grow, turn, fall, go, come, run等。

He became a world-famous scientist.

It is getting warmer and warmer.



第三類：表示保持狀態(tài)的，有keep, remain,continue等。

Keep quiet, children!

The weather continued fine for a long time.

It remains to be proved.

系動詞后的表語可以是名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞、分詞、動名詞、不定式、副詞、介詞短語、詞組、從句，系動詞be可用于上述所有情況。如：

The pepople are the real heroes.（名詞）

That’s something we always have to keep in mind.（代詞）

She is often the first to come here.（數(shù)詞）

She is pretty and wise.（形容詞）

The news was surprising.（分詞）

His job is teaching English.（動名詞）

The only method is to give the child more help.（不定式）

I must be off now.（副詞）

The bridge is under construction.（介詞短語）

That would be a great weight off my mind.（詞組）

This is why he was late.（從句）


二、系動詞的使用特點：

1. 所有的系動詞都可接形容詞作表語，此處略舉數(shù)例。

Our future will be beautiful.

She looks unhappy today.

Do you feel cold?

You seem/appear ill.

The food tastes delicious.

The weather is turning/ growing/ becoming/ getting cold.

He often went hungry.

2. 能用名詞作表語的系動詞有：be, become,turn sound, remain, seem等。

He was a postman six years ago.

He has become a famous doctor.

He turned traiter to his country.

That sounds a good idea.

He remains an ordinary worker.

He seems a stranger to me.

3. 能用不定式作表語的系動詞有：appear, seem,get, prove, remain, turn out等。

She appears/ seems to be very young.

He appears/ seems to have caught cold.

They got to be friends.

The meeting turned out to be successful.

The theory proved to be right.

Much remains to be done.

4. 能接從句的有：be, seem, appear, sound, look等。

That”s why he fell ill.

My idea is that we should help him.

It seems/ appears to me that something is wrong.

It sounds to me as if someone were trying to get into the house.

Your voice sounds as if you had a cold.

It looks as if it is going to rain.

5. 能接介詞短語的有：be, feel, look, sound, taste, remain等。

be是特別活躍的系動詞，其后可接很多介詞短語作表語。

He is at home/ in the library/ on the way home/ on holiday.

The police are after him.

He is at work on a new invention.

He found the girl was in tears.

They are on duty/ on strike/ on leave.

The road is under repair.

其他系動詞能和介詞搭配的范圍很小。如：

It feels like a rain.

It looks like a rain.

It sounds like a train going under my room.

It tastes of apples.（這有蘋果的味道。）

The concert remains in my memory.

6. 能接分詞的系動詞有：be, become, get, grow, seem, appear等。

His report was surpring/ disappointing/ delighting/ moving/ astonishing…

The boy was moved/ delighted/ surprised/ disappointed/ astonished.

He has become/ got/ grown/ interested in modern physics.

He seems/ appears drunk.

系動詞后還可接代詞、數(shù)詞、動名詞、副詞及其詞組，基本都是be的用法。其他系動詞幾乎不能這樣用或很少這樣用，這里就不再贅述了。 

-------------------------------------------------- 

get,become,turn這幾個詞作為系動詞表示“變成”的意思時的區(qū)別

   1．become是一個中性詞，用于意義好、壞兩方面的變化都可以，強調(diào)變化的過程已經(jīng)完成，后面可接名詞或形容詞。例：

   She becomes an English teacher.

   What do you have to do to become a pilot?

   He became angry when he heard the news.

   Her dream has become a reality.

Richard becameaware of the gravity of the situation.

(1)通常不用become來談?wù)撚心康牡男袆印?/span>

Please getready now.現(xiàn)在請作好準(zhǔn)備。

(不能說：Please become ready now.)

(2)  但是become一般不可用來表示“將來變得……”的意思

表示將來之事的"成為…"，在口語中常用be來表示。

He wants tobecome a doctor.＝He wants to bea doctor.

(3)"演變到，終于……"不用become而用come to do來表示。

She has come tolike rock music.她終于喜歡搖滾樂了。

     2．turn多用于指在顏色和性質(zhì)等方面與以前的完全不同、看得見的或人人注目的狀態(tài)上的變化，強調(diào)變化的結(jié)果，。turn后面多接表示顏色的形容詞作表語，也可以接表示天氣的形容詞作表語。意思上側(cè)重于“變得與以前完全不同”。

   The man turned blue with fear.                

   The weather suddenly turned much colder.

   She turned bright red and ran out of the room. He turns nasty after he's had acouple of drinks.他喝了幾杯酒后就開始胡來。

   3． get多用于口語，表示一種變化過程，常與形容詞的比較級連用。強調(diào)的是“漸漸變得”，后常接形容詞的比較級形式。

   In winter the days get shorter.

   The days are getting longer and longer after the winter solstice.

   You get younger every day.

   She is nice when you get to know her.

It’s gettingdarker and darker outside.

（1）與形容詞連用，也可以用在lost,broken,dressed,married等過去分詞的前面。它不像become那樣正式。

It was gettingvery dark.天越來越黑了。(非正式)

You get youngerevery day.你越來越年輕了。(非正式)

They gotmarried in 1986and got divorced two years later.他們1986年結(jié)的婚，兩年以后便離婚了。

   （2）有時可以用get加動詞不定式來表示逐漸變化。

After a fewweeks I got to like the job better.幾個星期以后，我逐漸地更喜歡這個工作了。

She is nicewhen you get to know her.你逐漸了解了她以后，你會覺得她這個人不錯

-=================================

常見的“變成”類系動詞有become， get， come， go， grow， fall， turn， run等，都表示從一種狀態(tài)到另一種狀態(tài)。盡管意思都差不多，但搭配有差別，若不注意，運用時會出錯。我們要注意以下幾個方面。

    1. 形容詞作表語。

    go和come是一對相反的詞。''go+adj.''表示令人不快的事情，而''come+adj.''表示好的事情。如：

    In hot weather， meat goes bad.

    Things will comerigh in the end.

    go與come前面的主語一般是物。如：

    誤：She goes famous.

    正：She becomes（gets） famous.

表語為mad，crazy（古怪的），blind， lame或表示顏色的詞，go前面的主語可以是人。如：

    He went mad.

    Hearing this， she went red.

    run后面接short，dry， low， deep等詞，主語多為能流動，能消耗掉的東西。如：

    Their money wasrunning short.

    Still waters rundeep.

    但wild作表語，主語可以是人，如：。

    Don't let thechildren run wild.

    grow與run相對，接表示人或物特征的靜態(tài)形容詞，也接表示天氣的形容詞，側(cè)重于“逐漸變成”。如：The girl grewthinner and thinner.

    Soon the sky grewlight.

    turn多接表示顏色的形容詞，也接表示天氣的形容詞，它側(cè)重變得與以前完全不同。如：

    The man turnedblue with fear.

    The weathersuddenly turned much colder.

fall接asleep， silent等靜態(tài)形容詞和表示疾病的形容詞，但不能接形容詞比較級。如：

    She fell illfroom cold.

    （誤）She fell from cold.

    （正）She got worse.

    fall short（沒中），fall apart（散開），fall flat（沒效果），可作成語記住。

    ''get+adj.''是口語，用得廣泛，get能替代become， become較正式，get與become前面的主語既可以是人又可以是物。如：

    He became（got） angry.

    His coat hasbecome（got） badly torn.

    get較多地與形容詞比較級連用。如：

    The days aregetting longer and longer.

    注意：become一般不用于“將來成為”的意思。如：

    （誤）I hope you will become well.

    （正）I hope you will get well.

2. become， turn， get， go， fall能用名詞作表語，其它的則不能。如：

    His dream hasbecome（got） a reality.

    He has turnedscientist.

    He has gonesocialist.

    He fell（a） victim tocancer.

    注意：go， turn后面的名詞通常不帶冠詞。

    3. become， get， grow能接過去分詞，并且come和go多接有否定前綴的過去分詞。“get＋過去分詞”表示一次行為：“become＋過去分詞”表示事情發(fā)生的最后結(jié)果。如：

    The string comesuntied.

    His report wentunnoticed.

    The fence getswhite——washed every year.

    She becameengaged as a typist.

    4. get， go， come能接現(xiàn)在分詞，不過它們已失去“成為”的意思。如：

    They went in andgot chatting together.（開始）

We often go swimming.（去）

    He came runningin（來）

    5. come， grow， get能接不定式，這種結(jié)構(gòu)表示變化過程，come表示“最終變得”get表示“由不……變得”，grow表示“漸漸變得”如：

    I've really cometo love this place.

    Mary's growing tobe more and more like her mother.

    You'll soon getto like it.

    這種結(jié)構(gòu)不能用于帶有一段時間的完成時態(tài)。如：

    （誤）They have got to know each other for years.

    （正）They have known each other for years.

    6. 它們都可以接介詞短語，固定搭配需要一個一個地記。如：

    They ran out ofmoney.

 The problem will come underdiscussion.

    They fell behindthe others.

    What has becomeof the girl.

    It's getting neartea-time.

    我們今后在閱讀時，要留心這些系動詞的搭配，見得多，善于運用，自然也就記得牢了。

    become，get，go，grow，run，turn都可以表示狀態(tài)的變化，但要注意下面的幾點：1.指人的情緒或身體狀態(tài)的變化，多用become與get，兩者可以互換。

    1）Hearing what he said，the teacher got/became angry.

    聽到他所說的話，老師生氣了。

    2）I hope you will get well soon.

    我希望你不久能痊愈。

    2.become，get也用于天氣、社會的發(fā)展變化，兩者可以互換。

    1）Our country is getting/becoming stronger and stronger.

    我們的國家日益強大。

2）It's becoming/getting colder and colder.

    天變得越來越冷。

    3.指人的身體、精神或事物向不好的方面變化時，多用go，所以它后面的形容詞常常是表示消極意義的。

    1）Something has gone wrong with the machine.

    機器出了毛病。

    2）The meat has gone bad in such hot weather.

    在如此熱的天氣，肉壞了。

    on hearing thenews of the accident in the local mine， she ____pale.

    A.got   B. changed   C. went   D. appeared

    gomad   go bad   go crazy

    changclolour   chang from red to green    change into

    4.指顏色的變化時，多用turn.

    1）The leaves turn yellow in autumn.

    秋天樹葉變黃了。

    2）When she saw this，she turned red.

    看到這個，她的臉紅了。

 5.become與turn都可以接名詞，become后的名詞前有冠詞，turn后的名詞無冠詞且常用單數(shù)。

    1）She became a lawyer.

    她成了一名律師。

    2）He used to be a teacher till he turned writer.

    成為作家之前他是一名教師。

    注意：He became chairman of the party.他成了這一黨派的主席。在此句話中，chairman前無冠詞，因為它是一個表示職位的名詞。如果一個職位在一定時期內(nèi)由一個人擔(dān)任時，這個表示職位的名詞做表語、賓補和同位語時，常不用冠詞。

    例如：

    1）He was president of the Republic at that time.

    2）We elected him monitor of our class.

    3）Mr.Hunter，captain of theteam，loves playing football.

    這幾個詞用作連系動詞時，都可以表示“變成”的意思，但具體用法有所不同。 become通常不用來表示未來的事，而表示變化過程已經(jīng)完成，用法比較正式。如：I became ill.我病倒了。

get也表示變化的過程已經(jīng)完成，比become口語化，通常與形容詞連用。

    如：He has got rich.他變富了。

    go與get用法差不多，特別用于某些成語中。如：

    go bad變壞，go blind變瞎，go hungry挨餓。

    be表示“成為”的意思時，多用于將來時、祈使語氣或不定式。如：

    He will be ascientist.他將成為一名科學(xué)家。

    I would like tobe a bus-driver.我想成為一名公共汽車司機。

    grow表示“逐漸變成新的狀態(tài)”的含義。如：

    My youngerbrother is growing tall.我的弟弟漸漸長高了。

    turn有“成為與以前完全不同的東西”的含義。如：

    the milk turnedsour.牛奶變酸了。