發(fā)布時(shí)間:2021-06-22文:Carrie Chiu來源:正念研習(xí)(ID:zhengnianyanxi)你是不是有過這樣的時(shí)刻?
如果你有以上的表現(xiàn),那么你可能有情緒性進(jìn)食。情緒性進(jìn)食指的是人們在面對消極情緒狀態(tài)(如抑郁、焦慮、壓力)而不是生理需要時(shí)進(jìn)食的傾向(Arnow et al., 1995; Heatherton & Baumeister, 1991),這種進(jìn)食行為不是為了解決我們的生存需要,攝取必要的營養(yǎng)和蛋白質(zhì),而是為了處理任何情緒。 有害?有益?有情緒性進(jìn)食問題的人,無論是開心或是難過時(shí),都會(huì)采取吃東西的方式來鼓舞、延長、減少或是避免自己的情緒問題。 雖然說這種行為能短暫地讓我們得到消極情緒的緩解,但從長遠(yuǎn)來說,這對于我們身體的傷害遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于益處。 有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),情緒性進(jìn)食可能是一些健康問題的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素,這些健康問題包括飲食失調(diào)(Danner et al., 2012)、超重和肥胖(Nguyen-Rodriguez et al., 2008)。這種對壓力的非典型反應(yīng)不僅存在于超重或飲食失調(diào)人群中(Greeno & Wing, 1994),而且也存在于相對健康的群體中(Newman et al., 2007)。 為何會(huì)有情緒性進(jìn)食?根據(jù)情緒調(diào)節(jié)模型(Hawkins & Clement, 1984; Telch, 1997),情緒性飲食者學(xué)會(huì)了吃東西可以減少討厭的情緒狀態(tài),他們通過這種“獲益”帶來的強(qiáng)化,逐漸訓(xùn)練并保持這樣的進(jìn)食行為。
回避理論認(rèn)為情緒化進(jìn)食會(huì)將注意力從痛苦的刺激或事件上轉(zhuǎn)移開(Parkinson & Totterdell, 1999),進(jìn)食的過程能讓個(gè)體避免直面消極的“我不好的”的自我覺察,同時(shí)也能屏蔽掉一些威脅到自我的信息(Heatherton & Baumeister, 1991),譬如說,在面臨考試壓力的學(xué)生會(huì)通過吃零食和外賣,暫時(shí)地逃離眾多復(fù)習(xí)資料(威脅自我的信息),也就暫時(shí)逃離“我好菜雞,我復(fù)習(xí)不完”的自我認(rèn)知。 還有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),情緒性進(jìn)食者依賴于情緒聚焦的應(yīng)對方式以及回避分神策略 (Spoor et al., 2007),通過逃離到食物的世界,個(gè)體能短暫地不需要面對消極情緒。 因此,并非僅僅是消極情緒的體驗(yàn)導(dǎo)致了情緒性進(jìn)食,也許是由于個(gè)體對一些消極情緒體驗(yàn)的不耐受,當(dāng)他們意識(shí)到情緒的時(shí)候就已經(jīng)想逃離到食物的世界,更何況是讓其接納這種情緒并與之共處,久而久之,不健康的進(jìn)食行為就養(yǎng)成了。
和正念的關(guān)系關(guān)注一個(gè)人的情緒反應(yīng)、知覺體驗(yàn)和身體感覺的能力是正念的一個(gè)重要方面,它涉及一種開放和接受一個(gè)人的經(jīng)驗(yàn)的態(tài)度,無論是情緒或身體的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。 特質(zhì)正念高的個(gè)體,會(huì)有更好的情緒調(diào)節(jié)的能力和較低的情緒反應(yīng) (Pearson et al., 2015)。因此,在經(jīng)歷負(fù)性經(jīng)歷后,有更高水平的正念的個(gè)體往往更有適應(yīng)性的生理和情緒反應(yīng)(Fogarty et al., 2015)。
關(guān)于飲食行為,有研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)特質(zhì)正念與體重增加(Mantzios et al., 2015)以及超重和肥胖(Camilleri et al., 2015)之間的負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系,也就是說,特質(zhì)正念越高,體重增加越少,越少出現(xiàn)超重和肥胖。 此外,正念已被證明與情緒化和失控飲食負(fù)相關(guān)(Katterman et al., 2014),高正念水平意味著對情緒化或失控飲食的反應(yīng)性和沖動(dòng)性減少。
要怎么減少情緒性進(jìn)食呢?正念干預(yù)被證實(shí)了有助于改善情緒性進(jìn)食。Lattimore(2020)的研究招募了一群有情緒性進(jìn)食行為的來訪參加針對情緒化進(jìn)食的正念干預(yù),在參與完6周的干預(yù)后,參與者展示出對饑餓和飽腹線索的依賴增加,對線索的反應(yīng)性和沖動(dòng)性減少,也就是說,他們對身體的饑餓和飽腹的信號(hào)更加敏感,而不再是自動(dòng)化地對食物進(jìn)行反應(yīng)。 參考文獻(xiàn)Arnow, B., Kenardy, J., & Agras, W. S. (1995). The Emotional Eating Scale: The development of a measure to assess coping with negative affect by eating. International Journal Of Eating Disorders, 18(1), 79–90. https:///10.1002/ 1098-108X(199507)18:1<79:AID-EAT2260180109>3.0.CO;2-VCamilleri, G. M., M ?ejean, C., Bellisle, F., Hercberg, S., & P ?eneau, S. (2015). Association between mindfulness and weight status in a general population from the NutriNet- sant ?e study. PloS One, 10(6), Article e0127447. https:///10.1371/journal. pone.0127447Danner, U. N., Evers, C., Stok, F. M., van Elburg, A. A., & de Ridder, D. T. D. (2012). A double burden: Emotional eating and lack of cognitive reappraisal in eating disordered women. European Eating Disorders Review, 20, 490–495. https:/// 10.1002/erv.2184Fogarty, F. A., Lu, L. M., Sollers, J. J., Krivoschekov, S. G., Booth, R. J., & Consedine, N. S. (2015). Why it pays to be mindful: Trait mindfulness predicts physiological recovery from emotional stress and greater differentiation among negative emotions. Mindfulness, 6(2), 175–185. https:///10.1007/s12671-013-0242-6Greeno, C. G., & Wing, R. R. (1994). Stress-induced eating. Psychological Bulletin, 115(3), 444–464. https:///10.1037/0033-2909.115.3.444Hawkins, R. C., & Clement, P. F. (1984). Binge eating: Measurement problems and a conceptual model. In R. C. Hawkins, W. J. Fremouw, & P. F. Clement (Eds.), The binge purge syndrome: Diagnosis, treatment, and research (pp. 229–251). New York: Springer.Heatherton, T. F., & Baumeister, R. F. (1991). Binge eating as escape from self awareness. Psychological Bulletin, 110(1), 86–108. https:///10.1037/0033-2909.110.1.86Katterman, S. N., Kleinman, B. M., Hood, M. M., Nackers, L. M., & Corsica, J. A. (2014). Mindfulness meditation as an intervention for binge eating, emotional eating, and weight loss: A systematic review. Eating Behaviors, 15(2), 197–204. https:/// 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2014.01.005Lattimore, P. (2020). Mindfulness-based emotional eating awareness training: Taking the emotional out of eating. Eating and weight disorders-studies on anorexia. Bulimia and Obesity, 25(3), 649–657. https:///10.1007/s40519-019-00667-yMantzios, M., Wilson, J. C., Linnell, M., & Morris, P. (2015). The role of negative cognition, intolerance of uncertainty, mindfulness, and self-compassion in weight regulation among male army recruits. Mindfulness, 6(3), 545–552. https:/// 10.1007/s12671-014-0286-2Newman, E., O’Connor, D. B., & Conner, M. (2007). Daily hassles and eating behavior: The role of cortisol reactivity status. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 32(2), 125–132. https:///10.1016/j.psyneuen.2006.11.006Nguyen-Rodriguez, S. T., Chou, C. P., Unger, J. B., & Spruijt-Metz, D. (2008). BMI as a moderator of perceived stress and emotional eating in adolescents. Eating Behaviors, 9(2), 238–246. https:///10.1016/j.eatbeh.2007.09.001Parkinson, B., & Totterdell, P. (1999). Classifying affect-regulation strategies. Cognition & Emotion, 13(3), 277–303. https:///10.1080/026999399379285Pearson, M. R., Lawless, A. K., Brown, D. B., & Bravo, A. J. (2015). Mindfulness and emotional outcomes: Identifying subgroups of college students using latent profile analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 76, 33–38. https:///10.1016/j. paid.2014.11.009Spoor, S. T., Bekker, M. H., Van Strien, T., & van Heck, G. L. (2007). Relations between negative affect, coping, and emotional eating. Appetite, 48(3), 368–376. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.appet.2006.10.005Telch, C. F. (1997). Skills training treatment for adaptive affect regulation in a woman with binge-eating disorder. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 22(1), 77–81.作者簡介:原文作者Carrie Chiu,本文轉(zhuǎn)載自公眾號(hào)正念研習(xí)(ID:zhengnianyanxi),北京大學(xué)心理與認(rèn)知科學(xué)學(xué)院劉興華課題組出品,發(fā)布正念科普文章、最新研究速遞、相關(guān)活動(dòng)信息,并提供練習(xí)答疑等自助服務(wù)。 |
|