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COST EFFECTIVE ROUTES TO CARBON REDUCTIONHow do we design zero carbon, steel-framed buildings? That was the question we wanted to answer in 2008 when we commissioned Aecom and Cyril Sweett to carry out this study into the routes to low and zero carbon. The findings aren t just limited to the steel frame. And as you will see if you read on, the choice of structural material actually has little or no impact on a building s operational energy use and carbon emissions. We think that you will find some of the answers surprising. We hope that you will find them useful.我們如何設計零碳鋼框架的建筑?這是我們在2008年委托Aecom和Cyril Sweett對低碳和零碳路線進行研究時想要回答的問題。研究結果不僅局限于鋼結構。如果你繼續(xù)讀下去，你會發(fā)現(xiàn)結構材料的選擇實際上對建筑的能源使用和碳排放幾乎沒有影響。我們認為你會發(fā)現(xiàn)其中一些答案令人驚訝。我們希望這些資料對你有用。Our intention is that clients and designers will use the results of this study at the feasibility stage of a project to help guide their decision-making and budget-setting in relation to energy efficiency and renewable energy targets for their buildings. This foreword wouldn t be complete without a gentle plug for steel: a material that is naturally recycled and re-used continuously, we believe that when whole-life impacts are fully considered, steel is the ultimate sustainable material. 我們的意圖是，客戶和設計師將在項目的可行性階段使用這項研究的結果，以幫助指導他們的決策和預算制定有關能源效率和可再生能源目標的建筑。這篇前言沒有對鋼材的溫和補充就不完整:鋼材是一種自然回收和重復利用的材料，我們相信，如果充分考慮到整個生命周期的影響，鋼材是最終可持續(xù)發(fā)展的材料。We know government has set tough deadlines for achieving zero carbon buildings, but there s little guidance about how to actually make it happen. Now BCSA and Tata Steel s Target Zero study should address that我們知道政府已經(jīng)為實現(xiàn)零碳建筑設定了嚴格的最后期限，但關于如何真正實現(xiàn)零碳建筑卻幾乎沒有指導。現(xiàn)在，卑詩安全局和塔塔鋼鐵的零目標研究應該解決這個問題。the British Constructional Steelwork Association (BCSA) and Tata Steel have just spent two-and-a-half years and 1m on a study which wasn t primarily intended to compare steel favourably against concrete. Can that really be true? It can and it is. The study in question is called Target Zero. Its purpose is to determine the most cost-effective combinations of materials and technologies needed to make low and zero carbon buildings a reality. Its results give clients and designers a clear steer on early decisions for the five different building types studied: schools, warehouses, supermarkets, offices and mixed-use. The research was about understanding the government strategy to achieve zero carbon for buildings, says Alan Todd, Tata Steel s general manager. Targets were being set, but there was very little guidance available to inform people about what was needed to achieve them. Without good guidance people have to make their own assumptions. In order to make correct decisions people need good information on key factors like energy and cost.英國建筑鋼鐵協(xié)會(BCSA)和塔塔鋼鐵(Tata Steel)剛剛花了兩年半時間和100萬英鎊進行了一項研究，該研究的主要目的并不是比較鋼筋和混凝土的優(yōu)勢。這是真的嗎?它可以，而且確實如此。這項研究被稱為“零目標”。它的目的是確定最具成本效益的材料和技術組合，使低碳和零碳建筑成為現(xiàn)實。它的結果為客戶和設計師提供了明確的早期決策，為五種不同的建筑類型研究:學校，倉庫，超市，辦公室和混合用途。塔塔鋼鐵公司總經(jīng)理艾倫·托德說，這項研究是為了了解政府戰(zhàn)略，以實現(xiàn)建筑的零碳排放。目前正在制定目標，但是幾乎沒有什么指導可以告訴人們需要什么來實現(xiàn)這些目標。沒有良好的指導，人們不得不做出自己的假設。為了做出正確的決定，人們需要了解能源和成本等關鍵因素。There are major cost implications. But they don t impact in the choice of structural frame. The work by consultants Aecom and Cyril Sweett, showed a building s structure has almost no impact on its regulated carbon emissions. In fact it s more important to make the right choice of lighting strategy. When it comes to choosing the structural material, it s the normal decisions you should be taking: what is the best material for what you want the building to do? The same still applies to low or zero carbon buildings,says David Moore, BCSA s director of engineering. I don t think that was clear two or three years ago. For most buildings, the capital cost of reaching the next level of energy efficiency required in the proposed 2013 revisions to the Building Regulations is not unreasonable. But the costings in this research demonstrate that it will get painful if the government decides on a definition of zero carbon that calls for a higher proportion of on-site low and zero carbon (LZC) technologies.這涉及到重大的成本問題。但不影響結構框架的選擇。咨詢公司Aecom和Cyril Sweett的工作表明，建筑的結構對其控制的碳排放幾乎沒有影響。事實上，選擇正確的照明策略更重要。當談到結構材料的選擇時，通常你應該做的決定是:什么是最好的材料，你想讓建筑做什么?這同樣適用于低碳或零碳建筑，BCSA的工程總監(jiān)大衛(wèi)·摩爾說。我不認為這在兩三年前是明確的。對于大多數(shù)建筑來說，2013年修訂的建筑法規(guī)要求達到下一個能源效率水平的資本成本并非不合理。但這項研究的成本表明，如果政府決定一個零碳的定義，要求更高比例的現(xiàn)場低碳和零碳(LZC)技術，將是痛苦的。Decisions taken early on impact hugely on the possible routes to zero carbon, and on the costs, both capital and lifetime. There are various ways of getting there, some of them cheaper than others, says Ant Wilson, Aecom s head of sustainability. One striking finding across all the building types is the huge impact of lighting on a building s carbon emissions. While many new buildings will already have high efficiency lamps and luminaires, Aecom says that further carbon savings can be identified by using thermal dynamic modelling at the very early stages of design. Some may be surprised to read that wind turbines are a cost-effective solution for many of the building types, albeit with caveats relating to site and planning hurdles. Wind is good in the right location, says David Cheshire, Aecom s project manager for Target Zero. We are really influenced by fashion in this industry. Everyone started out saying micro wind is great. Then they decided that none of it works. We should be taking a more scientific view and look at the size of the turbine and its location. Most building types struggle to get anywhere close to zero carbon without looking for solutions off site. There is one exception: warehouses can get there with energy efficiency measures and PV alone. When BCSA and Tata Steel commissioned this research the government had yet to decide on a definition for zero carbon. In fact, despite the consultation on zero carbon non-domestic buildings ending in February 2010 we are still waiting. The government has set the date for when new non-domestic buildings must be zero carbon: 2019. Public buildings and schools must get there earlier: 2018 and 2016 respectively. There is a route plan of sorts to get there: Part L of the Building Regulations was stepped up in 2010 to give, on average, 25% less carbon emissions than the 2006 version; Part L 2013 will do the same. And then there s a mighty leap to reach a definition of zero carbon, which is likely to include emissions from the building and also from the equipment inside it (see What is zero carbon? , left).早期做出的決定對實現(xiàn)零碳排放的可能路線以及資本和生命周期的成本都有很大影響。Aecom的可持續(xù)發(fā)展主管安特·威爾遜(Ant Wilson)表示，實現(xiàn)這一目標的方法多種多樣，有些比其他方法更便宜。所有建筑類型的一個驚人發(fā)現(xiàn)是照明對建筑碳排放的巨大影響。雖然許多新建筑已經(jīng)配備了高效燈具，但Aecom表示，進一步的碳節(jié)約可以通過在設計的早期階段使用熱動態(tài)模型來確定。有些人可能會驚訝地讀到，風力渦輪機是一個成本效益解決方案的許多類型的建筑，盡管與場地和規(guī)劃障礙有關的警告。Aecom的Target Zero項目經(jīng)理David Cheshire說，風能在合適的位置很好。在這個行業(yè)，我們真的受到了時尚的影響。大家一開始都說微風很棒。然后他們決定沒有一個是有效的。我們應該用更科學的觀點來看待渦輪機的大小和位置。大多數(shù)建筑類型都在努力接近零碳排放，而不尋求現(xiàn)場之外的解決方案。但有一個例外:僅憑能效措施和光伏，倉庫就能實現(xiàn)這一目標。當BCSA和塔塔鋼鐵委托進行這項研究時，政府還沒有決定零碳的定義。事實上，盡管關于非住宅建筑零碳排放的磋商已于2010年2月結束，我們仍在等待。政府已經(jīng)確定了新的非住宅建筑必須實現(xiàn)零碳排放的日期:2019年。公共建筑和學校必須提前完工:分別在2018年和2016年。要達到這一目標，有一個不同的路線計劃:2010年，《建筑法規(guī)》的L部分加快了步伐，平均比2006年的版本減少了25%的碳排放;2013年的L部分也將如此。而要達到零碳的定義則是一個巨大的飛躍，它很可能包括建筑物和建筑物內部設備的排放(參見什么是零碳?(左)。
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