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如何尋找一個與問題相關的理論?

 kittywei 2021-04-02

https://www.icourse163.org/course/UIBE-1205903804?tid=1463304530

文章轉自公眾號【Smart Innovation】,文章轉載只為學術傳播,不代表我公眾號所持觀點。

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如何尋找一個與問題相關的理論?

我們已經聊過為什么需要理論了,也說過理論的結構要素了。那么在實際研究中,當遇到一個有意思的現(xiàn)象(實務問題)時,怎么才能找到恰當?shù)睦碚搧矸治鲞@個現(xiàn)象呢?這里我們先不談自己造理論的問題。我們假定存在著至少一個相關的理論(或概念系統(tǒng))可以用來分析我們的問題(這常常是實際情況)。

為了回答今天拋出的問題,我把陳國權請過來了。借用他提出的人類知識來源和獲取模型來說說咋找理論??聪旅娴倪@張圖,這就是陳國權提的模型。

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陳國權(2003)指出,人們獲取知識和傳遞知識的過程實際上是可以被管理的。他提出了人的知識來源模型,然后,基于此模型建立了人的知識獲取和知識傳遞過程的管理方法。從下往上看圖,左下方是一片樹葉,真實的樹葉存在于自然之中,樹葉的本象和法則隱含在樹葉中。下方中間部分表明人通過觀察樹葉,形成了對樹葉的認知,存在于人的大腦中。右下方表示人將其大腦中對樹葉的認知顯現(xiàn)出來,文本化了,記錄在媒介上。接著是圖中虛線框部分,這里說明了人類獲取知識的四種方法:①體驗法——通過在自然和社會環(huán)境中實踐、觀察、體驗,直接獲得知識;②交流法——通過與有知識的人交流,獲得知識;③解讀法——通過解讀載有知識的各種媒介(如書、期刊、網頁等)來獲得知識;④反思法——對通過體驗法、交流法和解讀法獲取的知識進行專門、有意識、有目的的總結、研究,獲得新知識。

也可以用一句輕松的話來總結陳國權的核心思想:讀萬卷書不如行萬里路,行萬里路不如閱人無數(shù),閱人無數(shù)不如明師指路,明師指路不如自我感悟(不知道是誰說的,拿來一用)! “讀萬卷書”泛指從各種媒介上汲取知識(解讀法);“行萬里路”泛指在實踐中摸索門道(體驗法);“閱人無數(shù)”和“明師指路”泛指從交流中學習(交流法),只不過后者會給學習者帶來更多合用的信息;“自我感悟”是前面所有學習策略奏效的前提條件(反思法)。

講了這么多,回到正題吧。這跟如何尋找理論有什么關系?尋找理論是知識獲取的一個實例。因此,我們可以從媒介上、專家身上獲取合用的理論(自己思考是少不了的,自己摸索是另一回事)。除此之外,我實在想不出來還可以從哪里獲取。

那么接下來要討論的就是這兩個問題了:①如何從媒介上找理論?②如何從專家那里獲得理論?先說第一個問題。從各種媒介中找理論,考驗的就是大家的學術信息搜索能力了。有關這個話題的全面討論,等以后進行吧。今天專就理論搜尋聊聊。如果哪個學者把本領域的所有理論都給我們列出來了,那我們是不是就省好多事了。所以,首先考慮的就是本領域的理論合集的媒介,有教科書,有專著,有論文,還有網站。我們以前也推薦過不少書(理論是什么-最后的總結)。 

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論文“The future of strategic management research: Assessing the quality of theory borrowing”中的一個截圖,里面有戰(zhàn)略管理相關的100多個理論

如果我們找到這樣的理論集合,那么接下來的事情就是快速地瀏覽一下,大致看一下哪些理論有可能對眼前的問題有用,再深入下去進行分析。

如果我們找不到這樣的理論集合,怎么辦?我們可以使用學術搜索引擎去搜索相關的文獻來看。不管是CNKI、谷歌學術還是其他的搜索引擎,都可以。這里,我推薦大家用一下CNKI的句子檢索功能。給大家演示一下,如何利用句子檢索功能快速地找相關的理論。

群里有朋友想讓我以下面這個問題為例講一下如何搜索相關的理論:“為什么現(xiàn)在的都市大齡剩男剩女不想結婚的比例升高了?”(大家可以在Smart Innovation群里改成真名,便于交流)。雖然我不研究這一塊內容,但是覺得也挺有意思。

我們來吧。先進入CNKI的高級檢索頁面,找到“句子檢索”這個頁簽。接著就可以輸入檢索詞進行檢索了。

在輸入檢索詞的時候就需要我們猜一猜了。猜什么?如果有位學者用了某個理論研究我們剛才的問題,那么,在一句話中,他(她)可能怎么寫呢?例如,可能是“本文利用XXX理論來研究YYY問題”。如果是這樣,在同一句話中就會同時出現(xiàn)XXX和YYY。但是你又說了,我就是不知道XXX是什么,才去搜索的。如果我知道了,就不用搜了。所以,輸入“XXX”和“YYY”是不合適的。那么,我們輸入“理論”和“YYY”怎么樣呢?應該可以。接著問題來了“YYY”是個啥?我們能不能再猜猜?“剩男剩女”、“結婚”、“剩男”、“剩女”、“晚婚”似乎都可以啊。那我們就先試一試吧。

先輸入“理論”和“剩男剩女”試試,結果如下圖:

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我們再試試輸入“理論”和“晚婚”試試,結果如下:

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第9條又有一個同類匹配理論,我翻了一下,其他的條目沒有參考價值。但是這已經是很不錯的收獲了。舉例就到此為止吧。句子檢索功能還有很多很多其他用途,能夠幫助我們節(jié)約大量的精力,提高研究效率,大家可以摸索一下。

我們接著再聊第二個方面的問題:如何從專家那里獲取相關的理論呢?其實,學習提升速度最快的還是明師指點啊。大家最近的明師就是自己的導師或者同事。但是似乎我們不喜歡彼此之間分享研究話題。有的是怕別人偷了idea;有的是覺得自己水平低,不好意思;有的是覺得別人水平差,不想交流。其實大可不必:①如果以學術為志業(yè)就不怕別人偷idea,我們應該有源源不斷地產生idea的能力,讓他偷去又何妨?就像前段時間爆出來的學術明星似乎是偷了別人的idea,實在有點可惜了。②水平不行就不能參與了嗎?世界發(fā)展到今天已經沒有牛人了。我們頂多是在自己那一小片耕耘的土地里稱王稱霸。出了你的一畝三分地,什么也不是。越是有水平的學者越知道這一點,就越會真正地謙虛(但是學者也一定要有傲氣,那是在研究過程中藐視困難的傲氣,不是藐視同行的傲氣)。

與專家、同行或者同學交流最重要的一點是真誠。這是基礎,在這基礎之上就是要善于問?!皢枴辈粌H是孔門弟子所提倡的求學之徑,也是蘇格拉底所推崇的治學之道,同時也是我的博士生導師馬老師行事的一大法寶。

做到“不恥問”,難!原因至少有二:①問別人,顯得自己無知;②問別人,怕耽誤別人的時間,給別人制造麻煩。

做到“不恥下問”,更難!那是一種很高的修養(yǎng)!“下”在這里何解?非是不如己之人,乃依禮把自己放低,把被問之人抬高之意。自己如何低?對方如何高?禮為度,過則顯諂媚,不及則顯傲慢。

參考文獻

陳國權. (2003). 人的知識來源模型以及獲取和傳遞知識過程的管理. 中國管理科學, 11(6), 86-94.

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第五屆營銷科學與創(chuàng)新國際研討會暨Journal of Cleaner Production專輯學術會議

受新冠肺炎疫情的影響,第五屆營銷科學與創(chuàng)新國際研討會暨Journal of Cleaner Production專輯學術會議(以下簡稱“MSI 2021”)定于2021年5月22-23日以“線上線下”結合的形式召開。為便于疫情防控,線下總人數(shù)控制在100人以內。

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會議日程安排(初)

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◆ JCLP專輯(2021)
Special Issue of
Journal of Cleaner Production 2021
(SSCI/SCI一區(qū)/影響因子7.246)
專輯主題:“面向未來生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的營銷創(chuàng)新和可持續(xù)發(fā)展”

https://www.journals./journal-of-cleaner-production/call-for-papers/special-issue-on-marketing-innovations

投稿截止日期:Sept. 30, 2021

JCLP專輯僅接受英文稿件。


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1、Introduction

The ecologicalization issue boosts much more innovative marketing approaches (e.g., ecological marketing, green marketing) for sustainable development in the last decades (Katrandjiev, 2016; Garg & Sharma, 2017). More and more firms are engaging in innovative marketing practices for sustainable development and personalized preferences of customers to establish their reputation and to generate positive impacts on natural environments (Gerstlberger et al., 2014; Wang et al., 2017, 2018; White et al., 2019). The innovative marketing practice here refers to “the continuous innovations of planning, organizing, coordinating, implementing and controlling the development, pricing, promotion, and distribution of products or services to meet the new challenges of the future ecosystem in a manner that satisfies the following three criteria: (1) customer needs are met, (2) organizational goals are attained, and (3) the innovation is compatible with the ecosystem”. Therefore, it is highly associated with “cleaner production and corporate sustainability” (Dangelico and Vocalelli 2017, p. 1264). In practice, in order to improve sustainable development for the future ecosystem, the engagements of various stakeholders from multiple levels are urgently needed in the processes mentioned above (Cronin et al., 2011), and innovative marketing practices do matter across different levels. For example, at the macro level, government regulatory policy for environmental protection is becoming increasingly important for the sustainable development (Groening et al., 2018). At the firm level, firms’ green marketing strategy is even much more significant for building business competitive advantage than ever (Papadas et al., 2017; Papadas et al., 2019). At the individual level, customers’ green product purchase and sustainable consumption behaviours are fostering sustainable lifestyle and consumerism as well (White et al. 2019). So it is obvious that marketing innovations for sustainability is the key to sustainable development for the future ecosystem (Dangelico and Vocalelli 2017; Gerstlberger et al., 2014).

However, most prior studies tend to examine either marketing innovations or sustainable development separately (Fiore et al., 2018), so it is urgently needed to link the two research streams together and further explore marketing innovations and sustainable development for the future ecosystem. For instance, more research is called for on how to utilize marketing innovations to improve the performance of sustainable production and consumption in general from the perspectives of governments, firms and customers respectively. In particular, given the current Covid-19 crisis backdrop, firms are calling for further studies on innovative marketing practices for the future ecosystem, and some new marketing practices are emerging (Hudecheck et al., 2020; Reeves et al., 2020), which boosts sustainable development renovation (Pirouz et al., 2020) and sustainable consumption transition (Cohen, 2020). As such, new challenges and opportunities for the future ecosystem might co-exist in practices of marketing innovations and sustainable development. This SI focuses on the “green” aspects of marketing innovations, which can be taken into consideration for sustainable development from the perspectives of multiple stakeholders (governments, communities, firms, customers, etc.). Furthermore, this SI also examines how to improve the sustainable development through these marketing innovation practices for the future ecosystem.

2、Topics of Interest

The topics relevant to this special issue include but are not limited to:

·New marketing innovation approaches associated with sustainable production and consumption.

·The criteria for evaluating marketing innovations regarding sustainability performance

· Regulatory policy making and adoption for sustainable development for the future ecosystem.

·Explore and compare the effectiveness of various marketing innovation strategies for the future ecosystem.

·Customer sustainable consumption and marketing innovations for the future ecosystem.

·Multilevel perspectives on how to facilitate sustainable production and consumption for the future ecosystem.

·The development process of ecological products or services in the perspective of ecosystem.

·Value co-creation and customization strategies for sustainable production and consumption.

·Country difference of marketing innovation and sustainability for the future ecosystem.

·Marketing innovations and customization for future ecosystem in sharing economy.

·Marketing innovations and sustainability in a post era of Covid-19 crisis.

3、Manuscript Submission

All authors must follow the editorial guidelines provided in the Guide for Authors of the Journal of Cleaner Production, which can be accessed via the website (https://www./journals/journal-ofcleaner-production/0959-6526/guide-for-authors). Authors should submit their manuscripts via the Elsevier Editorial System (https://ees./jclepro/default.asp). Authors should select “VSI: Green Marketing” as the article type for this VSI when they wish to submit their manuscript to the EES.

Full papers are invited for potential publication in this VSI of the Journal of Cleaner Production. Submissions should be between 9 000 and 13 000 words for comprehensive, integrative reviews, and between 7 000 and 8 500 words for full research/theoretical papers with broad empirical studies.

All authors must follow the 'Guide for Authors' which can be accessed via the following link: https://www./journals/journal-of-cleaner-production/0959-6526/guide-for-authors, and follow the standard submission procedures of Elsevier's Editorial System (EES). All submissions will be subjected to thorough peer review, revision, and re-submission processes.

Papers must be written in good English. Authors with limitations in the command of written English are recommended to have their papers edited by a 'Professional English Scientific Editor', before the first submission because poorly written pieces can compromise the decisions during the review process. Similarly, they should have their final document edited by a 'Professional English Scientific Editor', before they submit their final document for the final review and for publication. All submissions will be checked for similarity and those manuscripts showing too high levels of similarity will be rejected.

4、Tentative Schedule

Deadline submission of full papers: Sept. 30, 2021

Submission of the revised papers: Dec. 01, 2021

Second round Peer-Review completed: Feb. 01, 2022

Notification of final decisions on the papers: May 15, 2022

Publication of the SI of all accepted papers: June 15, 2022

5、Guest Editorial Team

Managing Guest Editor:

Prof. Yonggui Wang, The MOE Changjiang Chair Professor of Marketing and Strategy, Vice President, Capital University of Economics and Business, Beijing, China

Email: ygwang@uibe.edu.cn

Guest Editors:

Dr. Michael Hejia, Assistant professor of Marketing, Faculty of Business and Economics, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

Email: mhjia@hku.hk

Prof. David Fan, Professor of Management, Department of Management and Marketing, Swinburne Business School, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia

Email: dfan@swin.edu.au

Authors may also confer with the 'Co-Editor-in-Chief’ of the Journal of Cleaner Production Prof. Yutao Wang, who oversees this Special Volume.

Email: yutaowang@fudan.edu.cn

Reference

1. Cohen, M. J. (2020). Does the COVID-19 outbreak mark the onset of a sustainable consumption transition?. Sustainability: Science, Practice and Policy, 16(1), 1-3.

2. Cronin, J. J., Smith, J. S., Gleim, M. R., Ramirez, E., & Martinez, J. D. (2011). Green marketing strategies: An examination of stakeholders and the opportunities they present. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 39(1), 158-174.

3. Dangelico, R. M., & Vocalelli, D. (2017). “Green Marketing”: An analysis of definitions, strategy steps, and tools through a systematic review of the literature. Journal of Cleaner Production, 165, 1263-1279.

4. Fiore, M., Silvestri, R., Contò, F., & Pellegrini, G. (2017). Understanding the relationship between green approach and marketing innovations tools in the wine sector. Journal of Cleaner Production, 142, 4085-4091.

5. Garg, S., & Sharma, V. (2017). Green marketing: an emerging approach to sustainable development. International Journal of Applied Agricultural Research, 12(2), 177-184.

6. Gerstlberger W, Praest Knudsen M, Stampe I. (2014). Sustainable development strategies for product innovation and energy efficiency. Business Strategy and the Environment, 23(2), 131-144.

7. Groening, C., Sarkis, J., & Zhu, Q. (2018). Green marketing consumer-level theory review: A compendium of applied theories and further research directions. Journal of Cleaner Production, 172, 1848-1866.

8. Hudecheck, M., Sirén, C., Grichnik, D., & Wincent, J. (2020). How companies can respond to the coronavirus. MIT Sloan Management Review. Online available at: https://sloanreview./article/how-companies-can-respond-to-the-coronavirus/

9. Katrandjiev, H. (2016). Ecological marketing, green marketing, sustainable marketing: synonyms оr аn evolution оf ideas. Economic Alternatives, 1(7), 71-82.

10. Papadas, K. K., Avlonitis, G. J., & Carrigan, M. (2017). Green marketing orientation: Conceptualization, scale development and validation. Journal of Business Research, 80, 236-246.

11. Papadas, K. K., Avlonitis, G. J., Carrigan, M., & Piha, L. (2019). The interplay of strategic and internal green marketing orientation on competitive advantage. Journal of Business Research, 104, 632-643.

12. Pirouz, B., Shaffiee Haghshenas, S., Shaffiee Haghshenas, S., & Piro, P. (2020). Investigating a serious challenge in the sustainable development process: analysis of confirmed cases of COVID-19 (New type of coronavirus) through a binary classification using artificial intelligence and regression analysis. Sustainability, 12(6), 2427.

13. Reeves, M., Lang, N., & Carlsson-Szlezak, P. (2020). Lead your business through the coronavirus crisis. Harvard Business Review. Online available at: http:///Areas/Report/Uploads/Files/c8c0a674-41f8-4774-bcb8-b90e05747499.pdf

14. Wang, Y.G., J.Lee, E. Fang, and S.Ma (2017). Project customization and the supplier revenue–cost dilemmas: the critical roles of supplier-customer coordination, Journal of Marketing, 81(1), 136-154

15. Wang, Y.G., Xiang, D.D., Yang, Z.Y., and S. Ma(2018). Unraveling customer sustainable consumption behaviors in sharing economy: A socio-economic approach based on social exchange theory, Journal of Cleaner Production, 208, 869-879

16. White, K., Habib, R., & Hardisty, D. J. (2019). How to shift consumer behaviors to be more sustainable: A literature review and guiding framework. Journal of Marketing, 83(3), 22-49.

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