倒裝句: 為了強(qiáng)調(diào)、突出等語用目的而顛倒原有語序的句式叫做倒裝句。 在英語中,我們把主語在前謂語動詞在后的句子叫陳述句,把謂語動詞放在主語前面的句子叫倒裝句。 完全倒裝和部分倒裝: 如果全部謂語放在主語之前,叫完全倒裝; 如果只把助動詞或情態(tài)動詞放在主語之前就叫部分倒裝。 A、完全倒裝 a. 用于there be句型。 例: There are some students in the classroom. 教室里有幾位學(xué)生。 There is a tall tree in front of the classroom. 教室的前面有一棵大樹。 b. 用于“here(there, now, then)+實義動詞+主語”的句型中,或以 in,out,up,down,away 等副詞開頭的句子里,以表示強(qiáng)調(diào)。 例: Here comes the bus. 汽車來了。 There goes the bell. 鈴響了。 Now comes your turn. 現(xiàn)在輪到你了。 Out went the children. 孩子們出去了。 注意: a.主語是代詞時,主語和謂語不能倒裝。 b.here,there 放在句首通常用一般現(xiàn)在時。 例: Here it is. 給你。(你要的東西在這兒。) Here he comes. 他來了。 c.用于so,neither,nor開頭的句子,表示重復(fù)前句的部分內(nèi)容。原句的謂語應(yīng)與前句的謂語的時態(tài)、形式相一致。 He has been to Canada. So have I. 他去過加拿大,我也去過。 You can't speak French. Neither can she. 你不會說法語,她也不會。 表示前面所述的情況也適合于后面一個人或事物,通常在so后用倒裝句式(部分倒裝用一般問句的形式): He likes English. So do I. 他喜歡英語,我也一樣。 He was ill and so were his parents. 他病了,他父母也病了。 但是如果前面所述情況為否定式,則用neither,nor引出倒裝句(此時不能用so): He couldn’t do it, and neither could she. 他做不了,她也做不了。 He never comes late. Nor do I. 他從不遲到,我也從不遲到。 后一句子若只是重復(fù)前句的意思,起加強(qiáng)語氣的作用,so后面不用倒裝句式: —He has done a good job. 他干得不錯。 —So he has. 他的確干得不錯。 B、部分倒裝。(小學(xué)階段出現(xiàn)情況較少,在此不作進(jìn)一步解釋) 倒裝句使用情況: 1. 在以here,there,up,in,out,away,off等表示方位的副詞開頭的句子里, 主語是名詞時,句子要用倒裝,以示強(qiáng)調(diào);但主語是代詞時,主謂不倒裝。如: Away flew the birds. Out rushed the children. There goes the bell. 2. 以only修飾的副詞、介詞短語或狀語從句(自身不倒裝)位于句首時,常用倒裝句。如: Only when the war was over in 1949 was he able to go to school. Only in a big city was it possible for him to buy a wheelchair. Only after I read the text over again did I know its main idea.. 3. 在so(肯定句),neither和nor(否定句)引起的句子中, 表示上文所講的某種情況“也”適合于下文的另一人物時, 用倒裝。如: Lucy likes China. So does Lily. Tom doesn’t like bananas. Neither/Nor do I. 【注意】如果so不是表示“也”的意思,而是表示“的確”、“果真如此”時,即使它位于句子開頭也不用倒裝的形式; 另外,如果在講前面的某種情況時既含有動作動詞又含有be動詞,(或者前面所講的情況既有肯定又有否定或者兩個主語既有人又有物),再講后面的另一人物“也”是這樣時,要用so的特殊句型, 但還是用正常語序。如: John won first prize in the contest. So he did. She is a good girl and she likes English very much. So it is with Han Mei. Lucy is an American, she doesn’t like Chinese tea. So it is with Lily. 4. 在so…that(如此…以至于)句型中,如果so連同狀語一起位于句首時,也用倒裝形式。如: So tired was he after a long journey that he couldn’t stay up. 5. 在as以引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句中,謂語動詞以后的部分倒裝(提到as之前)。如: Young(Child)as he is,he knows a lot about computer. 【注意】在as引導(dǎo)的這種倒裝的讓步狀語從句中,被倒裝的部分一般分為三種: 表語、狀語和動詞原形。如果表語是不帶定語的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,前邊的a(an)要省去; 被倒裝的動詞原形常與may、might、will、would等詞連用,而這些詞都要保留在原來的位置上。 此外,這個倒裝在句首的動詞原形不能是連系動詞(若是連系動詞,倒裝的部分是表語),一般多為不及物動詞。再看另外的兩個例句: Much as I hate him, I will not kill him. Try as he might, Tom could not find a job. 6. 表示否定意義的副詞或連詞位于句首時,要用倒裝。常見的這類詞語有: not、never、seldom、rarely、hardly、by no means、in no time、little等。如: Never shall I forget the day. Little did I know when I took the trip where it would lead me. By no means shall we understand you. 7. 省略if的倒裝 在if引導(dǎo)的虛擬語氣中,謂語動詞有were、had或should等時,可以將if省掉,把這些詞語移到主語之前。如: Were I you(=If I were you), I would do thework better. Had they time (=If they had time) ,they should certainly come and help us. Should there be a flood (=If there should be a flood), what should we do? 8. such表示“這樣的人/事”時, (系動詞往往是be動詞),當(dāng)such位于句首時,就要用倒裝。如:Such would be our home in the future. Such was Albert Einstein, a simple man and the 20th century’s greatest scientist. 9. 幾個否定關(guān)聯(lián)詞組連接的兩并列分句 ?、? not only…but(also)…連接的分句前倒后正。如:Not only was the city polluted but (also) the streets were crowed. ?、? no sooner... than;hardly…when…; scarcely…when (before)…等連接的分句前倒后正。如: No sooner had he finished the talk than a man stood up and put forward a question. Hardly had we got to the bus stop when the bus arrived. ?、? not until…連接的分句前正后倒。如: Not until Mr. Smith came to China did he know what kind of a country she is. Not until all the fish died in the river did the villagers realize how serious the pollution was. ④. neither…nor…連接的分句前后都倒,并且每個分句一般都是部分倒裝。 用于部分倒裝的情況: 1.表示否定意義或半否定意義的詞置于句首時。常見的有seldom,never,hardly,no not,little 等。 2.由 only,not until 引導(dǎo)的狀語置于句首時。 3.no sooner…than, hardly…when等結(jié)構(gòu)中,no sooner 和hardly 置于句首時主語用部分倒裝。 4.在so/such…that 引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語從句中,so/such引導(dǎo)的部分置于句首時主句用倒裝。 5. “so/neither/nor+be/助動詞/情態(tài)動詞+主語”so與前面的肯定句呼應(yīng),nor, neither 與后面的否定句呼應(yīng)。其中的動詞形式取決于前一句的動詞。表示前者的情況也適用于后者或一者具備兩種情況。 6.省略if的虛擬條件句以had/were/should 開頭引起的倒裝。 |
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