本文首發(fā)于北京第二外語學(xué)院學(xué)報《學(xué)報》1989年第1期 HAD BETTER是個形態(tài)古怪,卻又頻于使用的日常詞語。對其用法及意義,國內(nèi)眾多辭書雖作了大量的闡述,但似乎缺乏深入細(xì)致的考究及探討,以致不少英語學(xué)習(xí)者在語言交際上不免時見疏虞,或失之偏頗。本文試就這兩方面作一番探索,以祈拾零補闕,拋磚引玉。現(xiàn)分述如下: 一、語法方面 1. 在語法上,had better屬半助動詞(semi-auxiliary)。所謂半助動詞,即指一類在功能上介于主動詞(main verb)與助動詞(auxiliary verb)之間的結(jié)構(gòu)。因此,它總是用來與動詞不定式結(jié)合成復(fù)合謂語。其中,作為中心詞(head word)的動詞不定式,據(jù)考證,早期英語是用帶to不定式的(參見H. Poutsma, 1922 – 29, p.422;錢歌川,1981,pp.282 – 83),但現(xiàn)代英語轉(zhuǎn)而要求用無to不定式。例如: 1)You had better be quick. 你們最好快點。 2)We had better go back.—— the risk is great. 咱們回去好——這太冒險了。 3)The boys had better cease shouting. 男孩們還是別再叫嚷好了。 2. had better屬固定習(xí)語。它并非指過去時間,而是指現(xiàn)在或?qū)頃r間。它無須與主語在人稱與數(shù)別上保持一致,自身也沒有時態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化。比如,不可以說: 4a)*He has better (or will better) see a doctor. 而應(yīng)該說: 4b)He had better see a doctor. 他最好找大夫看看去。 同理,我們既可以說: 5a)I think you had better put on my overcoat. 也可以說: 5b)I thought you had better put on my overcoat. 我想,你還是穿上我的外套好。 3. had better 后接的非限定性中心詞——動詞不定式,可以體現(xiàn)不同的“體”(aspect)和“態(tài)”(voice)形式。例如: 6)You had better take care. 你還是小心為好。 7)You’d better be working harder if you want to get this done today. 倘若你們想今天完工。那可得加把勁才行。 8)I suppose I had better be going. 我想我最好得走了。 9)You’d better have made up your mind when I call tomorrow. 我明天找你時,你該拿定主意才行。 10)The matter had better be left as it is. 這件事最好還是聽其自然。 11)Breakfast had better be eaten before 9 o’clock. 早飯最好是9點以前吃。 值得一提的是,“had better + have + -ed分詞”常用來表示“過去當(dāng)為而不為”的動作或行為。帶責(zé)備口吻。例如: 12)You had better have gone already. 你要是已經(jīng)去了就對了。(言下之意:可惜你沒去。) 13)You had better have done it yesterday. 你昨天理應(yīng)把這樁事辦好才是。(言下之意:你并沒辦好。) 事實上,上述句12)與句13),不論從語法上或從語義上分析,都完全等同于下列句14)與句15): 14)You should have gone already. 15)You should have done it yesterday. 然而,習(xí)慣上,人們似乎更傾向于采取should式表達(dá)。 4. had better的否定式通常用had better not。例如: 16)You had better not try. 你還是別試了。 17)You had better not be doing so. 你不宜這么做。 18)You ‘d better not wake me up when you come in. 你進(jìn)來時,頂好別吵醒我。 19)We’d better not go until your sister arrives. 我們還是等你姐姐到了才走的好。 但在現(xiàn)代英語的非正式文體中,使用had not better的場合亦不罕見,尤其是否定疑問式及縮寫式(參見T. Crowell, 1964,§H.1;費致德,1982,p.414)。例如: 20)Had we not better go to the station to meet them? 我們不該到車站去接他們嗎? 21)Had I not better take him upstairs and let him lie down a little? 我把他帶到樓上去,讓他稍稍躺會兒豈不更好? 22)You hadn’t better stay up late. 你最好不要熬夜。 23)Hadn’t you better make haste? 你還不趕快? 24)You had better take what you said, hadn’t you? 你得說到做到,可不? 5. had better的疑問形式為“had +主語+ better”。例如: 25)Had I better tell him the secret? 我該把這秘密告訴他嗎? 26)What had I better do? 我怎么辦好呢? 27)Hadn’t you better stop ringing that bell? 你別再撳那電鈴了,不行嗎? 6. had better??s寫成’d better;在非正式文體中,甚至進(jìn)而略去’d,直接以better取代had better。這種用法多見于美國英語。例如: 28)You had better take an umbrella with you. ~ 28a)You’d better take an umbrella with you. ~ 28b)You better take an umbrella with you. ~ 28c)Better take an umbrella with you. 你最好隨身帶把雨傘去。 7. 在美國英語中,had better可以有如下幾種變體形式: (1)had best(用于增強語勢)。例如: 29)You had best talk little! 你還是少說為妙! 30)I thought I had best have your opinions first. 我想,我頂好是先征求您的看法。 (2)would better。例如: 31)You would better behave yourself! 你好自為之!(你應(yīng)放規(guī)矩些?。?/span> 32)I suggest he would better turn off the radio. 我建議他還是關(guān)掉收音機好。 但would better不宜用于第一人稱場合(參見費致德,1982,p.413;錢歌川,1981,pp.280 – 81)。比如,不可以說: 33a)*I would better hurry up or I’ll be late. 而應(yīng)該說: 33b)I had better/best hurry up or I’ll be late. 我可得趕快,否則要遲到的。 (3)would best。例如: 34)I think he would best rent a house. 我想,他頂好是租個房子。 35)You would best leave the girl in my charge. 你最好是把這個女孩子托付給我。 但這種用法似乎尚未取得普遍認(rèn)可的語法地位(參見P. Procter, 1978, p.88;費致德,1982,p.413)。 8. had better習(xí)語內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),除了疑問句式和否定句式外,一般不允許插入其它詞語。但偶爾也可見這類句子: 36)She had much better be mending her husband’s clothes. (H. Poustma, 1926 – 29, p.363) 此時,她給丈夫縫補衣服是最好不過的了。 37)We had far better have bought the other one. (張道真,1982,p.1973) 我們要是買下另外的那個就再好不過了。 二、語義方面 1. had better用于規(guī)勸、告誡場合。 國內(nèi)出版的辭書多將這一含義簡單地解釋為“最好……”或“還是……(為)好”。如此釋義固然無可厚非,但似乎言不盡意。因為,這容易給人造成錯覺,即它表達(dá)一種客氣、禮貌的建議,屬委婉說法。其實,had better并不包含任何委婉的成分;正相反,它帶有訓(xùn)導(dǎo)之類的語氣,態(tài)度嚴(yán)肅、生硬,頗有“居高臨下,指手畫腳”之勢。且看The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English(《簡明牛津辭典》)對had better所下的釋義是would find it suitable, more to your advantage。這就是說,該習(xí)語的基本含義是勸導(dǎo)對方怎么做才算明智,如何辦較適宜、較有利等等。由此,“以長者自居”的口吻昭然若揭。倘用于第一人稱,自然不易引起誤會;若用于其它人稱,尤其是第二人稱場合,除非說話人確乎符合“長者”身份,否則慎用,以免引起對方的不快甚至反感。當(dāng)然,如果雙方過從甚密,談吐不拘,則另當(dāng)別論??傊蠓残枰憩F(xiàn)客氣、禮貌的場合,使用had better均屬欠妥,應(yīng)改用其它委婉表達(dá)法。 2. had better用于間接命令或責(zé)備場合。 W. McMordie的English Idioms and How to Use Them(《英語成語及應(yīng)用》)一書將you had better的含義注釋為it is better that you should;而B. Evans & C. Evans 的A Dictionary of Contemporary American Usage(《當(dāng)代美國英語慣用法詞典》)及P. Procter的Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English(《朗門當(dāng)代英語詞典》)則直截了當(dāng)?shù)貙⑵渥⒔鉃閟hould,must或ought to,其間接命令或責(zé)備的語氣顯露無疑。例如: 38)You had better tell the police what you have heard. 你應(yīng)該把所聽到的一切向警方匯報。 39)You had better mind your own business. 你還是少管閑事為妙。 40)You had better have been here ten minutes ago. 你本該提早十分鐘到才對。 3. had better 用于警告、威脅場合。 F. T. Wood 在他的English Colloquial Idioms(《英語通俗成語詞典》)一書對該詞語的注釋中有一條,即in the nature of a threat(具有威脅性質(zhì))??上攵@個詞義乃分別從前述兩種(規(guī)勸、告誡和間接命令、責(zé)備)引申而來——強烈的規(guī)勸即為“警告”,強硬的間接命令便成“威脅”。這時,用上had better,目的在于充分暗示“一切后果(由你等)自負(fù)”,“勿謂言之不予也”諸如此類的言外之意。例如: 41)You’d better quit it out, or else I’ll punish you. 快給我住手,否則我會處罰你。 42)—— I’ll pay you the money by the end of the month. 我月底前就付錢給你。 43)—— You’d better. 一言為定。(當(dāng)心言而無信。) 本文主要參考文獻(xiàn) 1. Quick, R. et al. A Grammar of Contemporary English, London, 1972 2. Poutsma, H. A Grammar of Late Modern English, Groningen, 1926 – 29 3. Crowell, T.L. Index to Modern English, McGraw-Hill, 1964 4. Swan, M. Practical English Usage, Oxford, 1982 5. Krapp, G. P. A Comprehensive Guide to Good English, New York, 1962 6. McMrdie, W. English Idioms and How to Use Them, Oxford, 1964 7. Evans, B. and Evans, C. A Dictionary of Contemporary American Usage, New York, 1957 8. Wood, F. T. English Colloquial Idioms, London and Basingstone, 1969 9. Fowler, H. W. and Fowler, F. G. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English, Oxford, 1964 10. Horbby, A. S. The Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English, Oxford, 1980 11. Procter, P. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, Longman, 1978 12. 張道真《現(xiàn)代英語用法詞典》,上海譯文出版社,1982 13. 葛傳槼《英語慣用法詞典》,時代出版社,1963 14. 費致德《現(xiàn)代英語慣用法詞典》,商務(wù)印書館,1982 15. 張道真《英語常用動詞用法詞典》,上海譯文出版社,1981 16. 錢歌川《英文疑難詳解》,中國對外翻譯出版社,1981 17. 章振邦等《新編英語語法》,上海譯文出版社,1981 18. 葛傳槼等《新英漢詞典》,上海譯文出版社,1979 |
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