Suzuki反應(yīng)是碳-碳偶聯(lián)反應(yīng)中運(yùn)用最廣泛的反應(yīng)。這類反應(yīng)有一些比較突出的優(yōu)點(diǎn),比如:1)對(duì)官能團(tuán)的耐受性非常好;2)反應(yīng)對(duì)水不敏感;3)可以進(jìn)行通常的區(qū)域和立體選擇性的反應(yīng);4)無機(jī)副產(chǎn)物是無毒的并易于除去。因此Suzuki反應(yīng)在現(xiàn)代有機(jī)合成用應(yīng)用很廣泛,但是其也存在著一定的缺點(diǎn)和局限性,例如對(duì)于活性低的氯代芳烴和一些硼酸化合物,偶聯(lián)反應(yīng)難以進(jìn)行或者收率很低。 一般用Suzuki反應(yīng)進(jìn)行庫化合物合成時(shí),大都是以鹵代芳烴為中間體,分別與多種不同的硼酸或者硼酸酯進(jìn)行反應(yīng);少數(shù)情況下也會(huì)以硼酸或是硼酸酯為中間體,與不同的鹵代芳烴反應(yīng)來制得一系列含有相同母核的各種不同衍生物。那么如何在庫合中做好Suzuki反應(yīng)呢?作者綜合了大量的實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)后頗有心得,提供給各位同仁以作交流。本文嘗試從鹵代芳烴、硼酸、催化劑和配體、溶劑、堿、反應(yīng)溫度和時(shí)間這幾個(gè)要素來選擇比較合適的反應(yīng)條件,下面分別就這幾方面進(jìn)行介紹。 1. 鹵代芳烴 2. 硼酸或硼酸脂 3. 催化劑和配體 ①Pd(PPh3)4:經(jīng)典常規(guī)條件,對(duì)苯環(huán)類的溴代物比較好。缺點(diǎn)是反應(yīng)后三苯基氧膦副產(chǎn)物有時(shí)板分或是機(jī)分比較難以除干凈。
5. 堿 有時(shí)用Bu4NF, CsF, KF等替代碳酸鹽,會(huì)取得較好的收率。這是因?yàn)榉x子對(duì)硼具有較強(qiáng)的親和性,與芳基硼酸形成芳基氟硼酸鹽陰離子(ArBF3-或ArBF2(OH)-/AxBF(OH)2)后,可以促進(jìn)硼酸鹽中間體與鈀中心的反應(yīng)(Scheme 1)。 6. 反應(yīng)溫度和時(shí)間 7. 庫合成中需要注意的問題 8. 反應(yīng)實(shí)例 ① Pd(dppf)Cl2催化的Suzuki反應(yīng)示例 To a mixture of bromide (0.20 mmol, 1.0 eq) and K2CO3 (0.44 mmol, 2.2 eq), corresponding boric acid (0.24 mmol, 1.2 eq) in dioxane/water (10:1) was added Pd(dppf)Cl2 (10 mg). Then the reaction mixture was stirred at 90 oC for 18 h under N2 atmosphere. The crude product was purified by preparative HPLC to afford the target products respectively. ②Pd(PPh3)4催化的Suzuki反應(yīng)示例 To a mixture of bromide (0.20 mmol, 1.0 eq) and K2CO3 (0.44 mmol, 2.2 eq), corresponding boric acid (0.24 mmol, 1.2 eq) in dioxane/water (2 mL/0.5 mL) was added Pd(PPh3)4 (10 mg). Then the reaction mixture was stirred at 90oC for 18 h under N2 atmosphere. The crude product was purified by preparative HPLC to afford the target products respectively. ③Pd2(dba)3, X-Phos催化的Suzuki反應(yīng)示例 To a mixture of bromide (0.20 mmol, 1.0 eq) and Na2CO3 (0.44 mmol, 2.2 eq), corresponding boric acid (0.24 mmol, 1.2 eq) in dioxane/water (2 mL/0.5 mL) was added Pd2(dba)3 (10 mg) and X-Phos(5 mg). Then the reaction mixture was stirred at 110 oC for 18 h under N2 atmosphere. The crude product was purified by preparative HPLC to afford the target products respectively. ④CsF體系的Suzuki反應(yīng)示例 To a mixture of bromide (0.20 mmol, 1.0 eq) and Cs2CO3 (0.4 mmol, 2 eq), CsF (0.4 mmol, 2 eq), corresponding boric acid (0.24 mmol, 1.2 eq) in dioxane/water (2 mL/0.2 mL) was added Pd2(dba)3 (10 mg) and t-Bu3P (5 mg). Then the reaction mixture was stirred at 90 oC for 18 h under N2 atmosphere. The crude product was purified by preparative HPLC to afford the target products respectively. ⑤ Pd(OAc)2, Ru-phos 催化的三氟化硼鉀化合物的Suzuki反應(yīng)示例 A 250 mL round bottom flask was charged with a mixture of bromide (3.4 g, 12.7 mmol, 1.0 eq), fluoboric salt (2.9 g, 14.0 mmol, 1.1 eq), Pd(OAc)2 (71 mg, 0.32 mmol, 2.5% eq), Ruphos (0.3 g, 0.64 mmol, 5% eq) and sodium carbonate (2.7 g, 25.4 mmol, 2.0 eq) in mixed solvent (dioxine / H2O = 60 mL / 15 mL). The reaction mixture was degassed for 1~2 minutes and refilled with nitrogen. Then the reaction was heated to reflux overnight with stirring. After cooling to room temperature, the mixture was concentrated to dryness and the residue was purified by column on silica gel (eluent: 25% EA in PE) to afford the title compound as a white solid (3 g, yield: 81.7%). |
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