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CHIMPS, HUMANS, AND MONKEYS: WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE?
黑猩猩、人類和猴子：他們有區(qū)別嗎？ By Maxine Baberge /June 27, 2018 作者：瑪克辛·巴貝奇 /2018年6月27日 It’s finally time to set the record straight: As much as we all love monkeys, Dr. Goodall’s studies and the work of the Jane Goodall Institute have primarily focused on chimpanzees, not monkeys. Now, I know your next question is probably, “But aren’t chimps the same thing as monkeys?” and the answer is, they are not! So what’s the difference and why does it matter?終于到了澄清事實的時候了：盡管我們都喜歡猴子，但古德爾博士的研究和簡·古德爾研究所的工作主要集中在黑猩猩身上，而不是猴子。現(xiàn)在，我知道你的下一個問題可能是：“但黑猩猩和猴子不是一回事嗎？“答案是，他們不是一回事！那有什么區(qū)別嗎，為什么很重要？ Monkeys, chimpanzees, and humans are primates. Primates are mammals that are characterized by their advanced cognitive development and abilities, grasping hands and feet, and forward-facing eyes, along with other characteristics. Some primates (including some great apes and baboons) are typically terrestrial (move on the ground) versus arboreal (living in the trees), but all species of primates have adaptations to climb trees. Millions of years ago, primate ancestors evolved different defining characteristics from one another, branching into many species within different groups.
猴子、黑猩猩和人類都是靈長類動物。靈長類動物是哺乳動物，其特點是高級認知發(fā)展和能力，能抓握的手和腳，向前看的眼睛，以及其他特征。一些靈長類動物（包括一些類人猿和狒狒）是典型的陸地動物（在地面上生活）而不是樹棲動物（生活在樹上），但所有靈長類動物都有爬樹的適應能力。數(shù)百萬年前，靈長類動物的祖先演化出了不同的定義特征，在不同的類群中分化出許多物種。This can get confusing because of the numerous categories of primates: great apes, lesser apes, and Old/New World monkeys, are seemingly similar. All of the groups have similar characteristics, but there are characteristics that separate us. Great apes (humans, chimps, bonobos, gorillas and orangutans) generally have larger brains, larger bodies, and no tail. Dr. Goodall often likes to use Mr. H (a monkey plush toy who travels with her everywhere she goes) in her lectures to demonstrate this difference by asking the crowd, “How can we tell that Mr. H is not a chimpanzee?” She will then dangle Mr. H by his tail and say, “Chimps have no tail!”由于靈長類動物種類繁多，這可能會讓人感到困惑：大型猿、小型猿和新舊大陸的猴子，看起來很相似。所有的群體都有相似的特征，但也有一些特征將我們分開。類人猿（人類、黑猩猩、倭黑猩猩、大猩猩和猩猩）通常有更大的大腦、更大的身體而且沒有尾巴。古道爾博士經(jīng)常喜歡在她的講座中用H先生（一個陪她到處旅行的猴子毛絨玩具）來展示這種差異，她問觀眾：“我們怎么能分辨H先生不是黑猩猩呢？然后她會用尾巴吊著H先生說：“黑猩猩沒有尾巴！” Ok, so we understand how to identify great apes, but what about monkeys? There are many different species of monkeys, and what are known as ‘lesser apes’. Lesser apes (gibbons and siamangs) are usually smaller in stature, with thin arms, and a slightly smaller brain. Finally, monkeys are divided into “New World” and “Old World” monkeys. Many Old and New World Monkeys have tails, tend to walk on all fours like a cat or dog, and have the smallest brain out of the groups. Some Old World monkeys include baboons and guenons, while some New World monkeys include Capuchin and spider monkeys!好了，因此我們知道了如何識別類人猿，但猴子呢？有許多不同種類的猴子，被稱為“小猿”。小猿（長臂猿和暹羅猴）通常身材較小，手臂細，大腦稍小。最后，猴子被分為“新大陸”和“舊大陸”猴子。許多新大陸和舊大陸的猴子都有尾巴，喜歡像貓或狗一樣四肢著地行走，而且它們的大腦在群體中是最小的。一些舊大陸的猴子包括狒狒和長尾猴，而一些新大陸的猴子包括卷尾猴和蜘蛛猴！ Now let’s get back to chimpanzees and humans. Humans did not evolve from chimps, as is a frequent misconception. Chimpanzees and humans share a recent common ancestor, and as some of this ancestral population evolved along one line to become modern chimpanzees, others of this ancestor evolved along a line of various species of early human, eventually resulting in Homo sapiens (you and me!). Chimpanzees are genetically closest to humans, and in fact, chimpanzees share about 98.6% of our DNA. We share more of our DNA with chimpanzees than with monkeys or other groups, or even with other great apes! We also both play, have complex emotions and intelligence, and a very similar physical makeup.現(xiàn)在讓我們回到黑猩猩和人類身上。人類不是從黑猩猩演化而來的，這是一種常見的誤解。黑猩猩和人類有一個共同的祖先，這些祖先中的一些群體沿著一條線進化成為現(xiàn)代黑猩猩，這個祖先中的其他群體沿著各種早期人類的線進化，最終形成了智人（你和我?。?。黑猩猩在基因上與人類最接近，事實上，黑猩猩擁有我們約98.6%的DNA。我們與黑猩猩共享的DNA比與猴子或其他群體，甚至與其他類人猿共享的還多！我們同樣的玩耍，有復雜的情感和智力，和一個非常相似的身體構成。What many people may also not know, is how vital this taxonomy (or the systematic classification of organisms) is to Dr. Goodall and JGI’s story! It was in fact Dr. Goodall’s run in with the famed paleoanthropologist Dr. Louis Leakey in Kenya, which lead to her initial research in Gombe, Tanzania. Dr. Leakey was trying to understand early humans, and because his only point of reference was fossilized early human remains and other preserved cultural materials, he could not completely understand what early human behavior may have been like. When he met Jane, with her passion for and knowledge about animals, he knew she would be the perfect candidate to study chimpanzees – our closest living primate relative – from which he could conclude what behaviors were likely inherent to our most recent common ancestor and earlier humans. Dr. Leakey asked Jane to study the chimpanzees, Dian Fossey to study mountain gorillas, and Birute Galdikas to study orangutans, and they became known as ‘The Trimates.’許多人可能還不知道，這種分類法（或生物的系統(tǒng)分類法）對古德爾博士和古德爾研究院的研究有多重要！事實上，正是古道爾博士與肯尼亞著名的古人類學家路易·利基博士的接觸，引出了她在坦桑尼亞貢貝的初步研究。利基博士試圖了解早期人類，因為他唯一的參照物是早期人類遺骸和其他保存下來的有關文化資料的化石，所以他無法完全了解早期人類的行為可能是什么樣的。當他遇到簡時，簡對動物充滿了熱情和知識，他知道她將是研究黑猩猩的最佳人選，黑猩猩是我們現(xiàn)存最接近的靈長類動物親戚，從中他可以推斷出哪些行為可能是我們最近的共同祖先和早期人類所固有的。利基博士讓簡研究黑猩猩，迪安·福西研究山地大猩猩，比魯特·加爾迪卡斯研究猩猩，他們被稱為“三劍客” 。Zinda fishing for termites in Gombe National Park, TanzaniaIn her research, Dr. Goodall made a revolutionary discovery when she observed that the chimps in Gombe were making and using tools. It was groundbreaking because it meant redefining everything that scientists thought they knew about what separated humans and chimpanzees! Furthermore, this redefined the notion that humans lived “outside” of the animal kingdom, and instead placed humans alongside the rest of animalkind. It has also lead to the revelation that other animals also make and use tools, have emotions, intelligence and sentience.
在她的研究中，古德爾博士有了一個革命性的發(fā)現(xiàn)，她觀察到貢貝的黑猩猩正在制造和使用工具。這是開創(chuàng)性的，因為它意味著重新定義科學家認為他們知道的關于人類和黑猩猩區(qū)別的一切！此外，這重新定義了人類“生活在”動物王國之外的概念，并將人類與其他動物歸為一類。它也揭示了其他動物也制造和使用工具，有情感，智力和感覺。 Our relationship to other primates is a dynamic one – and as Jane as often said, “Chimpanzees, more than any other living creature, have helped us to understand that there is no sharp line between humans and the rest of the animal kingdom. It’s a very blurry line, and it’s getting more blurry all the time.”我們與其他靈長類動物的關系是一種動態(tài)的關系，正如簡常說的，“黑猩猩比任何其他生物都能幫助我們理解，人類和動物王國的其他部分之間沒有明顯的界限。這是一條非常模糊的線，而且越來越模糊?！?/span> 
chimpanzee: 黑猩猩 primate: 靈長類動物 cognitive: 認知的 baboon: 狒狒 gorilla: 大猩猩 orangutan: 紅毛猩猩 evolve: 逐漸演變，演化 ancestor: 祖先 relative: 親戚 notion: 觀念，概念 revelation：啟示，披露 blurry: 模糊的
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