大家好!閑來無事把英語語法簡單梳理梳理,如果有誤還請批評指正。 寫著寫著,學期也快結束,緊接著當老師最大的福利之一就來啦——寒假!無數(shù)人都在羨慕老師的假期。有人說:我的天,活活美死!我一定要把中國的名山大川放入朋友圈!有人說:我要和全家去南極,被凍死也在所不惜!還有人說:把你們美得,月入三五千,被打死就算是為脫貧做貢獻了好么…… 好啦,你們猜到今天要講啥了嗎,對!就是動詞的語態(tài),傳說中的'把字句與被字句'(此處應該配一個笑哭的表情) 請看: 動詞的語態(tài)是用來表示動作的主語和謂語動詞之間的關系。英語的語態(tài)有兩種:主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。主動語態(tài)的主語是動作的執(zhí)行者,被動語態(tài)的主語是動作的承受者。在被動語態(tài)中,動作的執(zhí)行者一般由介詞by引出。 考點: 1、常用時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)的結構形式; 2、短語動詞變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài); 3、不能用于被動語態(tài)的動詞; 4、被動結構表示主動; 5、主動形式表被動等。 8.1 被動語態(tài)的構成 英語中,一般只有及物動詞或動詞短語才有被動語態(tài)。被動語態(tài)的構成形式主要有: 1)被動語態(tài)的基本構成形式 被動語態(tài)的基本構成形式為'be+過去分詞'。其中be無意義,但有時態(tài)、人稱和數(shù)的變化。如下表。 2)含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)形式 當被動語態(tài)與情態(tài)動詞結合使用時,結構形式為'情態(tài)動詞+be+done'。有時情態(tài)動詞后的be還可用完成形式。 I live near an airport and passing planes can be heard night and day. 家住機場邊,飛機伴我眠。 正規(guī)版:我住在機場邊上,每天白天黑夜都能聽到飛機(轟鳴)的聲音。 3)'get+過去分詞'被動語態(tài)構成形式 略!請自行造句學習。 8.2 主動語態(tài)與被動語態(tài)的轉換 轉換步驟(總共分三步): ①賓語(逆襲):現(xiàn)將主動句中的賓語變?yōu)楸粍泳渲械闹髡Z; ②動詞(變形):再將主動句中的謂語變?yōu)楸粍有问剑?/p> ③主語(讓位):最后將主動句中的主語變?yōu)橛蒪y引導的短語并后置。 注意: 將主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時,謂語動詞的時態(tài)不變(別把人家整穿越了); 主動句中做賓語的人稱代詞需要變?yōu)橹鞲?,作主語的人稱代詞放在介詞后變?yōu)橘e格。 主動語態(tài)轉換成被動語態(tài)的幾種情況 1)'主語+謂語動詞+賓語'結構變被動句 動詞變換。主語賓語換位置,變格。 重點: *主句如果是帶no的否定句,被動句常用no,neither或never等。 No one has ever beaten her at tennis competition. 無人能在乒乓球比賽中擊敗她!世界の最強! She has never been beaten at tennis competition. 她在乒乓球比賽中從未被擊敗過! *否定的主動句中帶有any-構成的不定代詞作賓語時,變成被動句時,主語常由no-構成的否定代詞。 We didn't notice anything special in his work. Nothing special was noticed in his work. 2)'主語——謂語動詞+間接賓語+直接賓語'結構變成被動句 變成被動句時,有兩種情況。 ①將間接賓語變成被動句的主語,直接賓語位置不變; ②把直接賓語變?yōu)楸粍泳涞闹髡Z,間接賓語前面加上介詞to或for。 My uncle bought me a new computer. 間接賓語 直接賓語 請記?。簞幼鞯闹苯映惺苷呤侵苯淤e語,中間者為間接賓語。 ①I was bought a new computer by my uncle. ②A new computer was bought for me by my uncle. 注意: 并非所有雙賓語結構都可變成兩種形式的被動句,當直接賓語是從句時就不能變成被動句的主語。 She told me when the project would start. I was told when the project would start. (√) When the project would start was told to me. (×這樣說實在是太難受了,但并不影響理解) 3)'主語+謂語動詞+賓語+賓補'結構變被動句 變成被動句,將賓語變?yōu)楸粍泳涞闹髡Z,賓語補足語位置不變,也自然成為主語補足語。 People call this team a cheerleading squad. 人們管這種隊伍叫啦啦隊(啦啦隊是賓補)。 This team is called a cheerleading squad. 重點: 在主動句中,使役動詞have, make, let以及感官動詞see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面接不定式作賓語補足語時,不帶to,但變成被動句時,需加上to。 Sir! I notice a stranger enter the hall. Should I shoot or solute? 長官!我發(fā)現(xiàn)大廳來了一位陌生人。我是該射擊還是敬禮? A stranger is noticed to enter the hall. 4)含有be going to do 和be to do等結構的主動句變被動句 含有be going to do 和be to do等結構的主動句變成被動句時,謂語動詞分別用be going to be done和be to be done結構,其中第一個be只有一般現(xiàn)在時和一般過去時兩種形式。 We are going to discuss the problem at the meeting. The problem is going to be discussed at the meeting. They are to show this new film on TV next week. This new film is to be shown on TV next week. 5)含有賓語從句的主動句變被動句 帶有賓語從句的主動句變成被動句時,通常用it做被動句的形式主語,謂語動詞改為be done結構,賓語從句保留不變,也就自然成了主語從句; 或?qū)⒅鲃泳渲袕木涞闹髡Z變成被動句的主語,從句的謂語變成不定式短語。 We know that he is the best dentist in the town. It is known to us that he is the best dentist in the town. (賓語保留不變,采用形式賓語it) He is known to be the best dentist in the town. (從句主語變成被動句主語) 重點: 用it作形式主語的被動語態(tài)句型還有:it is said that據(jù)說…; it is reported that據(jù)報道…;it is thought that人們認為…;it is well known that眾所周知…; 6)謂語為動詞短語的主動句變被動句 有些不及物動詞后面跟上介詞或副詞后,變成一個動詞短語,相當于一個及物動詞,這種結構也可以有被動語態(tài),但不能把動詞與其后的介詞或副詞拆開。 They have put off the meeting permanently till the country is stable again. 他們把這次會議無限期推遲了,直到國家再次穩(wěn)定。(智利的APEC峰會了解一下) The meeting has been put off permanently till the country is stable again. 7)雙重被動結構 雙重被動結構指的是句中謂語動詞和其后的不定式均為被動結構,句子的主語既是謂語動詞動作的承受者,同時又是不定時動作的承受者。(這部分比較繞,請好好看例句,另外英國人超喜歡被動語句,但實際上西方人做啥事情又超主動。。。) They asked us to discuss the problem at once. (主動句) We were asked to discuss the problem at once. (被動句) The problem was asked to be discussed at once. (雙重被動:problem被要求被討論) The children are often asked to do too much homework. Too much homework is asked to be done by children. --------------------------------------- 明顯未完待續(xù)…… to be continued...... つづく...... |
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