初三語法知識是以復習回顧為主,只有一項新的內(nèi)容—過去完成時。今天我們一起看一下過去完成時的具體講解。 過去完成時 過去完成時(The Past Perfect Tense) :表示過去某一時間或動作以前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動作,對過去的某一點 造成 的某種影響或是結果,用來指在另一個過去行動之前就已經(jīng)完成了的 事件 。在英語時態(tài)中,“時“指 動作 發(fā)生的時間,”態(tài)“指動作的樣子和 狀態(tài) 。它表示動作發(fā)生的時間是“ 過 去的過去 ”, 側重 事情的結果。 He was proud of what he had done.上句中的was proud已經(jīng)是過去的動作,而他所做的事情又發(fā)生在感到自豪之前,所以是“過去的過去”,要用過去完成時,即had done。 However,Her father had not brought her birthday presents. Had Lisa gone to costume ball ?特殊疑問句:特殊疑問詞或詞組+一般疑問句(Had+主語+過去分詞)?Why had The Castle become a memory of generation? (1)by, by the time (of), by the end of + 過去時間 (2)when. before. after…….+過去時間 (3)up till then (直到時); up until last night(直到昨晚)等。 (4)already, just, ever, yet 等。 1. 由時間狀語來判定:一般說來,各種時態(tài)都有特定的時間狀語。與過去完成時連用的時間狀語有:I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night.( 2 ) by the end of + 過去的時間點。We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday. 2. 由“過去的過去”來判定:過去完成時表示“過去的過去”,是指過去某一動作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動作,即動作有先后關系,動作在前的用過去完成時,在后的用一般過去時。這種用法常出現(xiàn)在: 當賓語從句的主句為一般過去時,且從句的動作先于主句的動作時,從句要用過去完成時。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動詞后的賓語從句。She said that she had seen the film before. 在時間、條件、原因、方式等狀語從句中,主、從句的動作發(fā)生有先后關系,動作在前的,要用過去完成時,動作在后的要用一般過去時。When I got to the station, the train had already left.After he had finished his homework, he went to bed. 注意:before, after 引導的時間狀語從句中,由于 before 和 after 本身已表達了動作的先后關系,若主、從句表示的動作緊密相連,則主、從句都用一般過去時。如:Where did you study before you came here?After he closed the door, he left the classroom. ( 3 )表示意向的動詞,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等,用過去完成時表示'原本…,未能…'We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadn't seen each other since he went to Beijing. 1. 過去完成時表示一個動作或狀態(tài)在過去某一時間或動作之前已經(jīng)完成或結束,即發(fā)生在“過去的過去”。When I woke up, it had stopped raining.我醒來時,雨已經(jīng)停了。(主句的動作發(fā)生在“過去的過去”) 2. 過去完成時是一個相對的時態(tài),表示的是“過去的過去”,只有和過去某一時間或某一動作相比較時才使用它。He told me that he had written a new book. (had written 發(fā)生在 told 之前 ) 3. 過去完成時需要與一個表示過去的時間狀語連用,它不能離開過去時間而獨立存在。此時多與 already , yet , still , just , before , never 等時間副詞及 by , before , until 等引導的短語或從句連用。Before she came to China, Grace had taught English in a middle school for about five years.Peter had collected more than 300 Chinese stamps by the time he was ten. 4. 過去完成時表示某一動作或狀態(tài)在過去某時之前已經(jīng)開始,一直延續(xù)到這一過去時間,而且動作尚未結束,仍然有繼續(xù)下去的可能。By the end of last year, he had worked in the factory for twenty years. ( had worked 已有了 20 年,還有繼續(xù)進行下去的可能)Had done在虛擬語氣中的運用(屬于較特殊情況): (1)在虛擬條件句中的運用,此時的意思要根據(jù)語境而定,可以與虛擬語氣一起來歸納。主要表示與過去事實相反的愿望,即與過去事實相反。If I I had taken your advice, I would have got a good grade in the exam.如果我聽取了你的建議,我將會在考試中取得好的成績。(had taken表明過去我沒有采取建議) (2)有expect,intend,suppose(假定),hope,think等動詞的過去完成時在句中出現(xiàn)時,表示未實現(xiàn)的打算,希望,愿望的意味。I expect that I had been an intern in that company.我希望我已經(jīng)是那個公司的一名實習生。(同樣地,我并不是這個公司的實習生) (3)在If only(但愿,要是) or wish出現(xiàn)的虛擬語氣中,同樣也表示與過去事實相反的愿望,想法。Honestly,if only I had studied in university.說真的,要是我在大學學習多好!(事實上我沒有,與現(xiàn)實相反)I wish I had been awarded the prize in the sports meeting.我希望我在運動會上被授予了獎勵。(事實上獲獎不存在) 一些引導詞 since, until, no sooner...than, hardly...when, scarcely...when 等,一般可視為 'had done' 出現(xiàn)的信號,從句常用一般過去時。No sooner had Whitney Houston began to sing a song than there was an instant sensation.惠特妮·休斯頓一開始唱歌,就引起了瞬時的轟動。(注意:這里由于no sooner 否定前置,句子謂語部分倒裝,所以”had”提前)It was a long time since Darcy had lived in this city.達西住在這座城市已經(jīng)有很長時間了。(達西在過去的某個時間點之前就住在這座城市)英語中,已經(jīng)有了一個過去一般時表示在過去發(fā)生的動作,為什么還有過去完成時呢?要記?。哼^去完成時的關鍵概念是:假設在過去發(fā)生了兩件(或以上)的事件,一件是A事件,另一件是B事件,如果A、B兩個事件幾乎是同時發(fā)生的,那就用一般過去時;但是,如果A、B兩個事件不是同時發(fā)生的,怎么辦呢?那就是:哪個事件先發(fā)生,就用過去完成時。在上面的假設中,如果A事件先發(fā)生,A就用過去完成時;如果B事件先發(fā)生,B就用過去完成時;而不管兩件事是用什么樣的時間狀語或其它形式表示的。She said (that) she had never been to Paris.When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.The students were writing, busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she had left in the office.在上面的五個例子中,我們只要稍微分析一下,就可以發(fā)現(xiàn):每個例子講述的內(nèi)容中,都包含著兩個(或以上)在過去發(fā)生的事件。我們將兩件事抽取出來看一下,就非常明白:必定有一件事是先生的,另一件是后發(fā)生的:……said…… had never been to (先沒有“去”,后“說”)……arrived……h(huán)ad run away. (先“跑”了,后“到”)…… had hoped ……would come……didn't (先“希望”,后才發(fā)生“沒去”)……was disappointed……h(huán)ad left ……arrived (先“離開”,后“到達”和“失望”)……were writing……went ……h(huán)ad left (先“離開”,后“到”和“寫”)過去完成時的難點在于:有時候一句話中并沒有出現(xiàn)兩個事件,因此無法比較兩個事件的先后。那為什么也用過去完成時呢?By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.實際上,在上面的例句中,仍然有著“先、后”之分的。不過,這次不是A、B兩件事件的先后,而是有兩個過去時間的“先、后”關系。首先,句子中有個明確的過去時間點:12歲。說他“12歲”,顯然是過去式。那么,緊接著說“他已經(jīng)開始謀生了”,這個“謀生”是發(fā)生在“12歲”時,還是“12歲”前,還是“12歲”后?答案是肯定的:他的“謀生”發(fā)生在“12歲”之前!也就是說,“12歲”已經(jīng)是一般過去時,而在“12歲”之前發(fā)生的事,當然是過去完成時。所以,在那么多表示時間狀語的詞中,大家要特別注意By、Until等的用法??梢哉f,在講述過去的事件中,如果出現(xiàn)By……時間狀語,很有可能要用過去完成時了。(當然,我說的是很有可能。) 類似的時間表達方式還有Until、Before等。只要大家把握了過去完成時的基本含義,不管句子怎么變化,應該沒有多大的問題。Until then, his family hadn't heard from him for six month.此句的分析同上面差不多。首先有個明確的過去時間點'then'(那時),而'hadn't heard'發(fā)生在then之前(包括 then)。所以此句用的是過去完成時。We had learned about 4000 English words by the end of last term.I waited until he had finished his homework.We had got to the station before 10:00had planned to do(本計劃做而沒有做,與過去事實相反) 主句用過去完成,when/than后的從句用一般過去。為什么?Hardly had I arrived home when it began to rain.雖然到家的時間點和開始下雨的時間點非常接近,但是嚴格來說,主句動作到家發(fā)生在從句動作下雨之前(過去的過去),所以用had done。 注意主語主從句時態(tài),本質(zhì)上來自于現(xiàn)在完成三句式①It is/has been +一段時間+since sb. did②It is the +序數(shù)詞+time that sb. have done③It is the +最高級+n +that sb. have done只需要把主從句都提前一個時態(tài)。即把主句一般現(xiàn)在提前為一般過去,把現(xiàn)在完成和一般過去提前為過去完成。 (1) 過去完成時表示以過去某時間為起點以前所發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài),即:過去完成時強調(diào)“過去的過去”,而一般過去時只表示以現(xiàn)在時間為起點以前所發(fā)生的事情或存在的狀態(tài)。He studied there two years ago. He said he had studied there two years ago. (2) 表示過去某個時間以前所連續(xù)發(fā)生的兩個或兩個以上的動作時,一般用and, then, but按照動作的先后順序連接,此時通常用一般過去時而不用過去完成時。He said he went the shop and bought some food. He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening paper. 他進了房間,開燈,讀了報紙。 (3) 在沒有明確的過去時間狀語作標志時,謂語動詞動作發(fā)生的時間先后須依據(jù)上下文來判斷:先發(fā)生的用過去完成時,后發(fā)生的則用一般過去時。She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her, too. She had just won the first in the composition competition.現(xiàn)在完成時表示的動作發(fā)生在過去,但側重對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結果或造成的影響,與現(xiàn)在有關,其結構為“助動詞 have (has) + 過去分詞”;過去完成時則是一個相對的時態(tài),它所表示的動作不僅發(fā)生在過去,更強調(diào)“過去的過去”,只有和過去某時或某動作相比較時,才用到它。I have learned 1000 English words so far. 到目前為止我已經(jīng)學會了 1000 個英語單詞。 I had learned 1000 English words till then.到那時為止我已經(jīng)學會了 1000 個英語單詞。— I'm sorry to keep you waiting. 對不起,讓你久等了。 — Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes. 沒什么,我只等了幾分鐘。(“等”的動作從過去某一時間點持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在)— John returned home yesterday. 約翰昨天回到家的。 — Where had he been? 他去哪兒?(答語中使用過去完成時是指約翰在 returned home 之前去了哪些地方,即“過去的過去”) 1.過去完成時表示過去某一時間或某一動作之前已經(jīng)完成的動作或存在的狀態(tài),這一過去的時間可由by,before引導的時間副詞片語或子句或從上下文中表示出來。So I had finished ironed your shirt before you got up.I had finished typing before lunch. 2.過去完成時請使用 'Ctrl + c'執(zhí)行復制操作表示過去某一時間以前開始一直延續(xù)到那個時間并可能繼續(xù)下去的動作或狀態(tài),常和by或since引導的表示時間的片語或子句連用。You had done housework for 2 months when I heard your complaints.到我聽到你的抱怨時止,你已經(jīng)做了兩個月家務了。He had studied English for five years when he took the exam. 3.過去完成時請使用 'Ctrl + c'執(zhí)行復制操作可表示過去未實現(xiàn)的希望或計劃。I had hoped that you became an industrious man.I had hoped to pass examination. 4.過去完成時請使用 'Ctrl + c'執(zhí)行復制操作表示在過去某時或某個動作之前發(fā)生的動作、存在的狀態(tài)或表示經(jīng)歷、經(jīng)驗。I said I had been angry for your laziness since we marriedHe said that he had been very busy since we last met.
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