中學英語書面表達系列講座與訓練（18）

紫微o太微o天市 2019-10-31

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中學英語書面表達系列講座與訓練（18）-2（共4部分）
★延續(xù)性動詞與現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)
理解下列句子，說說句中的謂語動詞都是延續(xù)性動詞嗎？用法上有什么要注意的？
1）My mother has been ill for a week.
2）I haven't seen him since I left Beijing.
3）She has been here since five o'clock.
4）He has smoked since he left school.
5）We have lived here for many years.
6）It has been cold this winter.
7）Jack has made great progress recently.
8）He has already finished his exercises.
9）He has never seen the sea.
10）He hasn't come back yet.
句2,9,10不是延續(xù)性動詞，但用的是否定形式，因而是正確的。其他都是延續(xù)性動。延續(xù)性動詞與現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)連用時，需注意：句子謂語動詞所表示的動作到說話時為止是否仍然存在，仍然存在，就能用現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)，否則你只能用一般過去時態(tài)表達。如：句1）My mother has been ill for a week.（我媽媽病了一周了。）說這句話時，媽媽仍在生病，沒問題，可以用。如果說這句話時，媽媽的病已經(jīng)好了，那么就只能改用一般過去時來描述了：My mother was ill for a week. 句2,9和10的情況也一樣。句10）中，若到說話時，hasn't come 的否定狀態(tài)仍然存在，可用現(xiàn)在完成時否定形式，否則，就只能改用一般過去時態(tài)否定形式：He didn't come.
★非延續(xù)性動詞與現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)
常用的非延續(xù)性動詞（結束性、終止性）動詞有：come , go, become, fall, get up, open, close, leave, die, begin/start, end, lose, join, see, hear, buy, sell。若需要表示這些動作的延續(xù)性，則須換用相對應的延續(xù)性動詞或換用其他句型表達。一般可有以下三種方法：?改用一般過去時 ?用it is +一段時間+since從句 ?改用可延續(xù)性動詞。如：這臺電腦我買了大約五年了。I have bought the computer for about five years. (×) 可改為：I bought the computer about five years ago. it's about five years since I bought the computer. I have had the computer for about five years.
小結：
在現(xiàn)在完成時句子中，since后只能接“點”時間狀語；表示一段時間的時間狀語for 短語不能與非延續(xù)性（結束性、終止性）動詞的肯定形式連用。但可與非延續(xù)性（結束性、終止性）動詞的否定形式連用，因為非延續(xù)性（結束性、終止性）動詞的否定形式表示的是個可延續(xù)的狀態(tài)。

附延續(xù)性動詞與非延續(xù)性動詞互相轉換對應表：
leave→ be away；borrow →keep；buy →have；begin/start →be on ；die → be dead；finish → be over；join → be in+組織機構；be a member of+組織機構；open sth → keep sth open；fall ill → be ill；get up →be up； catch a cold → have a cold； come here → be here；go there → be there； become → be；come back → be back；fall asleep → be asleep；get to/ arrive/reach → be in；leave → be away from；get to know → know； put on→ wear；catch a cold →have a cold； go to school-be in school等。