被 動(dòng) 語 態(tài) Passive Voice 英語中有主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)之分,主動(dòng)語態(tài)表示主語是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者;被動(dòng)語態(tài)表示主語是動(dòng)作的承受者,即行為動(dòng)作的對象。 被動(dòng)語態(tài)的構(gòu)成: be動(dòng)詞+及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞 (即:be + p.p) 被動(dòng)語態(tài)有人稱、數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化,這些變化是通過be動(dòng)詞的不同形式來表現(xiàn)的。下面是英語9大時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu)。 (1)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài):am/is/are+p.p The flowers are watered by him every morning. 每天上午花被他澆。 注意:一般情況下,英語的被動(dòng)語態(tài)要按照漢語習(xí)慣,翻譯成主動(dòng)語態(tài)。即: 他每天上午澆花。 (2)一般過去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài):was/were+p.p This machine tool was made in China. 這個(gè)機(jī)床是中國制造的。 (3)一般將來時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài):will/shall + be +p.p A new bridge will be built over the river. 河上要建一座新橋。 (4)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài):am/is/are being+p.p His speech is being translated by an interpreter. 他的發(fā)言正在由一位譯員翻譯成漢語。 (5)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài):was/were being+p.p The classroom was being cleaned by them at four yesterday afternoon. 他們昨天下午4點(diǎn)在打掃教室。 (6)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài):have/has + been+p.p Many colleges and universities have been established in our country since 1978. 自從1978年以來,我們國家成立了許多大專院校。 (7)過去完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài):had + been+p.p Three projects had been completed by us by the end of last year. 截止去年年底,我們已經(jīng)完成了三個(gè)項(xiàng)目了。 (8)過去將來時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài):would/should +be+p.p The teacher said that the used books would be given to the students in need. 老師說這些舊書將給那些需要的學(xué)生們。 (9)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài):have / has + been being +p.p The aliens have been being studied by scientists all over the world. 外星人一直在被世界各地的科學(xué)家們研究。 一、被動(dòng)語態(tài)的用法 (1) 不知道或沒有必要說明動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者是誰。例如: Some new computers were stolen last night. 一些新電腦昨晚被盜了。(不知誰偷的) (2) 強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者,而不強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。 例如:This book was written by him. 這本書是他寫的。 二、主動(dòng)語態(tài)變被動(dòng)語態(tài)的方法 (1) 把主動(dòng)語態(tài)的賓語變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)的主語。 例如:All the people laughed at him. He was laughed at by all the people. (2) 把謂語變成被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu) (be+過去分詞) They make the bikes in the factory. The bikes are made by them in the factory. (3) 把主動(dòng)語態(tài)中的主語放在介詞by之后作賓語,將主格改為賓格。 He wrote the book in 1997. The book was written by him in 1997. (4) 含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)句變成被動(dòng)句時(shí),由“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be+過去分詞”構(gòu)成,原來帶to的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)后“to”仍要保留。 You ought to take it away. It ought to be taken away. 三、特殊句子的被動(dòng)語態(tài) (1)雙賓語句子如何變成被動(dòng)語態(tài) 英語有些句子含有兩個(gè)賓語:直接賓語和間接賓語。 例如: The crowd gave the guest a warm welcome. 人們熱情地歡迎客人。 此句中有兩個(gè)賓語(雙賓語),一個(gè)是直接賓語 a warm welcome ;另一個(gè)是間接賓語the guest。在變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí),其中一個(gè)賓語要成為主語。在一般情況下,我們多以間接賓語為主語,直接賓語留在原位。 例如:The guest was given a warm welcome by the crowd. 但是,如果重點(diǎn)在直接賓語,直接賓語便要變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)的主語,如: We will offer any capable applicant a competitive salary. 我們將提供給任何合格的申請者一個(gè)具有競爭力的薪水。 變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)就成了: A competitive salary will be offered to any capable applicant. (2)名詞性從句如何變成被動(dòng)語態(tài) “People generally feel that social workers are offering valuable services for the public.” 人們通常人們社會工作者在給民眾提供有價(jià)值的服務(wù)。 這句子可以“it”作為主語,然后,把名詞分句移到句子后面: “It is generally felt that social workers are offering valuable services for the public.” 另一種變法是把名詞性從句的主語轉(zhuǎn)為被動(dòng)句的主語;把名詞分句的動(dòng)詞變成動(dòng)詞不定式: “Social workers are generally felt to be offering valuable services for the public.” (3)若感官動(dòng)詞賓語補(bǔ)足語是不帶to 的不定式,變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí),該不定式前要加to。 如:feel, hear, help, listen to, look at, make, observe, see, notice, watch 例如:The teacher made me go out of the classroom. (主動(dòng)) 老師讓我走出了教室。 I was made to go out of the classroom. (被動(dòng)) We saw him play football on the playground. (主動(dòng)) 我們看見他在操場上打籃球。 He was seen to play football on the playground. (被動(dòng)) (4)let 的用法 a. 當(dāng) let 后只有一個(gè)單音節(jié)動(dòng)詞,變被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí),可用不帶to 的不定式。 例如:They let the thief go. (主動(dòng)) 他們放走了小偷。 The thief was let go. (被動(dòng)) b. 若let 后的賓語補(bǔ)足語較長,let 通常不用被動(dòng)語態(tài),而用allow或permit。 例如:The nurse let me go to see my classmate in the hospital. 護(hù)士讓我去探望醫(yī)院的同學(xué)。 I was allowed / permitted to see my classmate in the hospital. (5)短語動(dòng)詞是一個(gè)整體,不能丟掉后面的介詞或副詞。 例如:This is a photo of the power station that has beenset up in my hometown. 這是建在我家鄉(xiāng)的電廠的照片。 My sister will be taken care of by Grandma. 奶奶將照料我的妹妹。 Such a thing has never been heard of before. 這種事情以前從未有所耳聞。 |
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