雖然歷史是人民創(chuàng)造的,歷史的記憶卻偏愛那些留下印記的風(fēng)云人物。美國(guó)人對(duì)肯尼迪夫婦的記憶也是如此。原因有三:首先,肯尼迪是一位年輕帥氣、富有理想主義的總統(tǒng),和美麗優(yōu)雅的第一夫人杰奎琳堪稱絕配,能夠引領(lǐng)時(shí)尚風(fēng)潮,令人過目不忘;其次,肯尼迪在達(dá)拉斯遭到暗殺,使得這位充滿活力的年輕總統(tǒng)出師未捷身先死,令人扼腕嘆息;最后,肯尼迪遇刺這一撲朔迷離的案情是一件令人不斷探究的奇案。正因?yàn)榇?,肯尼迪遇刺成為了電影的好素材,有多部電影描寫此事,其中包括奧利弗·斯通(Oliver Stone)的《刺殺肯尼迪》(JFK)。2016年上映的《第一夫人》(Jackie)則是視角和風(fēng)格都很獨(dú)特的一部。 《第一夫人》由帕布羅·拉雷恩(Pablo Larraín)導(dǎo)演,諾亞·奧本海姆(Noah Oppenheim)編劇,娜塔莉·波特曼(Natalie Portman)主演,通過第一夫人杰奎琳來講述她在肯尼迪總統(tǒng)任期內(nèi)的白宮歲月以及在1963年總統(tǒng)遇刺身亡后的心路歷程。影片的劇情基于美國(guó)著名政治記者和歷史學(xué)家懷特(Theodore H. White)在肯尼迪遇刺不久后代表《生活》雜志對(duì)杰奎琳的專訪。 美國(guó)政治記者和歷史學(xué)家懷特 《第一夫人》攝制完成后被選送到威尼斯國(guó)際電影節(jié)競(jìng)選金獅獎(jiǎng),并于2016年12月2日由??怂固秸諢粲皹I(yè)在美國(guó)發(fā)行。影片上映后受到普遍好評(píng),并獲得第89屆奧斯卡評(píng)獎(jiǎng)委員會(huì)的三項(xiàng)提名:最佳女演員、最佳原創(chuàng)配樂和最佳服裝設(shè)計(jì)。這部投資僅800萬(wàn)美元的人物傳記片在全球收獲了超過2500萬(wàn)美元的票房收入,是一部成功的小成本電影。 一、電影特色:創(chuàng)傷與記憶交織、客觀與主觀并存 《第一夫人》從計(jì)劃到攝制完成經(jīng)歷了六年時(shí)間。劇本最初是編劇奧本海姆為HBO迷你電視劇系列創(chuàng)作的,講述從肯尼迪總統(tǒng)被刺到其葬禮的四天之內(nèi)第一夫人杰奎琳的心路歷程,尤其反映她最脆弱的時(shí)刻。最初斯皮爾伯格曾計(jì)劃監(jiān)制該電視劇系列,但卻因故退出了。后來電影公司雇用了不擅長(zhǎng)拍攝傳記片和塑造女性人物的智利導(dǎo)演拉雷恩執(zhí)導(dǎo)該片。在閱讀了有關(guān)杰奎琳的書籍之后,拉雷恩對(duì)肯尼迪夫婦的興趣與日俱增,認(rèn)為丈夫遇刺后杰奎琳的情緒反應(yīng)具有一部電影所需要的所有因素:憤怒、好奇、悲傷和愛情。2012年??怂固秸諢粲皹I(yè)就邀請(qǐng)波特曼主演該片,但直到2015年5月才最后敲定此事。 為了演好杰奎琳這一公眾都很熟悉的角色,波特曼作了充分的準(zhǔn)備:觀看了大量關(guān)于杰奎琳的錄像帶,尤其是一遍遍觀看杰奎琳向公眾介紹白宮的錄像;閱讀了大量關(guān)于杰奎琳的傳記;仔細(xì)聽了杰奎琳的采訪錄音帶,主要是《生活》雜志記者小阿瑟·施萊辛格(Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.)1964年初采訪杰奎琳的長(zhǎng)達(dá)八個(gè)半小時(shí)的錄音(肯尼迪遇刺身亡后,杰奎琳只接受過三次采訪,這是其中一個(gè))。 波特曼坦言,剛接手這一任務(wù)時(shí)很沒有信心,因?yàn)樗龑?duì)杰奎琳的理解只停留在其作為時(shí)尚偶像的表面(superficial understanding as a fashion plate)。隨著研究的深入和角色的展開,波特曼對(duì)這位第一夫人有了更加深入的了解,發(fā)現(xiàn)杰奎琳在不同的人面前展示出了兩種不同的性格—— 一種是公眾面前的溫婉和美麗,一種則是私下的堅(jiān)定和聰慧?!癢hen she was doing interviews, [her voice] was a lot more girly and soft, and then when you hear her talking to Schlesinger at home, you hear the ice in the glass clinking and the voice is a little deeper and her wit comes out more, so you get this real sense of the two sides.” 模仿杰奎琳在不同狀況下的不同嗓音對(duì)波特曼來說也是一個(gè)巨大的挑戰(zhàn)。該片制片人達(dá)倫·阿倫諾夫斯基(Darren Aronofsky)甚至認(rèn)為,杰奎琳的嗓音是該片能否成功的關(guān)鍵。在語(yǔ)言指導(dǎo)塔尼婭·布盧姆斯坦(Tanya Blumstein)的訓(xùn)練下,波特曼的嗓音逐漸從模仿進(jìn)入到自然的狀態(tài)。波特曼說,杰奎琳的服裝也有助于她進(jìn)入角色。 可以說,波特曼對(duì)杰奎琳的塑造從美麗的外表到復(fù)雜的情感與微妙的表情都是比較成功的,所以受到觀眾的廣泛好評(píng)。流行電影網(wǎng)站爛番茄上321篇評(píng)論的正面評(píng)價(jià)率為87%,平均打分為7.9/10。該網(wǎng)站的綜合評(píng)價(jià)是:“Jackie offers an alluring peek(誘人的窺視)into a beloved American public figure’s private world—and an enthralling(迷人的)starring performance from Natalie Portman in the bargain(另外).”另一家大眾影評(píng)網(wǎng)Metacritic基于52篇影評(píng)給予該片百分制的81分,說明了大家的一致好評(píng)(universal acclaim)。 第一夫人杰奎琳 vs 娜塔莉飾演的杰奎琳 《好萊塢報(bào)道》(The Hollywood Reporter)影評(píng)人戴維·魯尼(David Rooney)對(duì)《第一夫人》的評(píng)價(jià)很高,認(rèn)為該片在刻畫悲傷中的私人情感方面異常出色:“Extraordinary in its piercing intimacy and lacerating (悲痛的)in its sorrow.”《綜藝》(Variety)影評(píng)人蓋伊·洛奇(Guy Lodge)也高度贊揚(yáng)這位智利導(dǎo)演對(duì)歷史上最受歡迎的第一夫人大膽的、復(fù)雜多面的刻畫:“Chilean helmer(電影導(dǎo)演)Pablo Larraín makes an extraordinary English-lingo debut(首部英語(yǔ)片)with this daring, many-leveled portrait of history’s favorite First Lady.” 盡管如此,《第一夫人》仍然遭到一些批評(píng),主要集中在其歷史的真實(shí)性和客觀性上?!哆_(dá)拉斯晨報(bào)》(The Dallas Morning News)影評(píng)人安娜·帕克斯(Anna Parks)批評(píng)了影片中刻畫的杰奎琳與繼任總統(tǒng)約翰遜夫婦之間的負(fù)面關(guān)系。她注意到,現(xiàn)存的杰奎琳與約翰遜夫婦之間的書信往來和錄音電話(1963年12月2日)表明杰奎琳與約翰遜夫婦在肯尼迪葬禮安排上具有良好的合作關(guān)系。 對(duì)于影片中采訪杰奎琳的記者沒有姓名的質(zhì)疑,編劇奧本海姆認(rèn)為記者的角色融合了懷特、曼徹斯特(William Manchester)和施萊辛格三個(gè)人(他們?cè)诳夏岬嫌龃躺硗龊蠓謩e對(duì)杰奎琳進(jìn)行過采訪)。 關(guān)于影片中杰奎琳對(duì)肯尼迪政治遺產(chǎn)的夸大和溢美之詞,如稱肯尼迪政府的白宮為后世不可企及的“亞瑟王宮殿”卡米洛(Camelot),懷特后來對(duì)自己發(fā)表的采訪文章作過解釋??夏岬嫌龃躺硗鲆恢苤螅芸諏烟卣?qǐng)到其在馬薩諸塞州海恩尼斯港(Hyannis Port)的居所,目的是通過這次采訪來?yè)尵绕湔煞虻恼芜z產(chǎn)。杰奎琳向懷特建議,他這篇為《生活》雜志撰寫的采訪文章應(yīng)將肯尼迪及其政府比喻成英國(guó)中世紀(jì)傳說中的亞瑟王及其神秘的宮殿卡米洛。當(dāng)時(shí)同名音樂劇《卡米洛》正在百老匯上演。杰奎琳對(duì)該劇結(jié)尾的歌詞尤為關(guān)注:“Don’t let it be forgot, that once there was a spot, for one brief shining moment that was known as Camelot.”她暗示這是肯尼迪最喜愛的歌詞之一,并補(bǔ)充道:“There’ll be great Presidents again, but there’ll never be another Camelot again. […] It will never be that way again.” 懷特留意了杰奎琳的暗示和建議,將采訪撰寫成一篇1000字左右的文章,當(dāng)晚口授給《生活》雜志的編輯們。當(dāng)編輯們抱怨卡米洛的主題有些過分時(shí),杰奎琳則反對(duì)進(jìn)行任何修改。 通過這種敘事,肯尼迪在任期間的美國(guó)政府被美化成了當(dāng)代的卡米洛:“a magic moment in American history, when gallant(英勇的)men danced with beautiful women, when great deeds were done, when artists, writers, and poets met at the White House, and the barbarians(野蠻人)beyond the walls held back(被擋在墻外).”懷特后來解釋說,將肯尼迪政府比成卡米洛是出于對(duì)喪夫而陷于悲傷中的杰奎琳的善意,他的文章是對(duì)歷史的誤讀(a misreading of history),因?yàn)榭夏岬系哪Щ每茁鍙奈创嬖谶^:“The magic Camelot of John F. Kennedy never existed.” 二、故事大綱 《第一夫人》劇照 The film begins with Jackie Kennedy receiving a journalist for an interview at her home. After some small talk(閑談)and introductory questions, the journalist turns to his inquiries about the assassination and its aftermath (余波)for Jackie and her family. In a series of flashbacks (閃回,回顧), Jackie is shown in her emotional reaction to the events of the assassination and her interaction with members of the White House close to the President. Lyndon Johnson(林登·約翰遜,肯尼迪政府的副總統(tǒng),肯尼迪遇刺身亡后繼任美國(guó)總統(tǒng))and his wife are shown comforting Jackie in the aftermath. Robert Kennedy(羅伯特·肯尼迪,肯尼迪總統(tǒng)的弟弟,肯尼迪政府的司法部長(zhǎng))soon appears to help her, in planning the funeral and looking after the family. Jackie is especially concerned for the well-being of the children in adjusting to the loss of their father. As the film returns several times to the journalist interviewing Jackie, she makes clear that she maintains the right to control which parts of the interview may come to press and which parts are to be withheld(扣留). By the end of the film, Jackie’s recollections(回憶)make clear that her reminiscence(回憶,舊事)of her years at the White House was best recalled in her memory as those associated with the Camelot created in Washington during her husband’s term as President. 三、精彩對(duì)白 Don’t Marry the President Journalist: You’ll have to share something personal, eventually. People won’t stop asking until you do. Jackie: And if I don’t, they’ll interpret my silence however they want? “Her brow furrows(緊蹙). Her lips are drawn(緊閉). She holds back her tears, but she can’t hide her anger.” Journalist: Most writers want to be famous. Jackie: You want to be famous? Journalist: No, I’m fine as I am, thank you. Jackie: You should prepare yourself, this article will bring you a great deal of attention. Journalist: In that case, any advice for me? Jackie: Yes. Don’t marry the President. Are you afraid I’m about to cry again? Journalist: No, I’d say you’re more likely to scream. Jackie: Scream what? Journalist: “My husband was a great man.” …… (節(jié)選自《英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)》2018-11) |
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