READING

聽說讀寫是英語的四大技能，本文簡單總結(jié)閱讀英語文章的基本策略與技巧，希望能幫你梳理英語閱讀理解的基本方法。

原創(chuàng)思維導(dǎo)圖轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處

1 略讀和掃讀（Skimming & Scanning)

在拿到一篇英文閱讀材料時(shí)，先通過略讀快速瀏覽標(biāo)題及全文的重要信息，看看這篇文章是否是自己感興趣的或者對(duì)自己有用的，來決定是否需要進(jìn)一步精讀下去；通過掃讀則可以快速尋找自己想要找到的信息。

2 細(xì)節(jié)閱讀 (Detailed Reading)

在確定需要認(rèn)真讀一篇英文閱讀材料之后，則需要通過逐字閱讀的細(xì)節(jié)閱讀來真正理解文章的內(nèi)容、論述。細(xì)節(jié)閱讀顯然要慢于掃讀，在做細(xì)節(jié)閱讀之前可以先看一下開篇段落和結(jié)論來把握全文的主題。在做細(xì)節(jié)閱讀時(shí)要對(duì)文章的重要觀點(diǎn)、事實(shí)以及數(shù)字敏感。

在閱讀時(shí)可以做文本標(biāo)記以及做筆記來更好的理解文章：

段落層面：

大部分文章的段落在開頭處會(huì)有主題句

大部分文章的段落在結(jié)尾處會(huì)有一個(gè)結(jié)論

對(duì)那些沒有結(jié)論的段落，多半包含了解釋和論述的過程。

句子層面：

從總體上把握句子的意思

找到一句話中的關(guān)鍵詞

讀懂單詞在句子中的含義

可以在全程使用自己的方式來做標(biāo)識(shí)和筆記。

3 猜測生詞(Guessing Unknown Words)

在閱讀英語文章時(shí)，不可避免會(huì)遇到生詞，建議在閱讀第一遍時(shí)，不要去查詞典，而是通過技巧猜測詞義，等閱讀結(jié)束之后在去查閱生詞。

1) 利用上下文線索（Using contest clues）

2) 分析構(gòu)詞法 （Analyzing word-formation）

3) 利用語法以及標(biāo)點(diǎn)線索（Using grammar and punctuation clues）

4 識(shí)別文章結(jié)構(gòu)(Recognizing Reading Structure)

閱讀一篇英語文章時(shí)，一定要從文章的整體框架邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)去把握全文。

不同的段落通常會(huì)包含一個(gè)主題句；

理解文章中的代詞所指；

理解一個(gè)段落怎樣展開的（最常見的結(jié)構(gòu)是主題句 支撐細(xì)節(jié)）

5 看懂大意(Understanding the Main Idea)

理解文章的中心意思很重要，在閱讀英語文章時(shí)，要先把握全文的中心思想以及每個(gè)段落的大意。

中心思想一般會(huì)出現(xiàn)在標(biāo)題處以及一段話的開頭／結(jié)尾／中間的位置。

怎樣快速找到文章的中心思想請(qǐng)參看思維導(dǎo)圖中的總結(jié)。

6 識(shí)別信號(hào)詞(Recognizing Signal Words)

信號(hào)詞可以體現(xiàn)意義之間的連接，通過把握信號(hào)詞，可以快速識(shí)別文章的邏輯論述結(jié)構(gòu)。以下列舉最常見的物種類型信號(hào)詞以及舉例

1) 強(qiáng)調(diào)型信號(hào)詞（ Emphasis Words）

most of all a significant factor, a primary concern, a key feature, the main value, especially valuable, mot noteworthy, remember that, a major event, the chief outcome, the principal item, pay particular attention to, the chief factor, a vital force, above all, central issue, a distinctive quality, especially relevant, should be noted, the most substantial issue.

2) 附加型信號(hào)詞（Addition Words）

also, another,finally, first, first of all for one thing, furthermore, in addition, last of all, likewise, moreover, next, and, second, the third reason.....

3) 對(duì)照型信號(hào)詞（Comparison & Contrast Words）

like, likewise, just, unlike, equally, in the same way, lake similarly, just as,

4) 解釋型信號(hào)詞 （Illustration Words）

for example, to illustrate, specifically, once, for instance, once, such as

5) 因果型信號(hào)詞（Cause-and-Effect Words）

because, therefore, so that, cause, reason, effect, thus, consequently, since, as a result, if...then, result in

練習(xí)

下面這篇文章的出處見注釋1，為了方便同屏閱讀，把文章摘抄在下方。

如果感興趣，可以用這篇文章來做練習(xí)所有本篇文章提高的閱讀技巧。

我以“技巧4識(shí)別文章結(jié)構(gòu)”為例，把我對(duì)這篇文章理解的框架結(jié)構(gòu)用思維導(dǎo)讀的方式放在這里，在你讀完之后，可以對(duì)照參考，看看你是否把握了全文的基本結(jié)構(gòu)以及論證的方法。

原創(chuàng)思維導(dǎo)圖轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處

Secrets of Straight-A Students  全優(yōu)生的秘訣

This text is taken from Improve Your English Through Comprehension Practice by Christina Lim Cher Kee. System Publishing House Pte. Ltd. Singapore. 2001.

A professor of education who has conducted major studies of super-achieving students revealed that top grades do not always go to the brightest students. According to him, other education experts top students themselves, it is far more important for a student to know how to make the most of his or her innate abilities.

The students at the top of the class attain academic excellence by mastering a few basic principles that others can easily learn. To begin with, top students know how to set their priorities right. Study time is never compromised for phone calls, television programmes or snacks. In other words, it is always placed above recreation. In addition, top students make a point of study anywhere or everywhere. A top student who is also a top athlete memorises biology terms as he works out every day. Another student learns a new word every morning while brushing his teeth. Among all the students interviewed, every one agreed that study times are strictly a matter of personal preference. Some thrive at night when all is silent. Others prefer to study as soon as they come home from school when the lessons are fresh in their minds. However, all agreed that consistency is a main factor if one is to perform well at all times.

A student must also learn to be organised. For example, a top student who is actively involved in his school band, track field, rugby association debate team disclosed that he keeps his things in their proper places because he simply cannot afford time-wasting searches. Another student immediately files the day's notes in colour-coded folders so that they are available for review nearing examination time.Another technique advocated by top students is to read effectively. This includes speed-reading, improving one's memory or retention ability, actively asking questions that will lead to a full understanding of the author's message.

It is also important for students to know how to schedule their time. They must know how to pace each assignment or project according to their daily timetable work ability so that they might not be overwhelmed by the tasks at hand. Being able to set timetables not only allows students more time to review polish their work, it also prevents them from procrastinating. Top students believe that a secret of their success is the taking down of good notes during lessons using them for revision. One student revealed that she writes notes from the text on one side of her notebook those from her teachers' lectures on the other side. This allows her to review both aspects of each lesson at once. The student also revealed that instead of wasting time whispering to friends getting ready to rush out of the class just before the bell rings, she uses those few minutes to jot down a two or three-sentence summary of the lesson's principal points. She then scans the notes to refresh her memory before the next day's class.

Another winning formula which teachers promote lies in a student's ability to hin neat work. According to one professor, the student who turns in neat work is already on the way to scoring an A. In the classroom context, it is equally important for students to speak up ask questions. This is perhaps the best way for a student to clarify any doubts. Classroom participation also demonstrates a student's intellectual curiosity. As a student concisely puts it, 'Better grades come from better understanding.'

The value of studying together was demonstrated in an experiment conducted at one top university. The study revealed that students who discussed homework problems together, tried different approaches explained their solutions to one another scored higher than those who laboured on their own. The experiment also illuminated the value of hypothetical tests conducted among the students on their own. This means that students frame tentative test questions based on their notes give each other or themselves written examinations the day before a test. Experts confirmed that students who devise possible test questions often find many of the same questions during the real examination thus score higher.

Another technique employed by top students is to do more than the assigned homework. A student revealed that if her teacher gives five problems, she will undertake ten. In the student's words, 'Part of learning is practising. The more you practise, the more you learn.' Last but not least, all experts top students agree that the most important 'secret' of super-achievers lies in the crucial contribution by parents. From infancy, super-achievers were taught the importance of learning by their parents. The latter set high standards for their children held them to those standards. They encouraged their children in their studies but did not undertake the work for them. Instead of pressuring their children, these parents were always loving, gentle took pains to explain motivate. They impressed the lessons of responsibility on their children, the children delivered.

注：本文內(nèi)容總結(jié)自《致用大學(xué)英語快速閱讀教程》

1, Secrets of Straight-A Students (taken from Improve Your English Through Comprehension Practice by Christina Lim Cher Kee. System Publishing House Pte. Ltd. Singapore. 2001.）

2，兩張思維導(dǎo)圖都是原圖上傳，試了好多次發(fā)現(xiàn)手機(jī)上看不清楚，在電腦端點(diǎn)擊查看原圖就能看的比較清楚。