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實用播音教程普通話語音和播音發(fā)聲 下篇 [4]

 天地虛懷xia 2018-12-23

教學目的:                                                                      

     了解和掌握普通話常見的語流音變,更好地學習使用普通話。                                                                                                                           

教學重點:                                                                       

    輕聲、兒化、變調和語氣詞“啊”的音變。。                                                                                                                                                                                 

教學難點:                     

    輕聲的發(fā)音,兒化的發(fā)音,上聲的變調,“啊”的音變。                                                                                                                                                                                  

教學內容:                                                                                                                                               

 

在語流中,相鄰音節(jié)的相鄰音素不免互相影響.產生語音變化,這種語音變化叫語流音變。

普通話常見的語流音變主要有:

輕聲,兒化,變調、語氣詞“啊”的音變。                                                                                                                                                                                                           

                                                        

一、輕聲                                                        

輕聲的特點是發(fā)音時音強弱,音長短。                                                                                        

輕聲對某些詞或短語有區(qū)別詞義的作用。例如:                                                                 

    兄弟xiōnɡdi  (指弟弟)      兄弟 xiōnɡdì  (指哥哥和弟弟)                                                

是非shìfei  (口舌、糾紛)    是非 shìfēi  (正確和錯誤)                                                

    東西 dōnɡxi  (物件)        東西 dōnɡ-xī (指方向東和西)                                                     

    大意 dàyi  (疏忽)          大意 dàyì  (主要意思)                                                                                       

                                                                                

    輕聲對某些詞有區(qū)別詞義和詞性的作用。如:                                                                       

對頭 duìtou (仇敵、對手,名詞)  利害 lìhɑi  (劇烈、兇猛,形容詞)                                              

對頭 duìtóu (正確、合適,形容詞)利害 lìhài  (利益和損害,名詞)                                               

另外,還有一部分雙音節(jié)詞第二個音節(jié)習慣上都讀輕聲,并沒有區(qū)別詞義或詞性的作用。如:                                                                                                 

   扁擔    巴結    糧食    駱駝    石榴    商量    窗戶    闊氣                               

   明白    柴火    包袱    蘿卜    葡萄    耳朵    爺爺    多么                                      

 

在普通話中,下列一些成分都應讀成輕聲。                                                                

1.“吧、嗎、呢、—啊”等語氣詞。如:                                                                         

    走吧    去嗎    怎么呢    不行啊                                                                           

2.助詞“的、得、著、了、過、們”。如:                                                                               

    我的    慢慢的    好得很    說著    跑了    做過   同學們                                                     

3.名詞的后綴“子、兒、頭”等。如:                                                                     

    桌子  石頭  鳥兒                                                                                                   

4.個別量詞。如:                                                                                                    

    一個                                                                                               

5.方位詞,原調、輕聲兩可,但輕聲語感更好。如:                                                                                         

    家里  墻上  地下  外邊                                                                                   

6.趨向動詞,原調、輕聲兩可,但輕聲語感更好。如;                                                                                                

    回來    干起來    走出去    收下                                                                                                               

7.重疊動詞的末一個音節(jié)。如:                                                                               

    看看  寫寫  讀讀                                                                                    

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           

 

 

二、變  調                                                  

由于鄰近音節(jié)聲調的影響,有些音節(jié)的聲調往往要發(fā)生變化,這種現(xiàn)象叫變調。                                                                                                                               

1.上聲的變調                                                                                                                          

(一) 上聲在非上聲(陰平、陽平、去聲)前面變成半上,即由214變?yōu)?11。  如:                                                               

在陰平前: 首都   北京   始終   普通   老師   小說   展開   產生                              

在陽平前: 祖國   海洋   語言   旅行   改良   古文   拱門   趕忙                                  

在去聲前: 感謝   崗哨   翡翠   晚飯   朗誦   準確   解放   法定                                

(二) 上聲在上聲前面,前一個上聲變成陽平,調值變?yōu)?5。如:                                                       

   領導    勇敢    水果    選舉    島嶼    打掃    場景    采取                                      

   筆挺    把守    美好    野草    惱火    理想    膽敢                                                     

AAB式                                                                                                             

   展覽館     洗臉水     虎骨酒     管理組                                                                              

ABB式                                                                                                  

   好領導     廠黨委     柳組長     紙老虎                                                       

AABB式                                                                                                   

永遠友好yǒnɡyuǎn yǒuhǎo→yónɡyuǎn yóuhǎo   

豈有此理qǐyǒucǐlǐ→qíyǒucílǐ                  

                                                                                                          

2.“一、不”的變調                                                                                               

(一) “一”的變調                                                                                                      

“一”在單念或在詞句末時念原調 (陰平)。如:                                                                

      不管三七二十一    全國第一    一、二、一                                                          

“一”在陰平、陽平、上聲前面時,變?yōu)槿ヂ暋H纾?nbsp;                                                                     

   在陰平前:  一般   一邊   一天   一生   一瞥     一端   一絲                                      

   在陽平前:  一頭   一直   一行   一時    一齊   一團   一條                                        

   在上聲前:  一統(tǒng)   一體   一起   一總   一早   一舉   一己                                                 

“一”在去聲前面變?yōu)殛柶?。如?nbsp;                                                                            

一道  一半  一并  一定  一度  一律  一再  一貫  一切  一致                                                     

(二) “不”的變調                                                                                                                          

“不”單念或在句末念原調 (去聲),如“不,我不?!?nbsp;                                                               

“不”在陰平、陽平、上聲前面也念去聲。如:                                                                

   在陰平前:  不安   不單   不支   不堪   不公   不屈   不消                                

   在陽平前:  不成   不曾   不迭   不凡   不符     不才   不然                                         

   在上聲前:  不齒   不等   不法   不軌   不久   不朽   不許                                                                   

“不”在去聲前面變?yōu)殛柶?。如?nbsp;                                                                   

不外  不幸  不論  不愧  不但  不肖  不遜  不屑  不適                                        

                                                                 

“一、不”的變調規(guī)律列表如下:                                                        

                        

一                                            

不                                    

單說或在詞句末尾             

陰平                                          

去聲                                

在陰平、陽平、上聲前           

去聲                               

去聲                                   

在去聲前                     

陽平                       

陽平                            

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  

 

 

 

作業(yè):朗讀短文                                                                                              

                                                                                                                

在繁華的巴黎大街的路旁,站著一個衣衫襤褸、頭發(fā)斑白、雙目失明的老人。他不像其他乞丐那樣伸手向過路行人乞討,而是在身旁立一塊木牌,上面寫著:“我什么也看不見!”街上過往的行人很多,看了木牌上的字都無動于衷,有的還淡淡一笑,便姍姍而去了。                                                 

 這天中午,法國著名詩人讓·彼浩勒也經(jīng)過這里。他看看木牌上的字,問盲老人:“老人家,今天上午有人給你錢嗎?”                                                                                    

 盲老人嘆息著回答:“我,我什么也沒有得到?!闭f著,臉上的神情非常悲傷。                                            

讓·彼浩勒聽了,拿起筆悄悄地在那行字的前面添上了“春天到了,可是”幾個字,就匆匆地離開了。                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   

                                                                                     

                                                                                                     

                                                                                                                                                         

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                

三、語氣詞“啊”的音變   

                                                                                                                                                                  

“啊”用在句子末尾的時候,由于受到前面音節(jié)末尾音素的影響,讀音發(fā)生種種變化。其變化規(guī)律如下:                                                              

(一) 前面音素是 ɑ、o (ɑo、iɑo 除外) 、ê 、i 、ü 時讀yɑ ,漢字寫作“呀”。例如:                                                                                                   

1.是他呀?                2.好多呀!              3.是你哥哥呀!                                            

4.應該注意節(jié)約呀!        5.要認真學習呀!        6.好大的魚呀!                                         

(二) 前面的音素是u (包括 ɑo 、iɑo ,因為。實際上是稍緊的u ),讀成 wɑ ,漢字寫作“哇”。例如:                                                                                               

1.寫得多好哇!         2.他的手多巧哇!        3.這是一本好書哇!                                           

4.小李真是個多面手哇!    5.我們激動的心潮哇!    6.有沒有哇?                                                                              

(三) 前面的音素是n ,讀成 nɑ ,漢字寫作“哪”。例如:                                                       

1.多好看哪!    2.你走路可要小心哪。  3.他真是個不知疲倦的人哪!                              

(四) 前面的音素是nɡ ,讀成nɡɑ ,漢字仍寫作“啊”。例如:                                                  

1.大家一齊唱啊!   2.下午勞動啊!   3.這可不成啊!   4.歌聲多好聽啊!                                                      

(五) 前面的音素是 -i (舌尖后元音)、er ,讀rɑ ,漢字仍寫作“啊”。例如:                                                                                

1.這究竟是怎么回事啊!    2.用什么紙啊!     3.今年六十二啊!                                   

(六) 前面的音素是 -i (舌尖前元音),讀成 zɑ ,漢字仍寫作“啊”。例如:                                                      

1.兩個什么字啊?   2.哪個公司啊?   3.你就去過一次啊!                                                                                                                                                         

“啊”的音變情況可以歸納為下表:                                                  

“啊”前面音節(jié)的韻母               

“啊”前面音節(jié)末尾的音素        

“啊”的音變        

漢字寫法             

ɑ  iɑ  uɑ   ie üe          

ɑ ê                  

yɑ                

呀                

ɑi  uɑi  ei  uei ü               

ü                         

yɑ                 

呀                         

 ou  iou  ɑo  iɑo                

                               

wɑ               

哇                                   

ɑn  iɑn  uɑn  üɑn                  

en  in  uen  ün               

                 

nɑ             

哪                                    

ɑnɡ  iɑnɡ  uɑnɡ  enɡ               

inɡ  uenɡ  onɡ  ionɡ                  

nɡ                         

nɡɑ              

啊                                                     

-i                         

-i (舌尖后音)                            

rɑ                

啊                                  

-i                                    

-i (舌尖前音)               

zɑ               

啊                                                        

                                                                                                                                                                              

 

四、兒  化                                                                                                                                                       

1.兒化的性質                                                                                                                                                                                                                        

兒化發(fā)音的基本規(guī)則,取決于韻母的末尾音素是否便于卷舌。                                                        

(一) 便于卷舌,是指韻母的末尾音素是舌位較低或較后的元音( ɑ 、o 、e 、ê 、u )。兒化時原韻母不變,直接卷舌。如,花兒huār 、兔兒tùr 。                                                      

(二) 不便于卷舌,是指韻母的末尾音素是前、高元音( 、ü ),舌尖元音( -i ),或鼻韻尾( 、nɡ ),末尾音素的舌位與卷舌動作發(fā)生沖突。兒化韻的發(fā)音要領分別是:                                       

1.丟掉韻尾 、n 、nɡ ,主要元音卷舌,如:ɑi→ɑr小孩兒,en→er份兒飯;后鼻韻母丟掉韻尾 nɡ 后,主要元音同時鼻化,如:iɑnɡ→i?r娘兒倆。字母上的“~”表示元音鼻化?!                                                         ?/span>

2.主要元音是i、ü 的(如 i 、in 、u 、ün 以及inɡ ),加er。如i→ier玩意兒,in→ier皮筋兒,ü→üer閨女兒,ün→üer短裙兒,inɡ→i?r電影兒。                               

3.舌尖元音 i (前、后)換成er,如ci→cer沒詞兒,shi→sher有事兒。                            

2.兒化的作用                                                                                                              

兒化在有些詞里有確定詞性的作用。如:                                           

畫(動詞)__畫兒(名詞)            蓋(動詞)__蓋兒(名詞)                                            

活(形容詞)__活兒(名詞)      尖(形容詞)__尖兒(名詞)                                        

零碎(形容詞)__零碎兒(名詞)                                     

兒化對有些詞有區(qū)別詞義的作用。如:                                                    

   頭(指腦袋)__頭兒(指領頭的人)    信(指信件)__信兒(指信息)                                      

兒化對有些同音詞有區(qū)分詞義的作用。如:                                           

   拉鏈兒(即拉鎖)——拉練(行軍、野營、鍛煉)                                 

                                 兒化后,有的表示細小、輕微的意思。如:                                          

   小刀兒    藥丸兒    一點兒    樹枝兒    木棍兒    紙條兒                           

還有的表示說話人的喜愛、親切的感情。如:                                       

   小孩兒    老頭兒    小臉蛋兒    鮮花兒    油畫兒    山歌兒                                   

   您慢慢兒走。    說說貼心的話兒。    有工夫來玩兒!                                          

有些習慣上兒化,如“旁邊兒”,“圓圈兒”,“走道兒”,“帶個信兒”等?!敖駜骸?今日),“明兒”(明日)等是“日”字變來的;“這兒”(這里),“那兒”(那里)等是“里”字變來的。                                                       

   

 五、詞的輕重格式發(fā)音訓練                                                                                                    

 1、 什么是詞的輕重格式
    組成一段語流的各音節(jié)聲音響亮程度并不完全相等,有的音節(jié)在語流中聽起來聲音比其他音節(jié)響亮,就是重音音節(jié);有的音節(jié)聽起來比較微弱,就是輕音音節(jié)。 介于二者之間的我們稱為中。

  普通話雙音節(jié)詞聽起來往往是后一音節(jié)比較重;三音節(jié)詞一般是中間音節(jié)較輕,前后兩音節(jié)較重。除三音節(jié)詞的中間音節(jié)明顯變輕以外,各音節(jié)之間的輕重差別并不明顯,改變重音位置對詞義和語法結構也沒有影響。例如,“工事”和“攻勢”、“散步”和“散布”、“公雞”和“攻擊”是三組同音詞,詞義和語法結構都不相同,重音一般在后一音節(jié),但也可以移到后一音節(jié),這時語義和語法結構都沒有變化,只不過有時表示語義重點是在前一音節(jié)而已。   

2、雙音節(jié)詞的輕重格式及發(fā)音訓練

             A:中重格式,占70%,  
             如:日食 冬至 天亮 花生 民主 心慌 性急  
               B:重輕式,占17%, 
               如:事情 月亮  打算

         C:重中式,占5%,可做重輕式,總數(shù)不多,  
                 如:經(jīng)驗 視覺 界限 記者

3、三音節(jié)詞語的輕重格式

       A:中中重

   播音員 收音機 天安門

        B:中重輕

      槍桿子 老頭子 胡蘿卜 牛脾氣

        C:中輕重

   小不點 說得來 大不了 對不起

4、 四音節(jié)詞語的輕重格式及發(fā)音訓練

   A:中重中重

豐衣足食 耳濡目染 龍飛鳳舞 花好月圓

   B:中輕中重

  社會主義 高高興興 大大方方 奧林匹克

  C:重中中重

慘不忍睹 諸如此類 義不容辭

  提示:掌握詞的輕重格式,才能把話說得清楚自然,符號普通話的要求。詞的輕重格式是約定俗成的,不是規(guī)定的。

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