1.人稱代詞的語(yǔ)法要點(diǎn):

(1)人稱代詞的基本用法:人稱代詞有主格和賓格之分，主格有1, you, he, she, it, we, they等，它們?cè)诰渲凶髦髡Z(yǔ)用，賓格有me, you, him, her, It, us, you, them等，它們?cè)诰渲凶鲃?dòng)詞或介詞的賓語(yǔ)。

(2)人稱代詞的排序:有兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以，上的人稱代詞并列時(shí)，一般是這樣排序的:單數(shù)按2-3-1;復(fù)數(shù)按1-2-3。但在承認(rèn)錯(cuò)誤時(shí)，就將l(我)放在最前面了。如:

You, he, and I are good friends. 你我他都是好朋友。

We, you and they have been invited to the party.你們我們和他們都被邀請(qǐng)參加那個(gè)晚會(huì)。

(3)人稱代詞后接名詞用作同位語(yǔ):有時(shí)人稱代詞后可接人稱代詞用作同位語(yǔ)。如:We girls often go to the movies together.我們女孩子經(jīng)常一起去看電影。He asked you boys to be quiet.他要你們男孩子安靜些。

2.物主代詞的語(yǔ)法要點(diǎn):

物主代詞有形容詞性和名詞性兩種，形容詞性物主代詞my ，your, his, her, its, our, their只在名詞前作定語(yǔ)，名詞性物主代詞mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs不能作定語(yǔ)，但可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或與of連用作后置定語(yǔ)。如:

Yours seems bigger than mine.你的似乎要比我的大些。

My pronunciation is poor. His is even worse.我的語(yǔ)音不好，他的更差。

3.反身代詞的語(yǔ)法要點(diǎn):

(1)反身代詞的基本用法:反身代詞有mysel, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves等。它們?cè)诰渥又兄饕米髻e語(yǔ)或同位語(yǔ)。如:

l don't blame you; I blame myself.我不怪你，我怪我自己。Don't trouble to come over yourself.你不必費(fèi)神親自來(lái)了。

(2)反身代詞用作表語(yǔ):反身代詞在be, feel, look, seem等系動(dòng)詞后作表浯，表示身體或精神狀態(tài)處于正常。如:

I don't know what's the matter with me. I'm not myself today.我不知道怎么啦。今天我感覺(jué)不舒服。

4.指示代詞的語(yǔ)法要點(diǎn):

(1)指示代詞的基本用法:指示代詞包括this, that, these, those等，它們?cè)诰渲屑瓤捎米鞔~，也可用作形容詞。一般說(shuō)來(lái)，this, these表示近指，而that, those則表示遠(yuǎn)指'。

(2)指示代詞指上文還是指下文:指上文提到的事多用that,有時(shí)用this,指下文的事只能用this。如:

-He was nearly drowned once.-When was ____ ?

-____ was in 1998 when he was in mlddle school,

A. that; t B. this; This C. this; It D. that; This答案是A。指_上文提到的事多用that, it指時(shí)間。

(3)電話用語(yǔ)中的指示代詞:在電話用語(yǔ)中指自己用this,指對(duì)方用that, 不用l或you。 如:

'Who's that?' 'This is Mary speaking.'你是哪位? '” 我是瑪麗。

(4)指示代詞受定語(yǔ)從句的修飾:指示代詞that, those后可接定語(yǔ)從句; - 般說(shuō)來(lái)，that后接which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句， tho se后接who弓導(dǎo)的定浯從句。如:

They say the only real knowledge is that which can be measured.據(jù)說(shuō)唯一真實(shí)的知識(shí)是 可以檢驗(yàn)的知識(shí)。

Only those who had boked in advance were allowed in.只有那些預(yù)先訂票的人可以進(jìn)去。

(5)指示代詞用作替代詞: that, those有時(shí)可用作替代詞，用以替代前面提到過(guò)的人或事物。如:

My seat is next to that of the mayor.我的座位在市長(zhǎng)座位旁邊。

Waves of red light are about twice as long as those of blue lIght.紅色光線的波長(zhǎng)約為藍(lán)色波長(zhǎng)的兩倍。

5.疑問(wèn)代詞的語(yǔ)法要點(diǎn)：

(1)疑問(wèn)代詞的基本用法:疑問(wèn)代詞有what, which, who, whom, whose等，主要用于引出特殊疑問(wèn)句。what除可用來(lái)詢問(wèn)人的身份外，一般指物; which可指人也可指物; who, whom, whose一般指人。

(2) what與which的區(qū)別: 一般說(shuō)來(lái)，沒(méi)有一定的范圍時(shí)，用what, 其意為”什么”; 有一定范圍時(shí)，用which, 其意為“(其中的)哪一個(gè)”。如：

What is the best book you've ever read?你曾經(jīng)讀過(guò)的最好的書(shū)是哪本?

Which of these books is the best?這些書(shū)哪一本最好?

(3)疑問(wèn)代詞的綜合考查:在高考英語(yǔ)中有時(shí)命題者會(huì)將疑問(wèn)代詞與其他知識(shí)點(diǎn)進(jìn)行綜合考查，如將疑問(wèn)代詞與強(qiáng)調(diào)句結(jié)合起來(lái)考查。如:

——( ) that he manage to get the informaticn?

——Oh, a friend of us helped him.

A. Where was it B. What was it C. How was it D. Why was it

解析:答案選C。從四個(gè)選項(xiàng)來(lái)看,似乎只是考查疑問(wèn)詞where, what, how, why的辯析與選擇，其實(shí)它還結(jié)合了強(qiáng)調(diào)句的知識(shí)進(jìn)行考查，根據(jù)答語(yǔ)中的a friend of his helped him可知，問(wèn)句問(wèn)的是方式，故選how was it。

6.替代詞it, that, (the) one(s), those的用法：

(1) it和that的用法:兩者都可替代'the+單數(shù)名詞(可數(shù)或不可數(shù))'，均表特指，但it指前面提到的“同一”事物，而that是指前面提到的“同類'事物。如:

①The Parkers bought a new house but___ will need a lot of work before they can move in.

A. they B. it C. one D. which

解析:答案選B。it替代'the + house'，指的就是前面提到的the Parkers所買的那座新房子。

②)Few pleasures can equal_ of a cool drink on a hot day. A. some B. any C. that D. those

解析:答案選C: that替代the pleasure,指與前面提到的同屬“快樂(lè)的事”。

(2)替代詞one的用法: one用以替代'a+ 單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞'，表示泛指。特指的the one相當(dāng)于that; the one復(fù)數(shù)形式the ones,在口語(yǔ)中也常用those代替;當(dāng)后面有of短語(yǔ)時(shí)，一般用that或those,當(dāng)有前置修飾語(yǔ)時(shí)，只能用one(s), 如the red one。one(s), the one(s), those, that都是替代”同類'事物，其中只有that可替代不可數(shù)名詞。如:

①We needed a new cupboard for the kitchen. So Peter made___ from some wood we had.A.it B. one C，himself D. another解析:答案選B，one替 代a cupboard,

②Mr Zhang gave the textbooks to all the puplls except____ who had already taken them.A. the ones B. ones C. some D. the others

解析:答案選A,后直的定語(yǔ)從句是特指，the ones替f代the pupils。此處也可用those.

7.不定代詞some與any的用法:

在通常情況下, some要用于肯定句,在否定句或疑向句中，一般用any代替。但是,這只是一般情況。在某些特殊情況下, some也可用于疑何句和否定句。

(1)some用于疑問(wèn)句: 一是用于可預(yù)料答語(yǔ)'是“的問(wèn)句中,二是用于表示請(qǐng)求或建議的疑問(wèn)句。如:Did some of you sleep on the floor?你們有人睡在地板上嗎?

Would you like some more fruit?你要不要再吃點(diǎn)水果?

(2) some用于肯定句，any用于否定句主要見(jiàn)于以下情形:

①Some、any都可用于部分否定的句子中，但含義不同。比較:

I do not like any of the films.這些電影中我一部也不喜歡。

I don't like some of the films.這些電影中的某一些電影我不喜歡。

I don't like some one of the films.這些電影中某一部我不喜歡。

②Some可用于否定句,但在否定范圍之外。如:

I haven't seen Tom for some years.我有好幾年沒(méi)有見(jiàn)到湯姆了.

Some of the students didn't see the film.其中有些學(xué)生沒(méi)有看這部電影。

③some若用于否定句則表示特別的強(qiáng)調(diào)。如:

It should be for all our children, not just some.這應(yīng)該適用于我們所有的兒童;而不僅僅是某些孩子。

④some用于否定句介詞without之后。如:

It's risky to buy a car without some good advice.不作些咨詢就去買車是有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的.

⑤若在without后用any,則所表示的含義是'沒(méi)有任何'、'沒(méi)有一點(diǎn)ル'之意. 如:

We did the work without any difficulty.我們干這工作沒(méi)有任何困難。

8.few,a few與little, a little的用法:

(1) few和a few的用法;其后要接可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式，few表示數(shù)量很少或幾平?jīng)]有:強(qiáng)調(diào)'少',含有否定意乂; afew表示數(shù)量屆雖然少但畢竟還有,強(qiáng)調(diào)'有',含有肯定意文。比較:

It is very dificult，and few people understand it.它很難沒(méi)幾個(gè)人能懂。

It is very diffcult. but a few people understand it. 它很難，但還有一些人懂。

(2) little和a little的用法:其后接不可數(shù)名詞,其用法區(qū)別跟few，a few之間區(qū)別相似。如:Unfortunately, I had little money on me.很不巧，我身上沒(méi)帶什么錢。Fortunately, I had a little money on me.幸好我身上帶著一點(diǎn)錢。

9.other, the other, another與others的用法：

有些不定代詞不反在含義上有單復(fù)數(shù)之分,而且在用法上有泛指(無(wú)the)和特指(有the)之別。其用法區(qū)別可歸納如下:

(1)指單數(shù)時(shí)的區(qū)別:若泛指用another, 若特指用the other。如:Give me another (one).另外給我 一個(gè)。

Shut the other eye, please.靖把另一只眼晴 也閉上.

(2)指復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)的區(qū)別:若泛指用other(后接復(fù)數(shù)名詞);若特指用the other(后接復(fù)數(shù)名司)。如:There are other ways of doing it. 做這件事還有其他的辦法。

Where have the other students gone?其他學(xué)生都到哪里去了?

( 3) others的用法:它永遠(yuǎn)表示復(fù)數(shù)意義(且其后不能再接名詞):其用法大致相當(dāng)于'other+復(fù)數(shù)名同,同樣地the others大政相當(dāng)于'the other 的復(fù)數(shù)名詞。如:

Other people [Others] may not think that way.別的人可能不這樣想。

He is cleverer than the cthers Ithe ather stucents] in her class.他比班H其他學(xué)生聡明.

(4) another的用法: 一般只能表單數(shù),且具后接名詞也只能接單數(shù)名詞。但是若其后有數(shù)詞或few修飾時(shí)也可接復(fù)數(shù)名詞。如:

We need another few chairs.我們還需要幾把椅子。

In another two weeks l'll be finished.再過(guò)兩個(gè)星期我就可做完了。

10.復(fù)合不定代詞的用法:

復(fù)合不定代詞包括something, somebody, sommeone, anything. anybody, anyone, nothing, nobody, no one, everything, everybody, everyone等。它們?cè)诰渲锌捎米髦髡Z(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)，但不能用作定語(yǔ)。something, someone等和anything, anyone等的區(qū)別與some和any的區(qū)別一樣，前者一般用于肯定句，后者一般用于否定句、疑問(wèn)句或條件句。具體使用時(shí)應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn):

(1)其定語(yǔ)修飾語(yǔ)的位置:復(fù)合不定代詞有定語(yǔ)修飾時(shí)，定語(yǔ)應(yīng)放在它們后面:如:There is nothing wrong with the radio.這收音機(jī)沒(méi)有毛病。

Have you seen anyone (anybody) famous?你見(jiàn)過(guò)名人嗎?

(2)復(fù)合不定代詞與指示代詞:指人的復(fù)合不定代詞若用作主語(yǔ)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)，相應(yīng)的人稱代詞和物主代詞也用單數(shù)he, him, his (不一定指男性)。但在非正式文體中常用復(fù)數(shù)代詞they, them, their,如:

If anybody comes, ask him [themI towait.要足有人來(lái):讓他等著。

指事物的復(fù)合不定代詞若用作主話，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞只能用單數(shù)，相應(yīng)的人稱代詞也只能用it,而不用they。如:

Everything is ready,isn't it?一切都準(zhǔn)備好了 ,是嗎?

(3)其后是否接of短語(yǔ): anyone, everyone等只能指人，不能指物，且其后一般不接of 短語(yǔ)。若是指物或后接of短語(yǔ),可用any one, every one (分開(kāi)寫)。如:

any one of the boys (books)孩子們(書(shū))當(dāng)中的任何一個(gè)(本)

every one of the students (schools)每一個(gè)學(xué)生(一所學(xué)校)

11.表示兩者或表示三者的不定代詞：

(1)基本區(qū)別:用于指兩者的不定代詞主裝有both, either, neither, 用于指三者或三者以上的不定代詞主要有any, none, every。比較:

Both of my parents are coctors. 我的父母都是醫(yī)生。

All of the students are Interested in it.所有的學(xué)生對(duì)此都很感興趣。

He has two sons, neither of them is rich.他有兩個(gè)兒子，都不富有。

He has three sons, none of them is rich.他有三個(gè)兒子，都不富有。

(2) each與every的細(xì)微區(qū)別: each 可用于兩者、三者或三者以上，而every只用于三者或三者以上;因此用于兩者時(shí)只能用each,不能用every。如不能說(shuō): There are trees on every side of the road.

(3) none與no one的細(xì)微區(qū)別: none可指人或物，一般要接表示范圍的of短語(yǔ)，可回答how many/much; no one只能指人(=nobody),不能接of短語(yǔ),可回答who。

(4)關(guān)于not..any (either):不定代詞any和either用 于否定句時(shí)，只能放在否定詞之后，不能放在否定詞之前。

如:誤: Any people can't come in. (可改為: No one can come in.)

誤： Either brother is clever. (可改為: Neither brother is clever)

12.不定代詞與部分否定：

不定代詞all, both, every等與not連用時(shí)構(gòu)成部分否定;若要表示完全否定，則需換用none, neither, no one等。比較:

All of the students like the book所有這些學(xué)生都喜歡這本書(shū)。

Not all of the studentls like the book并非所有這些學(xué)生都音歡這本書(shū)。

None of the students like the book.這些學(xué)生中沒(méi)有-個(gè)喜歡這本書(shū)。

13.關(guān)系代詞的用法：

主要的關(guān)系代詞有that, who, whom, whose, which,as等。其中who, whom只用于指人，which, as只用于指事物，whose, that既可于指人也可由于指物。關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句主要先于主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)(可以省格)、表語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ):

He is the man who [that] lives next dcor.他就是就是住在隔壁的那個(gè)人。

How do you like the photo that [which] I took?你覺(jué)得我拍的這張照片怎么樣?

This is the same waltch as I lost.這塊表跟我丟失的那塊一樣。

I want to find someone with whom I could dlscuss muslc.我想找個(gè)能和我淡音樂(lè)的人

She received an invitation from her boss, which came as a surprise.她收到了老板的邀詰，這是她意想不到的。

14.關(guān)系代詞that與which的用法區(qū)別：

兩者都可指物，?？苫Q。其區(qū)別主要在于:

(1)通常要用which的場(chǎng)合:

①引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，適常要用which。如:

She received an invitation from her boss, which came as a surprise.她收到了老板的邀請(qǐng)，這是她意想不到的。

②直接放在介詞后作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常要用which.如:

The tool with which he is working is called a hammer.他干活用的那個(gè)工具叫做錘子。

(2)通常多用that的場(chǎng)合:

1)當(dāng)先行詞是下列不定代詞或被它們修飾時(shí)，如much, little， none, all， few, every(thing), anything), no(thing)等時(shí)，通常用that:

All [Everything] that can be done must be done.凡能做的手都必須做。

但在現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中:在something, anything, everything等之后用which引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的現(xiàn)象也很普通。

2)當(dāng)先行詞有the very, the only, the same等修飾時(shí)，通常用that.如：

This is the only exa mple that I know.我知道的例子只有這一個(gè)。

Those are the very words that he used.那是他的原話。

3)當(dāng)先行詞有形容詞最高級(jí)或序數(shù)詞(包括last, first等)修飾時(shí)，通常月that。如:

This is the best dictionary that I've ever used.這是我用過(guò)的最好的訂典。

The first thing that you should do is to work out a plan.你應(yīng)該做的第一件 事是訂個(gè)計(jì)劃。

4)當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中用作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常用that: 如:

China is not the country (that) it was.中國(guó)已不是過(guò)去的中國(guó)了。

5)當(dāng)先行詞是一個(gè)既指 人又指物的并列詞組時(shí)，通常用that。 如:

They talked about the persons and things that most impressed them.他們談?wù)摿耸顾麄冇∠笞钌畹娜撕褪隆?/p>

6)當(dāng)要避免重復(fù)時(shí)。如:

Which is the course that we are to take?我們選哪門課程?

15.關(guān)系代詞as與which的用法區(qū)別:

引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，有時(shí)兩者可互換。如:

l live a long way from work, as [which] you know.我住得離工作單位很遠(yuǎn)，這你是知道的。

(1)通常要用as的場(chǎng)合:

①當(dāng)從句位于主句前面時(shí)，只用as。如:

As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.月球每月繞地球轉(zhuǎn)一周，這是每個(gè)人都清楚的。

②用于such, as, the same后引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，只能用as。如:

I never heard such stories as he tells.我從未聽(tīng)過(guò)他講那樣的故事。

This is the photo which shows my house.這張照片拍的是我的住宅。

(2)兩者的細(xì)微區(qū)別:

①as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句應(yīng)與主句在意義上和諧一致，which無(wú)此限制。如:

He went abroad, as [which] was expected.他出國(guó)了，這是大家預(yù)料到的。

He went abroad, which was unexpected.他出國(guó)了，這讓大家感到很意外。(不用as)

②as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，先行詞通常不能是主句中某個(gè)具體的詞，而應(yīng)是整個(gè)句子、整個(gè)短語(yǔ)或某個(gè)短語(yǔ)推斷出來(lái)的概念，而which 則無(wú)此限制。如:

The river, which flows through London, is called the Thames.這條流經(jīng)倫敦的河叫泰晤士河。(不用as)

③當(dāng)as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)通常應(yīng)是連系動(dòng)詞，而不宜是其他動(dòng)詞，而which則無(wú)此限制。如:

She has married again, as [which] seemed natural.她又結(jié)婚了，這似乎很自常。

She has married again, which delighted us.她又結(jié)婚了，這使我們很高興。(不用as)